2013年高考英语试题分类汇编_科普类阅读理解_Word版含解析

2013年高考英语试题分类汇编之科普类阅读理解

【重庆卷】 C

Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know, however, that they existed over 5,500 years ago in ancient Asia.

The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5,100 years old. Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didn't become popular for a while, though. This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.

But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren't going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modem road design.

In the mid-1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of road—a base layer (层) of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same lime, metal hubs (the central part of a wheel) came into being, followed by the pneumatic tyre(充气轮胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads (柏油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.

64. What might explain why transport wheels didn't become popular for some time?

A. Few knew how to use transport wheels.

B. Humans carried farming tools just as well.

C. Animals were a good means of transport.

D. The existence of transport wheels was not known.

65. What do we know about road design from the passage?

A. It was easier than wheel design.

B. It improved after big changes in vehicle design.

C. It was promoted by fast-moving vehicles.

D. It provided conditions for wheel design to develop.

66. How is the last paragraph mainly developed?

A. By giving examples.

B. By making comparisons.

C. By following time order.

D. By making classifications.

67. What is the passage mainly about?

A. The beginning of road design.

B. The development of transport wheels.

C. The history of public transport.

D. His invention of fast-moving vehicles.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，题材是车轮。全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响。

段落关键词、句大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）every machine with moving parts has wheels、

they existed over 5,500 years ago

每个能移动的机器都有轮子，

轮子已经有很久的历史了。

第二部分（Para. 2-3）didn?t become popular、animals did a

perfectly good job、also be because of a

difficult situation、wheels need to roll on

smooth surfaces、difficult situation appeared

again

轮子并未普及，因动物表现不

错，还有就是道路状况影响轮

子的进一步发展。

第三部分（Para. 4）In the mid-1700s, in the 1820s, in 1846, in

1967

不同时期道路设计的发展促

进轮子(包括轮胎)的发展。

【解析】

64. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。题干关键词为didn?t become popular，定位第二段。根据This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.（这或许是因为动物在拉运农具人们的方面做得不错。）可知由于当时动物使用的方便让轮子没能够普及。

解题思路：

干扰项排除：考生易选C项，根据squirming excitedly来判断。这里尤其要注意excitedly，只是表达人物的心理，和调皮是没有关系的。选quiet，是忽略了squirming excitedly的表达。

65. D。推理判断题。难度：较难。根据题干关键词road design，定位第3段There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modem road design.（在现代道路设计之前，轮子和交通工具的设计都没有重大变化）。第4段接着讲述了随着道路设计的进步，各种新型的轮子(包括充气轮胎)随之发展，而且也促进了车辆的发展。由此可知，道路设计的发展促进了车轮的发展。

干扰项排除：考生一定要先抓住关键词所在的句子，有的考生选B、C项意义相近，而A项文中根本没有提及。

66. C。推理判断题。难度：较易。根据第四段时间数字，In the mid-1700s、in the 1820s、in 1846、in 1967，只有C项符合。

67. B。主旨大意。难度：中等。全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响，故选C项。

解题思路：

【难句学习】

1. Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for.

翻译：几乎每台有活动部件的机器都有轮子，然而没有人知道第一个轮子究竟是什么时候发明的或者当时是作什么用途的。

分析：本句的主干是every machine has wheels。When和what位于knows之后引导两个并列的宾语从句；with moving parts为介词短语作定语修饰machine。

2. Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didn?t become popular for a while, though.

翻译：证据表明，不过当时轮子用于运输并没有普及。

分析：本句的主干是Evidence suggests that。That引导宾语从句，此处suggest意为“暗示、表明”，从句中用陈述语气。句末though是副词，意为“不过、然而”。

3. While wheels need to roll o n smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren?t going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them.

翻译：尽管轮子需要在平滑的表面上滚动，但是有着光滑路面的道路并没有铺设直到后来对此需求越来越多。分析：本句的主干是roads weren?t going to be constructed。While引导让步状语从句，with smooth surfaces为介词短语作定语修饰roads，until引导时间状语从句。

【浙江卷】B

Below is a selection from a popular science book.

If blood is red, why are veins (静脉) blue?

Actually, veins are not blue at all. They are more of a clear, yellowish colour. Although blood

looks red when it's outside the body, when it's sitting in a vein near the surface of the skin, it's

more of a dark reddish purple colour. At the right depth, these blood-filled veins reflect less red

light than the surrounding skin, making them look blue by comparison.

Which works harder, your heart or your brain?

That kind of depends on whether you are busy thinking or busy exercising. Your heart works

up to three times harder during exercise, and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a

supertanker. But, in the long run, your brain p robably tips it, because even when you?re sitting still

your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart, and it takes four to five tunes as much

blood to feed it.

Why do teeth fall out, and why don't they grow back in grown-ups?

Baby (or "milk") teeth do not last long; they fall out to make room for bigger, stronger adult

teeth later on. Adult teeth fall out when they become damaged, decayed and infected by bacteria.

Once this second set of teeth has grown in, you're done. When they're gone, they?re gone. This is

because nature figures you're set for life, and what controls regrowth of your teeth switches off.

Do old people shrink as they age?

Yes and do. Many people do get shorter as they age. But, when they do, it isn't because they're

shrinking all over. They simply lose height as their spine(脊柱) becomes shorter and more curved

due to disuse and the effects, of gravity (重力). Many (but not all) men and women do lose height

as they get older. Men lose an average of 3-4 cm in height as they age, while women may lose 5

cm or more. If you live to be 200 years old, would you keep shrinking till you were, like 60 cm

tall, like a little boy again? No, because old people don't really shrink! It is not that they are

growing backwards 一their legs, arms and backbones getting shorter. When they do get shorter,

it's because the spine has shortened a little. Or, more often, become more bait and curved.

Why does spinning make you dizzy (眩晕的)?

Because your brain gets confused between what you're seeing and what you're feeling. The

brain senses that you?re spinn ing using special gravity-and-motion-sensing organs in your inner

ear, which work together with your eyes to keep your vision and balance stable. But when you

suddenly stop spinning the system goes out of control, and your brain thinks you're moving while

you're Dot!

Where do feelings and emotions come from?

Mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system. All mammals have this brain

area — from mice to dogs, cats, and humans. So all mammals feel basic emotions like fear, pain

and pleasure. But since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more

complex emotions than any other animal on the planet.

If exercise wears you out, how can it be good for you?

Because our bodies adapt to everything we do to them. And as far as your body is concerned,

it?s "use it, or lost it”! It's not that exercise makes you healthy; it's more that a lack of exercise

leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.

