基于移动学习的大学英语写作反馈模式构建要素分析
V ol.24No.72014基于移动学习的大学英语写作反馈模式构建要素分析*
胡茶娟张迎春
（南京信息工程大学语言文化学院，江苏南京210044）
摘要：移动学习已经影响大学英语写作教学模式及学习方式，移动学习技术对写作反馈途径、反馈来源、反馈形式、反馈方式以及反馈性质等产生了巨大影响，这将有利于高效、积极和个性化的写作反馈模式形成。因此，结合对移动写作反馈的实现技术分析和对受试学生写作反馈需求分析，讨论了基于移动学习的大学英语写作反馈模式构建要素，以期促进适合中国大学英语写作教学现状的写作反馈模式构建，提高写作反馈资源的利用率和共享率。
关键词：移动学习；大学英语写作；反馈模式
【中图分类号】G40-057【文献标识码】A【论文编号】1009—8097（2014）07—0071—08【DOI】10.3969/j.issn.1009-8097.2014.07.010引言
写作是评价语言学习结果的有效途径，写作能力能更加客观全面的反映学习者的英语语言综合能力。但是作文批改费时费力，效果往往并不明显。随着高校扩招，大学英语师生比例严重失衡，教师在写作的批改上愈加变得有心无力，学生因此得不到及时的有效反馈，从而在写作能力方面难以进步。目前大学英语写作教学迫切需要的是一种能够“针对巨大数量学习者的个性化、自动化反馈系统”[1]以及基于该系统的写作反馈模式。这一模式拥有系统化、模块化、个性化、自主化和自由化的写作反馈资源，能够为大学英语写作学习提供实景交互、即时高效的反馈服务，促进不同英语水平学习者自主写作能力的提高。
一国内外基于信息技术的写作反馈研究现状
纵观国内外二语写作研究领域近十年来的研究成果，现代信息技术正以锐不可当的速度和无可比拟的优势影响着二语写作教学。其中，二语写作反馈研究已从专注单一的教师书面反馈研究发展成为对多载体、多形式、跨时空的包括教师反馈、同伴反馈和电子反馈等多元反馈的研究。目前基于现代信息技术的二语写作反馈研究大致可以归为以下几类：
1以计算机网络为交流媒介的反馈研究
计算机及计算机网络为写作教学提供了前所未有的交流平台，为师生、生生互动提供了更多的交流机会。如DiGiovanni等[2]、Warschauer[3]、Ware[4]等提出学生以计算机为中介的写作讨论会能够提供更多的生生互动机会，让学生更容易地读到同伴作文，并获得除教师以外的同伴读者，这样的实时交流有助于学生读者意识的提高。国内学者蒋宇红[5]对面对面反馈和在线反馈进行了对比研究，发现在线反馈能增进英语写作动力和动机、缓解焦虑情绪和心理压力以及促进文章的整体修改。刘奕、王小兰[6]将博客引入写作教学，发现博客能为学生提供高效多元的写作反馈服务。蔡基刚[7]对写作在线同伴反馈和教师反馈做了对比研究，探讨了中国英语写作教学的在线同伴反馈特点。该类研究表明计算机网络技术为英语写作的多元反馈模式提供了实现可能，为弥补传统写作反馈呈单一线性模式的缺陷提供了解决办法。
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英语写作的常见错误
英语写作常见错误分析 一．不一致（Disagreements） 所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等． 例１．When one have money ,he can do what he want to . (人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么．) 剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wa nts.本句是典型的主谓不一致． 改为：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) 二．修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers） 英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化．对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解．例１．I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末． 三．句子不完整（Sentence Fragments） 在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生． 例１．There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspa per and so on . 剖析：本句后半部分＂for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句． 改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspap er. 四．悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers） 所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清．例如：At the a ge of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中＂at the age of ten＂只点出十岁时，但没有说明”谁”十岁时．按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了． 改为： When I was ten, my grandfather died.
