关于英美文化论文(牛仔文化)
Cowboy Culture
1、The introductions to American cowboys
2、The origins of the word “cowboy”
3、The cowboys' spirit
4、Introductions to cowboy cultur
5、The influences of cowboy culture
6、Resent situation
Cowboys, as a legend ,play a important role in America.The culture they created is quite classic ,which has an far-reaching effect on the whole world especially on America.The word ,"Cowboy", is in origin of the word "Vaquero" in Hispanic cultures .In 1846,a war broke out between America and Mexico . Ridiculously , America ,as a winning , was invaded thoroughly by the cowboy culture of Mexico .
There were two groups of cowboy. The earlist group were immigrants from Europe. And another group are Hispanics . As a result of their traditional spirit ,the characters of the latter group were intelligent, gentle ,bold and ambitious while the former group were just avoided the war and natural disasters . In fact ,the cowboys did not be a heroism as movies reflect . According to the reality ,cowboys were farm workers ,being responsible for taking care of cows . Their jobs was the most dangerous and hard ,however , they got the lowest pay . But exactly owing to their pioneering spirit ,it can be spreaded all over the country and have been preserved well until now . And nowadays ,those stubborn cowboys who live in the New Mexico State are Hispanic .The cowboy culture consist of cowboys' spirit ,cowboys' images, cowboys'
literature and cowboys' films and clothes in modern society .
The one spirit of cowboys is freedom. Freedom is equal to that do everything you want in some degree. Maybe , everyone is long for it ,however, not everyone can reach the goal . Anyway be a perseverance man at pursueing his dreams is foremost, which is the heart of the spirit. Apart from freedom and perseverance, it also involves bravery , independence , rebellion and so on . The spirit cater to popular taste and has been becoming a welcoming gradually.
Besides , the influence of the cowboy culture relates to the some aspects in America . Springing up from American culture field , the cowboy culture was absorbed in the essence of diversified culture in order to made itself develop. Through the many facts and legends, cowboy has become a great representative of American culture. Cowboy is generally considered to be the representative of Americans, while "cowboy spirit "the "American spirit". For a period, the foreign policy of Bush government is called the"cowboy policy".The essay states,after a careful study of the word cowboy and American history, that the so-called manliness actually reflects an American spirit full of ferity and sanguinary aggression.
The typical point is cowboy industry . The cowboy culture Many people may not even ever heard about it but in fact almost the vast majority of people worldwide are currently living in this industry that has long been built out of the cultural atmosphere. Take Taiwan for example, As long as we turn on the TV , those who sell mobile phones, shoes, jeans, and beverages and other goods advertising are usually a group of young men who wear a baseball cap, wear loose clothing or are wrapped in a large
turban . This is the cowboy style. The so-called "cowboy" has already become a popular fashion. In addition to TV commercials and variety channels that can be seen on the typical "cowboy style", they appears on the streets or the place where is filled with young man and new middle class too. The kind of "cowboy style" is a more common scenery that lots of the young wear cowboy hats and a set of cool wireless mobile device in those place .
Further more ,cowboy culture in the clothing field also set off major reform . The styles and fabrics of jeans for workers have been swept all over world. Whatever your identity, career, status, age, height or weight is , the person presents the image of sincere and simplicity after dressing up such clothes. Of course ,it epitomizes among the young group and it is rare to find no pair of jeans in recent days.
Referring to some other field, we will not ignore the extension of the cowboy culture such as Rodeo. With Houston been as an example, it is a city with a large amount of cowboy culture . And the most grand-scale celebration is held here on the day of "Stampede and Rodeo". Another part is its literature . There are so many famous works ,for example "Pale Rider " , "Sudden Impact ", " Firefox" and "Honkytonk Man" .
By now ,the genuine cowboy culture is put into the museum by modern development. Cowboy culture has been changed in some degree whereas Texas cowboy culture leads to tremendous economic benefits. It is pre-requisite for a tourist who adore the cowboy culture to go to the "Taste of Texas" steak house in Houston. Tourist attractions in Texas promote the local economic development . Meanwhile it
also drive other industry step forward .