46. What is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?

A. Blue.

B. Light yellow.

C. Red.

D. Dark reddish purple.

47. Why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?

A. Because their spine is in active use.

B. Because they are more easily affected by gravity.

C. Because they keep growing backwards.

D. Because their spine becomes more bent.

48. Which of the following statements about our brain is true?

A. In the long run, our brain probably works harder than our heart.

B. When our brain senses the spinning, we will fell dizzy.

C. The brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans.

D. Our feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain.

49. What is the main purpose of the selection?

A. To give advice on how to stay healthy.

B. To provide information about our body.

C. To challenge new findings in medical research.

D. To report the latest discoveries in medical science. 【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文章，介绍了一些相关的人体知识。

段落关键词、句大意推测

Para 1. A selection from a popular

science book

畅销科普书的节选

Para 2.-14. Why are veins blue; which

works harder; why do teeth fall

out; old people shrink; why

does spinning makes you

dizzy; where do feelings and

emotions come from; how can 静脉是蓝色的原因；

大脑比心脏的工作强度更大；

人为什么会换牙；

人老了为什么会变矮；为什么旋转会让人头晕；

exercise be good for you 认得情感来自哪里；

锻炼的好处

46.D．细节理解题。难度：容易。从第三段第二行when it\s sitting in the vein near the surface of the shin, it\s more of a dark reddish purple colour. 可知选项D正确

47.D．细节理解题。难度：容易。从第九段的when they do get shorter, it?s not because the spine has shortened a little. Or more often, become more bent and curved.可知老年人变矮不是因为他们的脊柱变短，更多的原因是因为他们的脊柱变弯曲。所以D选项正确。A选项的内容文中没有提及；B选项不符合文中的内容They simply lose height as their spine（脊柱）becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects of gravity（重力）；C选项的内容与文中的描述相反。

48.A．细节理解题。难度：中等。从文中but in the long run,, your brain probably tips it, because even when you?re sitting still your brain is using twice as much as energy as your heart,可知选项A正确。

第十一段的第一句就说明了人感到眩晕的原因是因为大脑分不清我们所看到的和所想的东西，排除B；从第十三段的描述but since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more complex emotions than any other animals on the planet.可知C选项错误；从第十二段的副标题和十三段的第一句mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system 可知D选项错误。

49.B．主旨大意题。难度：容易。从文章的副标题可知这篇文章解释了七个我们既熟悉又陌生的有关人体知识的问题，所以选项B正确，A、C和D选项在文中均没有提及。

【天津卷】B

Us, night's meteor (流星) shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers. According to Gabe Rothschild. Emerald Valley's mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the city's lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.

"My family was so frustrated." admitted town resident Daune Cosby.” We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”

Astronomers—scientists who study stars and planets—have been complaining about this problem for decade, They say that light pollution prevents from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.

There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consist of birds, bats, frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating(迁徙的) birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association, “100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.”

Countless more animal casualties(伤亡) result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful to humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a person's chances of getting cancer.

Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years. Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.

41. It happened last night that ______.

A. the city's lights affected the meteor watching

B. the meteors flew past before being noticed

C. the city light show attracted many people

D. the meteor watching ended up a social outing

42. What do the astronomers complain about?

A. Meteor showers occur less often than before.

B. Their observation equipment is in poor repair.

C. Light pollution has remained unsolved for years.

D. Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting

43. What is the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?

A. Birds may take other migration paths.

B. Animals' living habits may change suddenly.

C. Varieties of animals will become sharply reduced.

D. Animals' survival is threatened by outdoor lighting.

44. Lighting regulations in Flagstaff. Arizona are put into effect to

A. lessen the chance of getting cancer

B. create an ideal observation condition

C. ensure citizens a good sleep at night

D. enable all creatures to live in harmony

45. What message does the author most want to give us?

A. Saving wildlife is saving ourselves.

B. Great efforts should be made to save energy.

C. Human activities should be environmentally friendly.

D. New equipment should be introduced for space study.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文，题材是灯光污染与环境保护。本文主要介绍了灯光污染给天文学家、人类、其它生物所带来的不良影响。以及人们为解决此问题所采取的措施等。

段落关键词、句大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1-3）

Dissatisfied, darkened the light;

frustrated,

Complained... for decades; fight against

导入：通过观看流星不成功的

原因导入本文的主题—灯光

污染给天文学家带来的影响。

第二部分（Para. 4-5）Suffers even more; severely affects

migrating; die in crashes

灯光污染给其它生物带来的

影响。

第三部分（Para. 6）aware of the negative effects; assist

astronomers; similar efforts

人们为解决此问题所采取的

一些措施。

【解析】

41. A。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干关键词last night快速定位第一段。根据第一段最后一句可知“城市的夜空被灯点缀的是如此明亮以至于暗淡了头上飞过的流星的光亮，因此影响了人们观星”。所以可以推出A是正确选项。

42. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干关键词astronomers快速定位第三段。根据they say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects … they could see quite easily in the past.可以推断灯光污染问题一直没有得到解决，这才是他们所抱怨的。其他选项原文根本没有提到，属于无中生有的。

43. D。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干快速定位第四段。第四段驻澳讲述了灯光污染对于鸟类、蝙蝠、青蛙、蛇等的影响，尤其严重影响你鸟类的迁徙，最后一句话“每年北美大约有一亿的鸟在与被灯光点缀的建筑物或是高塔的撞击中死亡”因此可以推断D选项是正确的。

44. B。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干中的大写Flagstaff, Arizona快速定位文章最后一段…Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory可知推行此规定的目的是为天文学家更好的观察服务的。

45. C。推理判断作者意图题。难度：较难。文章主要讲的是灯光污染给人类和其它生物带来的影响，而灯光的直接造成原因就是人类本身，因此作者写本文主要是要告知人们人类的活动应该要注意环保。其它三项的内容均与本文无关。

【难句学习】1. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the city?s lights that it dar kened the light of the meteors passing overhead.

翻译：城市的灯光时如此的明亮以至于头顶飞过的流星的亮度被削弱，因此人们看到的只是被点亮的夜空而不是流星

分析：本句的是一个由what引导的主语从句，what作found的宾语。so …that引导结果状语从句。passing overhead 是非谓语动词作后置定语。darken是动词。

2. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past.

翻译：天文学家说光污染阻止了他们去看过去很容易就可以看到的天空中的目标。

分析：本句中say后面的that引导的是一个宾语从句。而sky后面的that引导的是一个定语从句，先行词是objects ，that在从句中作see的宾语。

3. There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. 翻译：可是除了专业和业余的观星者外，还有一个群体遭受着甚至更为严重的光污染的影响。

分析：本句是一个there be 特殊结构。that引导的是一个定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词是population。4. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a person?s chances of getting cancer.

翻译：他们担心在睡觉的时候如果有太多的光亮的话可能会增加一个人得癌症的机会。

分析：本句中worry 后面的that引导的是一个宾语从句，while sleeping引导的是时间状语从句的省略结构。of getting cancer是chances的后置定语。

5. a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.

翻译：此外，一个运动正在进行中，目的是为了提醒我们不用灯的时候要关掉它，这样其它生物也能共享夜晚。分析：本句中to remind…是不定式作目的状语。when we are…是when引导的时间状语从句，so that引导的是目的状语从句。

【四川卷】E

Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.

Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩) and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to the fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.

Sarah Garfinkel at the Brington and Sussex Medical School said: “Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”

The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said, “The study showed fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don?t see—and guide whether we se e fear.”