大学英语作文范文
1. 成功的四个步骤Four Steps to a Successful Four Steps to a Successful The first time in life? Then grasp your chance with your perfect performance o n the dating night, by learning the following principle in heart. Dress properly. While everyone wants to give an impressive debut on the first date, you should avoid wearing something too bizarre to be accepted. If you are st ill in school, a sportswear can fulfill your purpose. For businessman or grownups, c asual clothes are recommended. Never put up your working uniforms,no matter ho w well you like that Armani suit. It is no work. A few accessories such as a pair o f sunglasses or silver loops on the wrist can add up to the romance sphere. Take a bath before dating. And if you like, spray a little perfume, but unless y ou＇re sure that he or she likes the smell,don＇t use ones that are too strong. Watch your manner. You＇re no prince of the Scotland nor Cinderella in the le gend. Proper manners will ensure a lasting relationship while bad ones scare away your sweetheart. And do make sure you do not boast about your fortune, for, not everyone are green addicts. And your way of smiling, or your greatestoath, should neither be "coy" nor "by St. Loy!" after the nun in Chaucer. Be a little sensitive than merely innocent. Do make sure you do not intrude hi s or her privacy on the first date. For there maybe something deeply concealed wit hin the inner core of every heart, of which the owner doesn＇t share often with an yone but his intimacy. Finally, wish you good luck. May you get your hearts combined and start a ne w journey in the miracle of life and love. Stay tuned till a borderline is reached, an d keep on through out the whole way. 简评看来第一次约会真是令人兴奋并紧张期待的。为第一次约会所提出的建议也是仁者见仁、智者见智。王永同学用词简单、结构精炼，读起来节奏快，例如：“Dress Properly．．．．I f you are still in school，a sportswear can fulfill your purpose．For businessman Or growmups，casual clothes are recommended．”这样的文章结构像是在提醒我们时不我待，要抓住机会，抓紧时间。 2. 我的宿舍生活My Dormitory Life My Dormitory Life Compared with the forty year old shabby dormitory I am living in now, the one I lived in for three years in high school was heaven: three students shared o ne brand new suite with air conditioners and a bathroom. In three years time we changed it thoroughly:the color of the floor turned from bright pink into muddy gray, and the closet a hive of insects proliferating among p
英语写作期末试题和答案解析
英语写作期末试题和答 案解析 https://www.360docs.net/doc/b58737176.html,work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR
Part I M ultiple Choice(15%) Directions:There are 15 incomplete statements in this part. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best ONE to complete the statement. (1’x 15=15’) 1. According to the rules of writing a title, “__________” is correct. A. The Way To Improve Our English-Speaking Ability B. My View on the Negative Effects of Ads C. the Myth of a Negro Literature D. the war of Independence 2. Which of the following sentences has punctuation error? A. The alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. B. The alarm clock sounded; the students got up quick. C. The alarm clock sounded. The students got up quickly. D. When the alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. 3. __________ does not contain in the principles of “choice of words”. A. Accuracy B. Arbitrariness C. Appropriateness D. Conciseness 4. What kind of figures of speech(修辞格)is used in the sentence “This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.” A. Metaphor B. Personification C. Simile D. Hyperbole 5. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to _____his new album soon. A.release B. renew C. relieve D. rehearse 6. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, __________ to find it locked. A. only B. just C. hence D. thus 7. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate __________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard 8. An introductory paragraph should arouse the reader’s interest and __________ the main idea of the essay. A. ignore B. introduce C. develop D. emphasize 9. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier? A. Coming up the hall, I heard the clock struck 10. B. While Wendy was driving on Greenwood Avenue yesterday afternoon, a tree began to fall toward her car.
