如何保证托福写作的一致性

如何保证托福写作的一致性
如何保证托福写作的一致性

如何保证托福写作的一致性

对托福考试有一定经验的同学们一定都对托福写作的评分标准非常熟悉。托福写作的满分标准有一条就是文章的unity,progression和coherence,也就是一致性、渐进性以及逻辑关系。今天我们就来聊聊前两条,即托福写作如何保证一致性与渐进性。

首先我们来讲讲Unity,这里表示的是一致性,而这种一致性其实有两层含义:第一个你的文章是否相关,第二个是你的文章是否完整。

我们之前讲结构的时候就提到,每一段你要表达的观点我们是不是就叫topic sentence对吧?那么,通常我们就会用这个topic sentence来表达你想要论述的central theme,然后接下来的论述我们就要体现与我们central theme的相关性,简而言之就是没有关系的话少说。

就比如,我要跟别人说XXX今天又赢我钱了。唉,都是那一牌,早知道就不应该打红中的。然后接下来我的文章是不是就都应该是继续说我那一牌怎么就打了红中的。但如果这时候我中间加了句谁谁杠了个啥,这是不是就是跟这个故事不相干了?这样的句子,也就是跟主旨不相干的话语,就不应该出现在段落中,这就是unity的第一层意思。

至于第二层意思其实也很好理解,还是拿刚才的例子,假如没有任何铺垫的,我飘进来跟你说一句XXX又赢我钱了,我就不该打红中的!然后没有任何解释我就走了,留下一脸懵逼的你。这是不是就是不完整,典型的吊胃口对吧?

这样讲比较极端,很多同学会想,我怎么可能犯这种错误嘛,然而实际上很多时候童鞋们写着写着就容易落到这些陷阱里面去,让我们看看下面这个同学写的文章就很好知道了:

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My most frustrating job was cooking for a local fast food restaurant during my junior year in high school. No matter how hard I tried, I never could cook what the menu said because the food company always delivered the wrong food or brought it late. I also was frustrated because I had trouble estimating how much food to cook. Many times we ran short of hamburgers or had to throw away pounds and pounds of french fries. Sometimes we ate the extra french fries, though, and we’d sit around, joking and having a good time. The worst thing, however, was the condition of my clothes after the meal was over. Even if I hadn’t spilled anything (and I usually had spilled some kind of sauce), my clothes smelled awful. I’d want to go home to change before going anyplace else. Some of the managers also spilled food and wanted to change, too. No wonder, then, I thought cooking in a fast food restaurant was frustrating.

请注意划线部分的句子,文章的主题是想要吐槽快餐店的打工体验很糟糕,可是写着写着居然变成了排排坐,愉快的玩耍,是不是就与主题无关了。至于第二个划线句其实也显得有些多余,这里重点要讲的是自己的体验,把别人加进来就有些突兀,而且也并没有增加论证的说服力,属于比较冗余的细节。

讲完了Unity,还有点篇幅我们可以再讲讲progression:

A paragraph which demonstrates progression should offer readers the process of developing gradually from one stage or state to another; in other words, the details of arguments are expected to come in a series.

何为come in a series?其实就是指的是你的论述的渐进性,你文章的表达是有层次的,按照一定逻辑顺序层层递进的。我们可以看看下面这个例子:

Right now we are seeing a golden age of technology, using it all the time during our everyday lives. When we get up there’s instant coffee and the microwave and all these great things that help

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us get ready for our day. But we aren’t allowing our minds to deteriorate by using them, we are only making things easier for ourselves and saving time for other important things in our

days. Going off to school or work in our cars instead of a horse and buggy. Think of the brain power and genius that was used to come up with that single invention that has changed the way we move across this globe.

这段话首先讲的是科技改变生活,然后举了速溶咖啡和微波炉的例子显示了科技使我们的生活更方便,然后就来了一个转折,说是科技并没有让我们的脑子生锈,只是让我们有更多的时间和精力去做一些更重要的事情。文章讲到这里逻辑都没有问题,可是从划线的句子开始,我们可以看到作者又回过头去论述开车节省了我们的时间,改变了我们出行的方式,这就显得很突兀,很没有逻辑,不应该跟在前面的那个转折句后面。

同样的,考官在阅卷的时候,如果觉得你写的某一句话很突兀的话,就绝对不会给你高分的,所以童鞋们在写作的时候一定要特别注意整体论述的渐进关系。

以上就是我们对托福写作一致性与渐进性的分析。最后一个coherence比较复杂,我们会有一篇专门的文章来讲解这个问题,敬请期待。

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