To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person?s feeling of fear.

“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and the brain …speak? to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,” Dr Garfinkel said.

“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is death with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”

47. What is the finding of the study?

A. One?s heart affects how he feels fear.

B. Fear is a result of one?s relaxed heartbeat.

C. Fear has something to do with one?s health.

D. One?s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.

48. The study was carried out by analyzing _________.

A. volunteers? heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures.

B. the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions.

C. volunteers? reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans.

D. different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication.

49. Which of the following is closet in meaning to “mechanism” in Paragraph 6?

A. Order.

B. System.

C. Machine.

D. Treatment.

50. This study may contribute to ________.

A. treating anxiety and stress better.

B. explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety.

C. finding the key to the heart-brain communication.

D. understanding different fears in our hearts and heads.

【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。介绍了对20名健康的志愿者进行的恐惧反应试验，告诉读者大脑与心脏都能感知到恐惧，而且心脏跳动的周期与人们感知恐惧的机会有关联。这份研究成果未来有望更成功地用于治疗忧虑症以及应激障碍疾病。

段落关键词、句大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1-2）

a link between the cycles of a beating

heart and the chance of someone feeling

fear；contracting and pumping blood ；able

to influence；responds to the fearful event

研究结论：心跳与人们感知恐

惧的关联；收缩、抽取血液；

能影响到；对恐惧事件的反应

第二部分（Para3-6）for the first time；see fearful pictures ；better

noticed；the way the heart changes a

person?s feeling of fear；an important

mechanism

介绍试验：首次；看到恐怖的

图片；更容易注意到；心脏改

变人对恐惧感觉的方式；重要

的心理机制

第三部分（Para. 7）develop more successful treatments 研究成果在未来医学上的价

值：研发更成功的治疗方法

【解析】

47.A。细节理解题。难度：较易。题干关键词finding，定位第一段第一句according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear（依据研究，发现：心跳循环与人感知恐惧是有关联的）。锁定选项A。One?s heart aff ects how he feels fear（人的心脏影响他对恐惧的感知）。

48.C。细节理解题。难度：较难。题干关键词carried out。定位文章对实验的介绍在3-6段。找到Para.4. The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.（这项研究对20名健康的志愿者试验了当他们看到恐惧面孔图片时的反应）以及Para.5. the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person?s feeling of fear.（为了演示大脑是如何影响心脏改变人对恐惧的感知方式，科学家们还使用扫描仪)。因此。选项C。volunteers? reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans.（志愿者们对恐惧图片的反应以及来自大脑扫描仪的数据）。

49.B。词义推测题。难度：较难。由题干的mechanism定位文章Para.6,找到此词所在的句子，这个词后面的句子就是答案。We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and the brain …speak? to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear翻译mechanism后面的句子：通过这个mechanism，心脏和大脑可以相互“交流”以便于改变我们的感觉减少恐惧。因此，mechanism是心脏与大脑交流的一个完整系统，而不是“命令、机器以及治疗”。

50.A。细节判断题。难度：较易。题干关键词contribute to（有助于）。定位文章的末段。根据we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.（我可以能够更成功地治疗忧虑症，还可以治疗那些可能正遭受应激障碍疾病痛苦的患者）。锁定答案选项A. treating anxiety and stress better. （更好地治疗忧虑症和应激障碍）。

【上海卷】(C)

A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.

“It?s extremely important for us to think ab out this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components(元件), ”said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said.

They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it?s connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built

into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.

While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers? fields or on the battlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.

Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day-to-day basis.”

72. The difficulty the team of engineers met with while making the robotic fly was that ________.

A. they had no model in their mind

B. they did not have sufficient time

C. they had no ready-made components

D. they could no assemble the components

73. It can be inferred from paragraphs 3 and 4 that the robotic fly_________.

A. consists of a flight device and a control system

B. can just fly in limited areas at the present time

C. can collect information from many sources

D. has been put into wide application

74. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?

A. The robotic flyer is designed to learn about insects.

B. Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.

C. There used to be few ways to study how insects fly.

D. Wood?s design can replace animals in som e experiments.

75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A. Father of Robotic Fly

B. Inspiration from Engineering Science

C. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect

D. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study

【语篇解读】本文为一篇说明文，讲述机器人苍蝇的研发，面临的困难以及前景。

段落关键词、句大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）

create the first robotic fly; the

mechanical fly; a platform for a series of

new high-tech systems; what a fly does

naturally; the size of a fat housefly; mini

wings; perform controlled flight tasks.

哈佛大学的一组技师在自然

界的激发下，创造了第一部机

器人苍蝇。进而描述了机器人

苍蝇的样子与用途。

第二部分（Para. 2）extremely important; as a whole system;

not just the sum of a bunch of individual

components(元件); has been working on；for

over a decade；got the go-ahead to start

piecing together the components.；the added

difficulty; off the shelf; have to develop

them all on our own

机器人苍蝇要的是一套完整

的体系，而不是一组独立原件

简单地相加。哈佛大学Robert

Wood教授数十年都在致力于

研究机器人苍蝇这个课题。几

年前，他的团队就开始了拼装

原件。但这个项目也遇到了困

难：那些元件没有一件能现货

供应的，只能自己做。

第三部分（Para. 3-4）a series of systems to start an d drive…；has a

number of interdependencies on the

individual components; was built into a set

of power, computation, sensing and control

systems; …the success of the project proves

that…; these tiny components can be built

and manufactured; is linked to; a small,

从两个方面说明机器人苍蝇：

一.机器人苍蝇所需要的一套

体系。看上去相当简单地能够

移动翅膀的系统却在那些单

个原件中有很多相互依赖的

成份，每个成分不仅要各自运

转良好，还要和与它相连的所

off-board power source; equip it with; a built-in power source; someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers? fields or on the battlefield; be able to take off, land and fly around. 有成分都配合好。二. 机器人苍蝇配有内置电源，是为了将来有一天能在营救点，在牧场上或者战场上从事数据收集工作。

第四部分（Para. 5）a new way to study flight mechanics and

control at insect-scale; …on board could

have much broader applications; open

scientific questions; difficult with the

animals; using…instead; drives us on …

此设计为研究飞行力学和控

制昆虫规模提供了一种崭新

的方法。然而(搭载的)动力设

备，传感以及运算技术会有更

广泛的应用。Wood设计的机

器人苍蝇在某些动物实验方

面可以用来代替动物。

72. 答案：C.