At last ,although cowboys lead a grief life ,many things have been eternal through their perseverance and efforts . They are not touched by exterior world , just as their motto goes "The importance in life is not where we live but how we live ".
在美国19世纪的历史舞台上潇洒登场的西部牛仔创造出了魅力无穷的牛仔文化。虽然牛仔时代只是昙花一现,但牛仔文化并未随着牛仔时代的结束而退出历史,反而在不断的发展中愈加丰富多彩起来。作为美国文化的重要分支,它不仅极大地影响了美国人的生活,而且在世界范围内也产生了令人称奇的的影响。牛仔是深受美国乃至全世界人喜爱的最具美国西部英雄主义与浪漫主义色彩的人物,他们是19世纪美国西进运动中生活在北美大陆西部广阔草原上的游牧人,是美国西部开发的主力军,以自由奔放的生活方式闻名遐尔。牛仔通常都是头戴墨西哥式宽沿高顶毡帽、腰跨柯尔特左轮连发手枪或肩扛温彻斯特来复枪、身缠子弹带、穿着牛仔裤皮上衣、以及束袖紧身多袋牛仔服、足蹬一双饰有刺马钉的高筒皮套靴、颈围一块色彩鲜艳夺目的印花大方巾、骑着快马风驰电掣的呼啸而来，呼啸而去，形象威猛而洒脱，是一种代表了典型的个人主义和自由精神的外在装束。
牛仔的情人——牛仔裤
牛仔耐久、便宜而且性感的牛仔裤，是美国人给予全世界的伟大献礼。牛仔裤比狗更忠实，比人还爽快。她跟随你的时间越长、用得越旧,就越使人感觉亲切宜人。牛仔裤迁就你的身材,非常舒适而且情人般的贴身可人。美国的牛仔裤诞生于19世纪50年代的美国西部，但它的最初用途并不是作为牛仔们潇洒的形象标记，而是西部淘金工人劳动时的工作服。美国西部牛仔穿着牛仔裤、骑着高头大马,在一望无际的茫茫草原、戈壁荒漠和峡谷山峦间纵横驰骋,英姿飒爽、“酷”劲十足。与美国牛仔传奇生涯相联系的牛仔裤，
似乎成了具有鲜明美国精神符号象征意义的典型服饰代表。它散发着美国人为之心驰神往的个人独立、生而自由、勇于冒险、性感迷人、非正式的休闲、浓烈的乡土气息，给人一种返璞归真的感觉。
身份的标志——牛仔帽
牛仔帽是牛仔们不可或缺的基本身份标志之一。美国的牛仔帽来源于墨西哥牛仔们常戴的一种被称之为“斯特森”式的宽沿高顶毡帽。这种帽子帽顶部向下凹陷，而两侧帽沿则稍稍往上翻翘。除了戴上它的人显得潇洒干练外，牛仔帽还具有多方面的实用功能。白天，它像情人手中撑开的雨伞，无怨无悔的为心爱的牛仔遮挡四季的风霜雨雪、烈日冰雹；休息和睡觉的时刻,它是温柔的抚慰疲倦旅人的安乐枕；饥渴难耐的当头，它又是现成的水瓢和饭碗……
丈量地球的必备利器——高筒皮套靴
牛仔靴
高筒皮套靴高及小腿中部，古巴跟形，系明线，大多采用双色调，同时采用漂亮的皮雕或贴皮图案来装饰，既防水保暖，又耐磨耐穿，鲜亮迷人，套上它行动迅速敏捷，十分适合整日驱赶牛群和逐水草而居的牛仔之需。牛仔靴后面一般都装配上踢马刺。有的还在靴子上悬缀一种撞击时会发出各种清脆悦耳声响的装饰品，当他们骑马或走起路来就会传出叮叮当当的声音，显示出牛仔那种“未见其人，先闻其声”的先声夺人的无比威风。
西部牧区的旗帜——牛仔印花大方巾
美国西部牛仔的颈间通常都围着色彩鲜艳的印花大方巾,它是牛仔们形影不离的必需品。印花大方巾大都用棉布或丝绸制作,尤以色彩鲜艳图案美丽的丝绸印花大方巾最为牛仔们所钟爱。大方巾的底色比较单一，主要有红色，也有蓝色和黑色，上面印着色彩鲜
艳的各种小图案。印花大方巾对牛仔们的用途十分广泛，形影不离，几乎成为牛仔们生命的象征，被人们戏称为“西部牧区的旗帜”。可以说,印花大方巾与牛仔们的关系已亲密到形影相随、生死相伴的地步。许多牛仔死后，人们都要在其脸上盖上一块他生前最喜爱的干净的印花大方巾，使他在另一个世界的孤寂旅途中仍有一个最忠实的伙伴。
六响枪——传奇的牛仔武器
左轮手枪
美国西部牛仔一般都佩带一种可以连发的六响左轮手枪，这种连发的手枪既便于携带，使用又十分简单，任何稍微受过开枪训练的人，都能很快娴熟的使用它。而牛仔们大多是玩枪的高手，他们在飞驰的骏马上尚能百步穿杨、百发百中。这种六响左轮手枪非常适合以德克萨斯牛仔为代表的西部牛仔的需要，是他们用以对付野兽、强盗、印第安人袭击的最有效的自卫武器。这种六响左轮手枪就是大名鼎鼎的柯尔特左轮连发手枪。
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英美文化差异论文