高中英语写作中的语际错误分析
高中英语写作中的语际错误分析 语言学习者在学习过程中都难免出现这样或那样的错误。这在英语初学者的写作中也不例外。是不可回避的事实，也是工作在一线的英语教师面临的一个棘手的问题。 高中生由于接触目的语数量不多，英语习惯没有形成，英语错误受母语迁移作用的干扰和影响很大，他们在学习的过程中更多地借助于目的语来构建自己的中介语，因此对农村高中生英语写作中的语际错误进行分析，今后采取的什么样的写作教学策略，进而卓有成效的提高高中英语写作水平就很有现实意义英语学习过程中的语际迁移(interlingual transfer) 语际迁移也叫母语干扰(interlingnal interference)，是指将母语的习惯转移到目的语上，这也叫母语负迁移，是指学习者不恰当地把母语的词义、规则、用法等移转到外语学习中去。对于初学者来说，学习者的语言经验主要来自母语。由于不熟悉目的语的规则，他们在学习外语时，经常将本族语和所学外语进行比较，当他要表达的内容越出了他所掌握的外语知识时，他就会求助于母语中与之相应的表达法，说出了中国式英语。 a. (误) You have to eat breakfast at five today. (正) You have to have breakfast at five today. b——Oh,you are wearing a beautiful skirt? a.(误) ——0h，no，no，it' s very common. b.(正) ——Thank you very much. 第一句汉语中的”吃”认为是英语中的“eat"而犯错误。在第二句中，由于学习者不了解对方国家的文化习俗而犯了语用错误。 下面分别举例说明： 一、词汇的迁移 词汇迁移分为下列几种情况： （一）同义词和近义词汇的干扰 词汇的错误是最显著的，以下是笔者所教的班级中学习者所造的一些句子。由于对英语的单词涵义缺乏透彻的理解，有些汉语中似乎是同义词的词，在英语中其涵义与用法相去甚远。同样，英语中的同(近)义词粗看起来意义相近，但在
英语写作常见错误分析
大学英语四六级应试技巧写作篇（英语写作常见错误分析） 检查主要针对四个重点部位：1）是否切题它又分三个层面： 一是整篇文章内容是否切合文章标题要求； 二是段落主题句的内容是否与各段落提示句内容相一致； 三是段落内部的内容是否与段落主题句的表达相一致。如果发现任何一个层面不切题，应尽可能弥补，删除那些多余的或不切题的地方；增添残缺的、语义表达不足的地方。由于时间所限，删的内容一定要精，要切中要害，切忌动“大手术”。 2）是否连贯检查上下文是否连贯，句子衔接是否自然流畅，检验的标准主要是句子是否通顺，该用连接词的地方用了没有，以及所用的连接词是否合适。 3）是否有语法错误主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确，词组的搭配是否合乎习惯。为避免不必要的语法错误，对把握性不大的词组、句型绝不要用。而应使用那些自己熟悉的词组、句型来表达相同或相近的意思。 4）是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误在这些细枝末节上，谨慎细心地处理，无疑会进一步提高文章的整体质量。在检查、改错的过程中，切忌乱涂乱抹。保持卷面清洁，无疑会给阅卷者留下好印象。英语写作常见错误 一、不按提纲写/ 不切题 一、不切题英汉不同的语篇思维模式是造成不切题的直接原因。一些外国人认为东方人写作善用迂回法，也就是总绕着主题的外围转，而不从主题入手展开讨论。汉语语篇的思维模式是中国历史文化的产物，人们认为这种方式含蓄、委婉，容易使人接受，而英美人则喜欢开门见山的叙述主题；所以我国学生进行英语写作时，由于受汉语语篇思维模式的影响，阐述时不从主题入手，不能紧扣主题进行写作，致使文章主题不明确，观点不够鲜明。我们来看一篇以＂Trees＂为题目的作文：Trees are man's friends. 1. We can see trees everywhere. 2. We plant trees every year. 3. We can make tables with trees. 4. Trees also give us fruits to eat. 5. I like to eat fruits very much. 再来看改写后的段落：Trees are man’s friends.1.They provide man with timber, fruits and seeds. With timber, man can build houses and make furniture. 2. Fruits are the food, which is necessary to us every day. 3. As for seeds, they can be used to extract oil. 这样就克服了前面所犯错误，紧紧围绕了主题句来展开，算是一篇好的作文。 二、语言表达的错误 从题目或给出的关键词中照搬，不注意单词在句中所做的成分及大小写 忽视第三人称单数 忽视被动语态的用法 三、语言表达的错误重点分析。 1．句子结构混乱，出现句子不完整或句子成分多余2．词性误用3．主谓不一致 4．根据中文逐字硬译5. 名词可数与不可数的误用 6.介词to和不定式符号的混淆7 .动宾搭配不当 8. 词组搭配错误 9．综合性语言错误: 有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误 1．句子结构混乱，出现句子不完整或句子成分多余。句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生． 例1．There are large number of people die from the disasters.