解析：细节理解题。考生根据第二段最后一句“The added difficulty with a project like this is that…可知事实上那些元件没有一件能现货供应的，要理解be off the shelf 的用法，所以选项C. they had no ready-made components就是对本句的同义替换，故为正确答案根据文章第一段Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly.是有制作模型的，故排除A。根据文章第二段“It?s extremely important for us to think

about …, ”the Harvard engineering professor who has been working ….可知选项B. they did not have sufficient time他们没有充足的时间，不合适；而选项D. they could no assemble the components他们不会组装元件是对原文的误解，并不是要组装，故排除选项D。

73. 答案：B

解析：推理判断题。题干要求在第三段和第四段来推测，所以根据文章内容but then has to be matched well to eve rything it?s connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. 故选项A. consists of a flight device and a control system是片面的，排除；根据第四段so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at res cue sites, in farmers? fields or on the battlefield.可知选项C.中的from many sources应为from many sites/places，故排除；选项D. has been put into wide application的定位在第五段Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications.可知已经大量应用是错

误的，故排除。纵观三四两段，尤其是第四段尾句“Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.可推断出只有B. can just fly in limited areas at the present time正确。

74. 答案：D

解析：推理判断题。文章末段的to study biology in ways…would be difficult with animals, but using the se robots instead告诉我们这些机器人可以替代动物，故D项正确。考生注意的是，说明文末段尤其带有转折关系的路标词往往是题眼所在。根据第四段so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers? fields or on the battlefield. 可知A选项错误，故排除。文章最后一段中指出“You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said.，并没有说：不允许拿动物进行生物实验，故排除B选项。根据文章最后一段Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale.及“So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day-to-day basis.”可知以后会

有更多的问题等待我们去探索，但并不是说过去在研究昆虫飞行方面常常方法很少，故排除。

75. 答案：C

解析：主旨大意题。本题考查考生理解全文、提炼信息、概括总结的能力。选择最佳标题，一般来说，考生只有通篇理解文章传递的信息，才可能概括出全文的最佳标题。对比四个选项，A选项意为“机器人苍蝇之父”，文章的主题主要说明“机器人苍蝇”，故排除。B选项“来自工程学中的灵感”与文章的主题“机器人苍蝇”关系不大，故排除。D选项“哈福大学在昆虫研究领域的突破”，并没有点明主题“机器人苍蝇”，故排除。C选项既交待了“Robotic Fly” 又讲了与真实生活中昆虫的关系，所以争取答案为C。

【山东卷】C

You can?t always predict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella. But designer Mikhail Belvacv doesn?t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet. That?s why he created lampbrella, a lamp post with its own rain sensing umbrella.

The designer says he co me up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia. “once, I was driving on a central Saint Petersburg street ad saw the street lamps lighting up people trying to hide from the rain. I thought it would be appropriate to have a canopy(伞蓬)built into a street lamp.” he said.

The lampbrella is a standard-looking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy. It has a built-in electric motor which can open or close the umbrella on demand. Sensors(传感器)then ensure that the umbrella offers pedestrians shelter whenever it starts raining.

In addition to the rain sensor, there?s also a 360°motion sensor on the biberglass str eet lamp which detects whether anyone?s using the lampbrella. After three minutes of not being used the canopy is closed.

According to the designer, the lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed, so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians. Besides, it would be grounded to protect from possible lighting strike. Each lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several people. Being installed at 2 meters off the ground, it would only be a danger for the tallest of pedestrians.

While there are no plans to take lampbrella into production, Belyacv says he recently introduced his creation one Moscow Department, and insists this creation could be installed on my street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter.

66. For what purpose did Belyacv create the lampbrella?

A. To predict a heavy rain

B. To check the weather forecast

C. To protect people from the rain

D. To remind people to take an umbrella

67. What do we know from Belyacv?s worlds in Paragraph2?

A. His creation was inspired by an experience

B. it rains a lot in the city of Saint Petersburg

C. Street lamps are protected by canopies

D. He enjoyed taking walks in the rain

68. Which of the following show how the lampbrella works?

A. motor→canopy→sen sors

B. Sensors→motor→canopy

C. motor→sensors→canopy

D. canopy→motor→sensors

69. What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us about the lampbrella?

A. Its moving speed

B. Its appearance

C. Its installation

D. Its safety

70. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. The designer will open a company to promote his product

B. The lampbrella could be put into immediate production

C. The designer is confident that his creation is practical

D. The lampbrella would be put on show in Moscow

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，题材是路灯雨伞的发明。作者通过描述发明路灯雨伞的起因、应用方法及其前景，向读者展现了新式发明的用处。

段落关键词、句大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）Umbrella，forgetting，getting wet.

Lampbrella, rain-sensing umbrella

故事背景：路灯雨伞的发明。

第二部分（Para. 2-4）Russia，Saint Petersburg canopy

Lampbrella，built-in electric motor ，rain

sensor, 360°motion sensor

发明背景及应用方法：在圣彼

得堡的大街上找到灵感。内置

电动马达、雨量传感器等。

第三部分（Para. 5）no plans，production, insists，to provide

shelter.

未来展望：虽然没有计划投入

生产，坚信投入效果。

24、C。细节理解题。难度：较易。根据第一段的forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet 以及后句的That?s why…可知设计这款路灯的目的是防止淋湿路人。

解题思路：带有目的和原因的词语是题眼所在，例如本句why就是路标词，在第一遍阅读时要务必注意。

67. A。推理判断题。难度：较易。根据第二段第一句The designer says he came up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia可见设计者是根据自己的经验有了想法，故A项正确。

解题思路：命题者往往把例子的具体细节作为陷阱，本题的干扰项就是如此，考生要从例子中跳出来。

68. C。细节理解题。难度：中等。根据选项定位第三段的第二行和第三行的electric motor…

Sensors（传感器）then ensure that the umbrella可知答案。做排序题时，考生一定要抓住时间的标志词，如这里的then。

干扰项排除：干扰项是D项，因为此选项的顺序和第三段的三个单词的顺序一致。但不符合题干how the Lampbraela works?

69. D。主旨大意题。难度：中等。根据第五段中cause harm to the pedestrian，to protected from possible lighting strike，at 2 meters off the ground, only be a danger for the tallest pedestrians。根据这些信息可以确定本段主要的问题是安全问题。故D项Its safety正确。

干扰项排除：A项和B项中的外观和移动速度没有在本段提及，故排除。C项的Its installation 虽然在本段的第三行有所提及，但并不是本段的全部信息，

70. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干要求，最后一段中introduced his creation to，insists his creation could be installed 都说明设计者觉得此项设计可操作，实用。故C项正确。

干扰项排除：末段只是提到Belyaev says he recently introduced…并没有说他要成立公司，故A项错；B、D项没有提及。

【难句学习】

1. But designer Mikhail Belyaec d oesn?t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet.

翻译：但设计师米哈伊尔比利雅克并不认为，出门前忘记看天气预报就会一定会被淋湿。

分析：本句的主干是But designer Mikhail Belyaec doesn?t think引导宾语从句，其从句中的主语中有非谓语heading out。

2.Sensors（传感器）then ensure that the umbrella offers pedestrians shelter whenever it starts raining.

翻译：无论什么时候开始下雨时，传感器能确保撑开路灯伞随时为行人提供躲雨的地方。

分析：本句的主干是.Sensors（传感器）then ensure。That 引导宾语从句，其从句中有whenever 引导的让步状语从句。

3.While there are no plans to take the Lampbrella into production, Belyaev says he recently introduced his creation to one Moscow Department , and insists his creation could be installed on any street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter.