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母。 “棍棒底下出孝子”这只是一个比方，寓意为父母要严格管教孩子，教他正确的做人观，让他懂得分辨是非好坏。我认为慈母严父是对这句话最好的解释，而并非真的要用棍棒来教子，毕竟暴力是解决不了任何问题的。而所谓的“不打不成器”是指在某些无能为力的情况下采取的一种极端措施，毕竟有些时候只有让人受到巨大的困难后才会吸取教训，并不是说毫无观念的打孩子。 虽然现在一些教育家说不提倡棍棒教育，但我个人认为，所谓的棍棒教育并不是说像一天三餐饭一样，老是打孩子，应以说服教育为主，多和孩子讲道理，以理服人。不过在孩子犯了重大错误的时候，应该给于一定的惩戒，让孩子记住，同样的错误不可再犯因为小孩的记性好。但对于所犯的错误却是忘性大，但事后也要和他讲道理，让他知道错在哪里了。 越不孝顺的子女父母越是从小就宠爱有加，孝顺的孩子从孩提时代父母就对其较为严厉。为什么会这样呢？从现在心理学角度来看，父母宠爱孩子，会让孩子误以为自己就是家中的老大，父母不仅要对他们言听计从，还要柔顺地巴结、恭维和讨好他们。这样久而久之从襁褓到成人，历经十几个风霜雪雨，这种习惯、思维和观念就会逐渐在子女的心中定型。长大乃至成家立业后他们会照样对父母颐指气使，不仅从未树立起孝敬回馈父母之心，而且掠夺搜刮父母之心更盛。 为何如此，皆因随着年龄日增，欲望的胃口也会越来越大，自己
英美文化论文
论文题目： Choose a topic from the followings and write an essay about it. (Total score: 100) https://www.360docs.net/doc/b214329045.html,pare “American and British Modern Education”: Analyze the similarities and differences from their history, system and emphasis. 2.Elaborate “America n’s role in the two World Wars”: when, how, why did US enter the war, and its role. 3.Elaborate “American Dream” in the perspective of USA?s early settlement, civil war, civil right movements or modern values. 论文模板： American’s role in the two World Wars（标题，3号字体，全 文字体均用Times New Roman） --a comparision….(副标题，可有可无，小三号) Abstract: This essay aims at redressing some of the imbalanced coverage given to this area of history thus far. A chronological study, it examines the role, importance and, to some exte nt, impact of a wide range of women?s organisations in the local context. Some were local branches of national organisations, others were specifically concerned with local issues. The local focus allows a challenge to be made to much current thought as to the strength of a“women?s movement” in the years between the suffrage movement and the emergence of a more radical form of feminism in the 1970s. The strength of feminist issues and campaigning is studied in three periods – the inter-war period, the Second World War and its immediate aftermath, and the 1950s and 1960s. (4号字，不超过300字,两端对齐) Keywords: WW; American; (不超过4个关键词，4号字)
中国与英美文化差异