科技作文之大学英语作文人们对科技的态度
科技作文之大学英语作文人们对科技的态度
大学英语作文人们对科技的态度 【篇一：针对学习者对大学英语写作反馈的态度和需求 的调查分析】 龙源期刊网 .cn 针对学习者对大学英语写作反馈的态度和需求的调查分析 作者：杨昕 【摘要】本次问卷调查通过调查普通高校非英语专业学生对英语作文反馈的态度，了解了现阶段学生对教师反馈和网络智能反馈的需求和喜好，从而提出了大学英语写作反馈的改进方式。 【关键词】写作反馈学生需求问卷调查 【中图分类号】g64 【文献标识码】a 【文章编号】2095-3089（2014）06-0108-02 近年来，国内外出现了很多有关英语写作反馈的研究，针对的主要方面是英语写作反馈的作用和形式、必要性和有效性。大部分的研究将写作教师作为研究的主体，忽视了学习者本身对写作反馈的态度和需求。然而，学习者对写作反馈的接纳程度是评价其有效性的重要指标 [1]。在实际的大学英语写作教学中，虽然教师付出了大量的时间精力批改作文，但很多学习者并没有有效的接纳教师的反馈。究其原因，除了部分学习者对大学英语写作的动机较弱外，很大程度上是因为教师对写作的反馈无法和学生的认知需求吻合，从而降低了写作反馈的有效性[2]。另一方面，随着科技的发展，各种自动作文评阅系统也在近年里逐步进入高校。尽管这样的自动作文评阅系统凭借其高效、及时的反馈大大降低了教师的工作量，然而学习者对其的接纳度和从中受益的程度还有待研究。因此，由于学习者对大学英语写作反馈的态
finally, it is undeniable that continuously developing technologies have brought tremendous benefits, especially in learning area. learning has in many ways become easier than has ever been before. take learning english for example, in the past, few students owned tape recorders, and learning materials were scarce as well. but today, tape recorders get more and more inexpensive, and diversified learning materials are readily available. on the other hand, new devices, such as mp3 or md players, are offered in market, and relevant learning materials (mp3 files) are easily and freely downloadable from the internet. admittedly, science revolution has some negative effects under certain circumstances. for instance, the new technology can harm our environment. however, after balancing all the pros and cons, the above-mentioned disadvantage seems to be minor. 【篇三：大学合并英语作文】 大学合并是目前话题 人们对大学合并有不同的态度 你的看法 短短几年，中国数百所高校走向全并。作为高等教育体制改革中的独特现象，合并已引起了社会各界的广泛关注，其中包括在校的大学生和参加高考的学子...... (一）据新华社消息，经国务院批准，华中理工大学、同济医科大学、武汉城市建设学院合并，武汉科技职工大学(科技部管理学院)并入，组建华中科技大学。昨天，华中科技大学证式挂牌。新组建的华中科技大学，是教育部直属重点大学。组建后，学校学科更加齐全，涵盖
英语写作期末试卷
Part I Multiple Choice(15%) Directions:There are 15 incomplete statements in this part. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best ONE to complete the statement. (1’x 15=15’) 1. According to the rules of writing a title, “__________” is correct. A. The Way To Improve Our English-Speaking Ability B. My View on the Negative Effects of Ads C. the Myth of a Negro Literature D. the war of Independence 2. Which of the following sentences has punctuation error? A. The alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. B. The alarm clock sounded; the students got up quick. C. The alarm clock sounded. The students got up quickly. D. When the alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. 3. __________ does not contain in the principles of “choice of words”. A. Accuracy B. Arbitrariness C. Appropriateness D. Conciseness 4. What kind of figures of speech(修辞格)is used in the sentence “This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.”? A. Metaphor B. Personification C. Simile D. Hyperbole 5. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to _____his new album soon. A.release B. renew C. relieve D. rehearse 6. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, __________ to find it locked. A. only B. just C. hence D. thus 7. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate __________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard 8. An introductory paragraph should arouse the reader’s interest and __________ the main idea of the essay. A. ignore B. introduce C. develop D. emphasize 9. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier? A. Coming up the hall, I heard the clock struck 10. B. While Wendy was driving on Greenwood Avenue yesterday afternoon, a tree began to fall toward her car. C. When I was ten, my grandfather died. D. None of the above. 10. Which one is not used as a transition word to give examples?
大学英语作文范文.