翻译：虽然还没有计划要将路灯雨伞投产，比利雅克说他最近向莫斯科的一个部门介绍了他的新产品。他坚信设计会被采纳并安装在行人较多的但又没有遮蔽的街道上。

分析：本句的主干是Belyaev says。Says 后是一个省略了关系代词的宾语从句。And连接两个并列的谓语动词，并分别引导了一个省略了关系代词的宾语从句，后一个宾语从句中还有一个由where引导的定语从句。

【辽宁卷】C

Mere is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can?t make us tired. It sounds absurd. But a few years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage of fatigue (疲劳).To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood passing through the brain, when it is active，shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop of blood from a day laborer, we would find it full of fatigue toxins (毒素）and fatigue products. But if we took blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.

So far as the brain is concerned, it can work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning. The brain is totally tireless. So what makes us tired?

Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional (情感的）attitudes. One of England?s most outstanding scientists, J. A. Hadfield，says, “The greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin. In fact, fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.” Dr. Brill, a famous American scientist, goes even further. He declares, “One hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems.”

What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction? No! A feeling of being bored，anger, anxiety, tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated - those are the emotions that tire sitting workers. Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue. We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.

64. What surprised the scientists a few years ago?

A. Fatigue tox ins could hardly be found in a laborer?s blood.

B. Albert Einstein didn?t feel worn out after a day?s work.

C.The brain could work for many hours without fatigue.

D. A mental worker?s blood was filled with fatigue toxins.

65. According to the author, which of the following can make sitting workers tired?

A. Challenging mental work. B Unpleasant emotions. C.Endless tasks. D.Physical labor.

66. What's the author?s attitude towards the scientists? ideas?

A. He agrees with them.

B. He doubts them.

C. He argues against them.

D. He hesitates to accept them.

67. We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic, sitting workers need to _____ .

A. have some good food

B. enjoy their work

C. exercise regularly

D.discover fatigue toxins

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。科学家们发现脑力劳动并不能使人感到劳累，使人感到累的是人的精神与情感状态，即：厌烦、生气、焦急、紧张、忧虑以及不被欣赏。

段落关键词、句大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）

an astonishing and significant fact；

Mental work alone can?t make us tired；

sounds absurd

脑力劳动不会使人劳累：一

个令人惊讶又有意义的事实；

脑力劳动不会使人觉得劳累；

听起来很荒唐

第二部分（Para. 2-4）

our mental and emotional attitudes；A

feeling of being bored，anger, anxiety,

tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being

appreciated；produce nervousness in the

body.

使人产生劳累的因素：

我们的精神和情感态度；一种

厌烦、愤怒、焦急、紧张、忧

虑、不被欣赏的感觉；在体内

产生紧张感

【解析】

64.C。细节推理题。难度：较易。找到关键词surprise，定位第一段。根据Mere is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can?t make us tired. It sounds absurd.（Mere是一个令人惊讶又有意义的事实：仅仅脑力劳动不能使我们觉得累。这听起来有点荒唐）。锁定答案C。

65.B。细节判断题。难度：较易。找到关键词句can make sitting workers tired，定位末段。根据A feeling of being bored，anger, anxiety, tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated - those are the emotions that tire sitting workers（一种厌烦、愤怒、焦急、紧张、忧虑、不被欣赏的感觉，这些是使脑力工作者感到累的情感因素）。因此，答案为B。

66．A。态度判断题。难度：较难。这是一篇说明文，文章的主旨或者作者的态度一般在首末段体现。文章的首段首句Mere is an astonishing and significant fact（Mere是一个令人惊讶又有意义的事实），作者的态度是惊叹与赞同的；在末段，作者得出结论：We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.（我觉得累是因为我们的感情在体内产生了紧张情绪）。因此，可以断定作者的态度是赞同的，而不是怀疑、争论或者犹豫。解题思路：判断一个人的态度或者性格，一定要关注文章中描绘它的形容词和动词等。如文中的

significant;declare;goes even further等。

67.B。推理判断题。难度：较难。通过文章的大意结构图，我们知道在文中的第二三四段作者给我们分析了科学家对致使我们劳累的因素进行的研究，在文中的末端得出了结论:不好的情绪致使体内产生紧张情愫从而使人觉得劳累。因此答案为选项B。enjoy their work（享受工作）。

【长难句学习】

If we took a drop of blood from a day laborer, we would find it full of fatigue toxins (毒素）and fatigue products.

翻译：如果从一个做散工的人身上取一滴血，我们会发现它充满了疲惫因素和疲惫产物。

分析：句子的主句是we would find it full of fatigue toxins (毒素）and fatigue products.

full of短语做it的宾语补足语；if引导的从句为条件状语从句。

【江西卷】C

Many people think that listening is a passive business. It is just the opposite. Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work. It is because they do not realize this, or because they are not willing to do the work, that most people do not listen well.

Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as …bracketing?. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone else?s world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes. Moreover, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person. Sensing this acceptance, the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener. True communication is under way and the energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.

Most of the time we lack this energy. Even though we may feel in our business dealings or social relationships that we are listening well, what we are usually doing is listening selectively. Often we have a prepared list in mind and wonder, as we listen, how we can achieve certain desired results to get the conversation over as quickly as possible or redirected in ways more satisfactory to us. Many of us are far

more interested in talking than in listening, or we simply refuse to listen to what we don?t want to hear.

It wasn?t until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge that one is being truly listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的) In about a quarter of the patients I saw, surprising improvement was shown during the first few months of psychotherapy(心理疗法), before any of the roots of problems had been uncovered or explained. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, but chief among them, I believe, was the patient?s sense that he or she was being truly listened to, often for the first time in years, and for some, perhaps for the first time ever.

66. The phrase “stepping into his or her shoes” in paragraph 2 probably means _______.

A. preparing a topic list first

B. focusing on one?s own mind

C. directing the talk to the desired results

D. experiencing the speaker?s inside world

67. What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2 ?

A. How to listen well.

B. What to listen to.

C. Benefits of listening.

D. Problems in listening

68. According to the author , in communication people tend to ________.

A. listen actively

B. listen purposefully

C. set aside their prejudices

D. open up their inner mind

69. According to the author , the patients improved mainly because _______.

A. they were taken good care of.

B. they knew they were truly listened to.

C. they had partners to talk to.

D. they knew the roots of problems.

70. What type of writing the article likely to be ?

A. Science fiction

B. A news report.

C. A medical report.

D. Popular science

【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文，题材是关于聆听。许多人对于聆听的理解可能就是一种被动的接受，但本文向我们阐释了聆听和我们所理解的恰恰相反，聆听是一种极其主动的思维活动，真正的聆听意味着我们摒弃个人的

偏见和喜好，站在他人的位置去感受他人的内心世界，只有当说话者感受到被接受后，真正的交流才得以实现，才可以使我们的交流更加高效和愉悦，同时也指出聆听在病人心理疗方面的意义。

段落关键词句大意推测

第一段（para.1）Passive, an active exercise,

attention and hard work,

realize, willing 聆听不是我们所理解的被动的接受，而是需要付出专注和努力的积极活动。

第二段（para.2--3）Concentration, Bracketing,

stepping into his or her shoes,

acceptance, Sensing, open up

the inner part , True

communication, lack this

energy, listening selectively,

desired results, satisfactory,

more interested 聆听需要专注说话者，让说话者感觉到被接受，融入到说话者的内心世界，通常聆听者总是倾向于选择性的聆听，以期待交流按照我们的意愿达到令人满意的结果。

第三段（para.4）Being truly listened to,

frequently, therapeutic,

surprising improvement, the

roots, the patient?s sense, for

the first time 当病人感知到被真正聆听时，在没有暴露出任何问题根源之前，居然很多人病情居然都有了很大的改善，这种现象应该主要是病人感受到了他们被真正的聆听的原因。

【解析】

66 D。细节理解题。难度: 中等。由第二段Bracketing includes …, to experience as far as possible someone else?s world from the inside可知：这个短语其实就是对此句的转化表述，上下文都在围绕专注于聆听着要专注于说话者，让说话者感觉到被接受，融入到说话者的内心世界。

67 A。判断推理题。难度：中等。第二段第一句“Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else.”是本段的key sentence，真正的聆听要求专注于说话者，本段下文均围绕，解释如何做才是真正的聆听，因此答案为A选项。

68 B。细节理解题。难度：难。根据题意，可以定位到第三段第二句“Even though … what we are usually doing is listening selectively.”即使我们感觉我们在认真听，而事实是在交流中我们通常是在加以选择性聆听，所以本题答案B为正确。

69 B。细节理解题。难度：中等。由路标词可以定位到最后一段最后一句“…but chief among them, I believe, was the patient?s sense that he or she was being truly listened to ..”众多原因中，作者认为最主要的原因就是病人知道他们被真正的聆听，故而答案B正确。

70 D。判断分析题。难度: 中等。本文主要是向人们说明作为一个真正的聆听者，我们不可以作为一个被动的接受者，而是要成为和如何做我们才能成为积极的真正聆听者，最后一段则通过实例说明真正的聆听在心理治疗上的重要性。因此，本文是在向我们宣讲大众科学，所以D选项为正确答案。

【难句学习】

1. True communication is under way and the energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.

翻译：这样，真正意义的交流也就开始了；而真正的聆听所需的这种精神是如此重要以至于它只有靠竭尽全力以达共同成长的意志力才能实现。

分析：be under way是固定短语，意思是正在进行中；required短语在句中作energy的后置定语；so…that…结构表示如此以至于。。。。。。

2. It wasn?t until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge that one being truly listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的).

翻译：直到我的医生生涯就要结束的之时，我才发现原来一个人被真正的聆听对治疗心理疾病是有疗效的。

分析：此句是一个强调not until的典型的强调句，此句是把not until放在强调句中加以强调，要注意此句的翻译。强调句也是考试中一个重要考点，尤其要注意一下几点：1强调结构的构成：It is/was +被强调的成分(主语、宾语或状语)+that/who(强调主语且主语指人) +其它成分，2.强调句的典型强调句，比如not until，not A but B等，3.强调句的部分省略，也就是that/who的省略，4.强调句和定语从句的区别。

【江苏卷】C

If a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶

解) in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the

bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name. If the

bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death.

Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression (减压) sickness if they

surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That these

ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil (化石) bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.

Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted

to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world?s natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15%

of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen (标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.

If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly—and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.

Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark- and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎物) as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.

61. Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?

A. A twisted body.

B. A gradual decrease in blood supply.

C. A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.

D. A drop in blood pressure.

62. The purpose of Rothschild?s study is to see ______.

A. how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends

B. how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression

C. why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies

D. when ichthyosaurs broke their bones

63. Rothschild?s finding stated in Paragraph 4 ______.

A. confirmed his assumption

B. speeded up his research process

C. disagreed with his assumption

D. changed his research objectives

64. Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs ______.

A. failed to evolve an anti-decompression means

B. gradually developed measures against the bends

C. died out because of large sharks and crocodiles

D. evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost it

语篇解读：本篇为科普说明文，讲的鱼龙的身体弯曲的原因和后果。Dr Rothschild通过实验推翻了关于鱼龙进化的一些猜测。

段落关键词、句大意概括

第一部分（Para. 1-2）Nitrogen dissolved; the reduction of pressure;

sharp pain and a bent body; death; Other

air-breathing animals; decompression;

sickness

压力减少导致的氮溶解；结果

时剧痛和弯曲，甚至死亡。其

它动物也会遭受减压疾病。

第二部分（Para. 3-6）Rothschild began a study; he assumed…;

Instead, he was astonished to discover…; he

suspects…

Rothschild开始一项调查；他

先假设；然后惊奇发现结果并

非如此；他怀疑……

61. A。细节理解题。根据the bends可定位到首段。由The consequence…is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name.可知答案，a bent body和a twisted body是同义转换。由第二句的“…suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure.”可知这是说the bends的形成原因，故C和D项错，而B项文章没有提及。

62. B。推理判断题。题干中的关键词是Rothschild?s study。由此可定位到第三段的前两句。根据to find out how widespread the problem was in the past和to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression 可知答案为B。其它各项与Rothschild?s study没有关系。

63. C。推理判断题。第四段开始说到he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils，接下来又说Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite。可见，他的实验结果和他开始的预测相反，故C项符合。instead 是一个转换话题的标志词，一般为题眼所在。

64. A。推理判断题。由倒数第二段的If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means…But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened.可知，Dr Rothschild并不认可鱼龙的抗溶解进化途径。故A项符合。B项文章没有提及；文章只是说they have surfaced to escape a predator，并不是说鱼龙的灭绝是鲨鱼造成的；D项与Dr Rothschild 的看法正好相反。

【难句学习】

1. The consequence, if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name.

翻译：如果气泡在一个关节处累积，后果就是剧痛和弯曲的身体——因此它的名字就这样产生了。

分析：本句中的if引导的状语从句是插入语，主干是The consequence is sharp pain and a bent body。

2. When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression.

翻译：开始时，他假设弯曲的迹象在年纪轻的化石中会少见，这也反映在针对减压的措施中他们的逐渐进化。分析：本句主干是he assumed that…。when引导时间状语从句，reflecting是现在分词结构作结果状语。

【湖北卷】D

The technology is great. Without it we wouldn?t have been able to put a man on the moon, explore the ocean?s depths or eat microwave sausages. Computers have revolutionized our lives and they have the power to educate and pass on knowledge. But sometimes this power can create more problems than it solves.

Every docto r has had to try their best to calm down patients who?ve come into their surgery waving an Internet print-out, convinced that they have some rare incurable disease, say, throat cancer. The truth is usually far more ordinary, though: they don?t have throat cancer, and it?s just that their throats are swollen. Being a graduate of the Internet “school” of medicine does not guarantee accurate self-health-checks.