十句作文范文背诵 原因篇 作文要求考生对某社会现象或社会问题进行解释。 Sample 1: Why College Students Take a Part-Time Job 1.最近几年越来越多的大学生加入打工的队伍 2. 为什么大学生要打工 3. 大学生打工 的意义 (1) According to a recent survey, about 25 percent of Chinese college students now hold a part-time or temporary job, compared with nearly none 10 years ago, and this figure increases to 72 percent during summer vacation. (2) College students are seen waiting on tables, clerking in stores, advertising in streets, teaching in families and doing whatever work they can find. (3) Why do they want odd jobs – jobs usually requiring little skill and knowledge? (4) The primary reason, I think, is money. (5) Feeling the pressure of soaring inflation as books, movies and bus fares have all gone up in price, there is scarcely a young boy or girl who does not want to earn a little money to help cover the increasingly higher college costs, and at best save enough to go travelling or buy things they have long desired. (6) In this way they hope to be economically independent and avoid the indignity of having to ask for money again and again. (7) Besides they want to gain some experience in the ways of society. (8) Students growing up from nursery school to college only know about books and have trouble dealing with realities. (9) Working on a part-time basis can provide them with a rare opportunity to know the outside world and prepare them for a future career. (10) The significance for college students of doing a part-time job means more than money and experience: It will broaden their outlook and exert a profound influence on their personality and life. 理由篇 叙述理由和分析原因是属于同一类型的英语议论文。所不同的是后者是解释某一社会现象或社会问题，而前者则解释写作者——我，为什么要干某事或不干某事。 Sample 1: The Most Unforgettable Person I Ever Knew 1. 我生活中最难以忘怀的人是…… 2. 为什么他（或她）一直在我心中 3. 结论 (1) In my life I have met many people who are really worth recalling. (2) But perhaps the most unforgettable person I ever knew is my Chinese language teacher. (3) What frequently brings back memories of my school teacher is his special qualities. (4) First of all, I was attracted by his lively wit. (5) I remember that we students always anticipated his class with great eagerness because his lecture were humorously delivered, never failing to provoke chuckles or loud laughs. (6) Second, he gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offer – an awakening of a passion for learning. (7) He not only led us to an appreciation of the beauty and perfection of Chinese and literature, but also aroused our great interest in exploring something deeper in this field. (8) Finally, I was deeply impressed by the respect he showed for us. (9) As he treated us like friends rather than students, we all liked to visit his home for social activities as well as for academic advice.
英语写作(一) 期末考试试题及参考答案
英语写作试题（一） I. Supply the missing paragraph (20 points) The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. Attaining Success in College Succeeding in college is not only important to getting and education, but also crucial in this day and age to success in the work place. To me, the three most important things for attaining a successful college experience are having smart classroom conduct, taking advantage of campus resources, and making college the first priority. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Making good use of campus resources is also of great importance to college success. The school library has many resources for the growth of the students’ mind. With computers and copy-machines for individual use, computer labs and writing labs are there not just for learning purposes but also for actual help with writing papers. The “office hours” will help the students build a close relationship with their professors and give them access to the professors’ mind. From the professors the students can acquire possible extra information that may put them ahead of their study. All these resources are free, since they are funded by student tuitions. So taking good advantage of the resources can only make the students’ education more attainable. Finally, any students who want to assure success must establish school as the top priority. Personally I have watched some students slowly loosen up; I have seen a pattern of partying and a lack of motivation. Many of the freshmen have no idea why they are in college, and their “eyes” often tell it all. This world is so rich in distractions that it is hard to keep a strong focus, especially if one is just starting his or her academic career. It is said that the first semester is often the most “unsuccessful” one. This certainly rings true for me. I made mistakes in this regard and eventually learned that, to achieve success, school must always be placed above other things. In my college experience, I have observed and learned how to achieve success. I wish someone had told me earlier the importance of having that smart classroom conduct, of fully utilizing the school resources, and of making college my top priority. Then, my college beginnings would not have been so rocky and tough. II. Write an outline (20 points) Read the following passage carefully and compose a “topic outline” for it. Smell Smell, as a means of nonverbal communication, is important. Odor communicates not only when we are face to face with another person, but also when the other personis not present. People from different cultures may have different attitudes toward body odors. Most people in the West respond negatively to what they consider bad odors such as body odor, breath odor, or
英语写作常见错误与分析
英语写作常见错误与分析 英语写作常见错误与分析 下面我们对一些在英语写作中典型的病句实例逐一加以剖析． 一．不一致（Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等．例１． When one have money ,he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么．)剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致．改为：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) 二．修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化．对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解．例１． I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the cus. 剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末． 三．句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生．例
１． There are many ways to know the society. For exle by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on . 剖析：本句后半部分＂for exle by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句．改为：There are many ways to know society ,for exle ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper. 四．悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清．例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中＂at the age of ten＂只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时．按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了．改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例１． To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语“to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚．改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades. 五．词性误用(Mi suse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等．例１． None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.