One day Mrs. Almond came to my hospital after feeling faint at work. While I took her blood sample and tried to find out what was wrong, she said calmly, “I know what?s wrong; I?ve got throat cancer. I know there?s nothing you doctors can do about it and I?ve just got to wait until the day comes.”

As a matter of routine I ordered a chest X-ray. I loo ked at it and the blood results an hour later. Something wasn?t right. “Did your local doctor do an X-ray?” I asked. “Oh, I haven?t been to the doctor for years,” she replied. “I read about it on a website and the symptoms fitted, so I knew that?s what I had.”

However, some of her symptoms, like the severe cough and weight loss, didn?t fit with it—but she?d just ignored this.

I looked at the X-ray again, and more tests confirmed it wasn?t the cancer but tuberculosis (肺结核)—something that most certainly did need treating, and could be deadly. She was lucky we caught it when we did.

Mrs. Almond went pale when I explained she would have to be on treatment for the next six months to ensure that she was fully recovered. It was certainly a lesson for her. “I?m so embarrassed,” she said, shaking her head, as I explained that all the people she had come into close contact with would have to be found out and tested. She listed up to about 20, and then I went to my office to type up my notes. Unexpectedly, the computer was not working, so I had to wait until someone from the IT department came to fix it. Typical. Maybe I should have a microwave sausage while I waited?

63. Mrs. Almond talked about her illness calmly because ______.

A. she thought she knew it well

B. she had purchased medicine online

C. she graduated from a medical school

D. she had been treated by local doctors

64. It was lucky for Mrs. Almond ______.

A. to have contacted many friends

B. to have recovered in a short time

C. to have her assumption confirmed

D. to have her disease identified in time

65. Mrs. Almond said “I?m so embarrassed” (Para. 7) because ______.

A. she had distrusted her close friends

B. she had caused unnecessary trouble

C. she ha d to refuse the doctor?s advice

D. she had to tell the truth to the doctor

66. By mentioning the breakdown of the computer, the author probably wants to prove ______.

A. it?s a must to take a break at work

B. it?s vital to believe in IT prof essionals

C. it?s unwise to simply rely on technology

D. it?s a danger to work long hours on computers

【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，题材是科普文章。文章开篇介绍了科技可以改变生活，也能制造出更多的麻烦，阐述了一些病人通过网络高科技诊断自己得了不治之症，医生须尽力想方设法解释的事情；文章接着讲述一个病人自认为得了喉癌，而“我”通过努力让其相信病症是肺结核而不是喉癌的事实，说明网络科技给病人和我带来的麻烦；当我拿着病人提供的需要仔细检查的名单想输入电脑时，高科技电脑又不能用了….

段落关键词、句大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）

technology; great; create more

problems

科技是伟大的，但有时也带来麻

烦。

第二部分（Para. 2）

calm down patients; Internet print-out;

incurable disease; guanrantee accurate

self-health-checks

网络科技给病人带来的自我诊

断是不准确的。

第三部分（Para. 3-7）throat cancer; website; symptoms;

tuberculosis; recover; computer;

working

病人Mrs. Almond 依靠网络自

我诊断为喉癌，医生确诊病人是

肺结核；医生想输入更多需要检

查的名单时，电脑不工作了

【解析】

63. A。推理判断题。难度：较易。第三段“I know what’s wrong;I?ve got throat cancer. I know there?s nothing you doctors can do about it and I?ve just got to wait until the day comes.”可知病人自己认为自己已经得了throat cancer；第四段“I read about it on a website and the symptoms fitted, so I knew that?s what I had.”意即“我在网上查了，症状相符，因此我知道我得了（喉癌）”可知，病人自认为对自己的病“成竹在胸”，所以选A。B、C选项文中未提及；D选项和文中“Oh, I haven?t been to the doctor for years,”不相符，排除D。

64. D。推理判断题。难度：较易。“很幸运的是Mrs. Almond…”D选项是“她的病得到了及时确定对她来说是幸运的”。作者否定了Mrs. Almond自己根据网上推断自己得了喉癌，及时指出她得了肺结核，六个月可以康复，因此选择D选项。A选项是“能接触到很多朋友是很幸运的”，文中有朋友是客观事实，并未特别说明是幸运的事；

B选项说“很短时间会恢复健康”，而文中说需要6个月，不算很短的时间；C选项“假设被证实了假设”，假设是“她自认为得了喉癌”，其实是肺结核；假设本身不对，证实是肺结核。

65. B。推理判断题。难度：中等。Mrs. Almond感到窘迫、不好意思，是因为她了解了自己得的是肺结核，而不是喉癌，而她的坚持说自己得了喉癌的确给医生带来了不必要的麻烦，因此选择B选项。A选项说她打扰了她的朋友，文中未提及；C选项说她拒绝了医生的建议，其实她听从了医生的建议；D选项“她不得不告诉医生实话”，其实她说了实话，这并不是她窘迫的原因。

66. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。作者从一开始就说科技有时会带来麻烦，通过对Mrs. Almond病情的诊断又说明了不能依赖高科技；作者打算录入电脑名单是，电脑恰恰有坏了，就进一步说明了“简单的依赖科技是不明智的”，所有选C。

干扰项排除：A选项“电脑工作中休息一下是必须的事”，恰好在医生想录入名单时休息，医生就想证明这样的事？不符合整篇文章和科技有关的主题；B选项“相信IT专业人员是很重要的”，医生等IT专业人员来修理，也不知修的结果如何，作者只是说了一下，等人来修电脑，这和文章主题不相关；D选项“长时间在电脑上工作有危险”，医生也未说明电脑进行了长久的工作，故排除D。

【难句学习】

1. Every doctor has had to try their best to calm down patients who?ve come into their surgery waving an Internet

print-out, convinced that they have some rare incurable disease, say, throat cancer.

翻译：长久以来，每一位医生不得不尽力去让那些手挥动着从网上打印的东西来到诊疗室确信他们患上了某种罕见的不可治愈的疾病，比如说，喉癌的病人镇定下来。

分析：句子的主句是Every doctor has had to try their best to calm down patients，而who?ve come into their surgery waving an Internet print-out, convinced that they have some rare incurable disease, say, throat cancer.是定语从句，修饰patients，其中waving an Internet print-out用作伴随状语，convinced that they have some rare incurable disease, say, throat cancer的逻辑主语为patients，that引导的句子为其宾语从句；say是插入语。

2. “I?m so embarrassed,” she said, shaking her head, as I explained that all the people she had come into close contact with would have to be found out and tested.

翻译：当我解释说和她有亲密关系的所有人都必须找到并须检查的时候，她摇着头，说，“我真不好意思”。

分析：主句是“I?m so embarrassed,” she said，shaking her head用作伴随状语，as I explained that all the people she had come into close contact with would have to be found out and tested是as引导的时间状语从句，I 是主语，explained 是谓语动词，that 引导宾语从句；宾语从句中主句是all the people would have to be found out and tested是句子的主干，she had come into close contact with用作定语从句，修饰all the people.

【福建卷】B

Your glasses may someday replace your smartphone, and some New Yorkers are ready for the switch. Some in the city can't wait to try them on and use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewear is likely to include.

" I'd use it if I were hanging out with friends at 3 a. m. and going to the bar and wanted to see what was open," said Walter Choo, 40, of Fort Greene.

The smartphone-like glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600, the Times said, possibly including a variation of augmented(增强的) reality, a technology already available on smartphones and tablets (平板电脑) that overlays information onto the screen about one's surroundings. So, for example, if you were walking down a street, indicators would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you.

" As far as a mainstream consumer product, this just isn't something anybody needs," said Sam Biddle, who writes for https://www.360docs.net/doc/b57236525.html,. " We're accustomed to having one thing in our pocket to do all these things," he added, "and the average consumer isn't gonna be able to afford another device (装置) that's hundreds and hundreds of dollars. "

9to5Google publisher Seth Weintraub, who has been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses since late last year, said he is confident that this type of wearable device will eventually be as common as smartphones.

"It's just like smartphones 10 years ago," Weintraub said. "A few people started getting emails on their phones, and people thought that was crazy. Same kind of thing. We see people bending their heads to look at their smartphones, and it's unnatural," he said. " There's gonna be improvements to that, and this a step there. "

【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文，介绍未来的一款可以替代智能手机的眼镜，它带有有地图和GPS功能，但对于一般的消费者来说，价格有点承受不起，但是预计前景看好。

段落关键词、句大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）

Your glasses may someday replace your

smartphone；use the maps and GPS；

主题：你的眼镜可能有一天取

代你的智能手机,它也拥有地

图和GPS。

第二部分（Para. 2-6）wanted to see what was open；come out this year；

cost between $250 and $600；including a variation

of augmented reality；information... about one's

surroundings；isn't something anybody needs；isn't

gonna be able to afford another device that's

hundreds and hundreds of dollars；will eventually

be as common as smartphones；It's just like

smartphones 10 years ago。

功能介绍：可以通过眼镜查找

地方，提供周围地区的信息。

时间：今年可能上市，

价格：$250- $600，一般的而

消费者消费不起。不是人人都

需要，但将来会和智能手机一

样普通。

解析

60. One of the possible functions of the smartphone-like glasses is to ____.

A. program the opening hours of a bar

B. supply you with a picture of the future

C. provide information about your surroundings

D. update the maps and GPS in your smartphones

60. C。细节理解题。难度：中上。根据题干“functions”，定位第一段中use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewear is likely to include. 以及第二段中“going to the bar and wanted to see what was open,”可知；这款眼镜可以为你提供周围的信息。选C。

61. The underlined phrase "pop up" in the third paragraph probably means " ____".

A. develop rapidly

B. get round quickly

C. appear immediately

D. go over automatically

61. C。词义猜测题。根据题干，定位第三段：if you were walking down a street, indicators（指示器/灯）would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you.。在你沿着马路走的时候，眼镜上立刻会有指示灯出现，为你显示最近的咖啡店。这是眼镜的GPS 的功能，有生活常识推断pop up为C.appear immediately。A. develop rapidly快速发展，不符合题意。B. get round quickly（消息）传开来；D. go over 后一般要加宾语。

62. According to Sam Biddle, the smartphone-like glasses are ____.

A. necessary for teenagers

B. attractive to New Yorkers

C. available to people worldwide

D. expensive for average consumers

62. D。细节推断题。由题干“Sam Biddle”定位第四段，We're accustomed to having one thing in our pocket to do all these things," he added, "and the average consumer isn't gonna be able to afford another device (装置) that's hundreds and hundreds of dollars. "可知：这款眼镜上千美元，对于一般的消费者来说，承受不了。故选D。

63. We can learn from the last two paragraphs that the smartphone-like glasses ____.

A. may have a potential market

B. are as common as smartphones

C. are popular among young adults

D. will be improved by a new technology

63.A。细节推断题。第五段中Seth相信这款眼镜will eventually be as common as smartphones，（将来最终和智能手机一样常见。第六段则阐述智能手机当年也是如此，（但是现在智能手机很受欢迎）。It's just like smartphones 10 years ago, 暗示这款眼镜和智能手机一样会很有市场。选A。根据时态差异，排除B。第五、六段中都未提及它受年轻的成年人的欢迎，排除C；也未曾提及新技术，排除D。

难句分析

1．" I'd use it if I were hanging out with friends at 3 a. m. and going to the bar and wanted to see what was open,"

翻译：我会使用它，如果早上3点我和朋友在外闲逛，要去酒吧，想看看什么酒吧还在营业。

分析：句子为虚拟语气，与现在相反：I would do sth if sb did sth/were doing sth。

2. The smartphone-like glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600, the Times said, possibly including a variation of augmented reality, a technology already available on smartphones and tablets (平板电脑) that overlays information onto the screen about one's surroundings.

翻译：《纽约时报》说：这款类似智能手机的眼镜将可能在今年研制出来，价格在$250到$600之间，可能还包括一个扩增实境的变化——这是一个在智能手机和平板电脑上都已经可以使用的技术，它可以把一个人周边的环境信息叠加到屏幕上。

分析：这句话的主语应该是the Times said。including a variation of augmented reality做伴随状语，a technology already available on smartphones and tablets (平板电脑)是augmented reality的同位语。that overlays information onto the screen about one's surroundings. 是a technology的定语从句。

3…. Seth Weintraub, who has been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses since late last year, said he is confident that this type of wearable device will eventually be as common as smartphones.

翻译：…Seth Weintraub, 自从去年年末他一直在报道有关类似智能手机的眼镜，他说, 他相信这种类型的可穿戴设备将最终和智能手机一样普遍.

分析: Seth Weintraub,said…为主句主谓宾。who has been…是定语从句修饰Seth Weintraub。said后为宾语从句。be confident that +从句，对…..很自信。

【北京卷】D

Multitasking

People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a new research suggests. The findings, based on performances and self-evaluation by about 275 college students, indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity, but because they are easily distracted (分心) and can?t focus on one activity. And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things,” said David Sanbonmatsu, a psychologist at the University of Utah.

Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they multitasked, how good they thought they were at it, and how sensation-seeking (寻求刺激) or imperative (冲动) they were. They then evaluated the participants? multitasking ability with a tricky mental tas k that required the students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.

Not surprisingly, the scientists said, most people thought they were better than average at multitasking, and those who thought they were better at it were more likely to report using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds

of media at once. But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test. They also were more likely to admit to sensation-seeking and impulsive behavior, which connects with how easily people get bored and distracted.

“People multitask not because it?s going to lead to greater productivity, but because they?re distractible, and they get sucked into thi ngs that are not as important.” Sanbonmatsu said.

Adam Gazzaley, a researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who was not a member of the research group, said one limitation of the study was that it couldn?t find out whether people who star t out less focused toward multitasking or whether people?s recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking.

The findings do suggest, however, why the sensation-seeker who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted driving. “People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.” said Paul Atchley, another researcher not in the group. “This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though they?re dangerous.”

67. The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask ______.

A. seek high productivity constantly