中国与英美文化差异 【篇一：中国与英美文化差异】 摘要：近些年来，随着国际社会的不断进步，各国之间的经济文化 交流越来越广泛，而文化一直跟随着一个国家的发展历程，见证着 国家的兴衰存亡。纵观世界，英美文化和中国文化都具有博大精深、源远流长的特点，在不断发展的国际社会条件下，被赋予了新的内 容和含义，随着大国之间的交流越来越深入，使得各国之间文化交 流和碰撞也日益频繁。本文就目前英美文化和中国文化的发展现状，简要分析在新的社会条件下，英美文化和中国文化发展的差异所在。中国论文网 /9/view-6808314.htm 关键词：英美文化中国文化差异现状分析 中图分类号：g642 文献标识码： a 文章编号：1672-1578（2015）02-0007-02 随着我国改革开放事业的不断深入，我国经济水平和国际地位有了 很大的提升，与国际社会之间的交流和合作也越来越频繁，这就使 得我国文化承受着来自各国文化的冲击，特别是英美等西方经济发 展大国，在进行经济、文化、贸易交流时，对我国传统文化产生了 很大的影响。因此，在新的社会发展形势下，及时分析各国之间的 文化差异，对于继承和发扬我国优良传统文化有着很大的推动作用。 1 研究英美文化与中国文化之间差异的必要性 当今世界，处于国际社会中的每个国家要想得到高速的发展，就需 要保持与其他各国之间的经济、贸易等交流，而各国自身的发展历 程有着很大的区别，这就使得各国之间的文化底蕴和文化内涵有着 很大的不同，这在一定程度上阻碍了国家之间的交流与合作。因此，研究英美文化与中国文化之间的差异，对于国家之间的发展有着重 要的意义，下面就研究英美文化和中国文化之间差异的必要性做具 体分析。 1.1文化是社会意识形态的集中体现 通常来讲，文化是指人类活动的模式以及给予这些模式重要性的符 号化结构，主要包括文字、语言、文学、绘画等内容，不同地域、 不同时代的文化特点也不尽相同。文化是对人类社会长期的历史实 践过程中创造的物质财富和精神财富的集中体现，不仅是对当时社 会人类生活特点的体现，也是对一个国家长期的发展历程中文化特 色的积淀，更是对每个时期社会意识形态的重要体现。
英美文化期末论文：英美间的文化差异英文版精编版
英美文化期末论文：英美间的文化差异英文版 精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】
The Difference between England and A m e r i c a Abstract: the paper is to show the difference between American and English in several aspects, such as geographical location, cultural environment and the most important part, the language. Key words: Culture Environment,Education,food,Table Manner Introduction The paper deals with the The Difference between England and is a complex, including knowledge and belief, art, morals, law, custom, and members of the society who acquired as any other capabilities and habits. 1. Culture Environment Britain is a traditional European country with long historical tradition continuity, and there had been a hierarchy in British society for a long time. And in UK there always has been a monarchy. So, the British likes to remember past times and old acquaintances, tends to be conservative, and behaves like a gentleman. All these need culture accumulation, and these character and qualities can’t be made if the country is without a long history. However, the . is precisely without a very profound historical accumulation and is a young country. So, the Americans dare to innovate and stress emphasis on personal value. On the other hand, in the United States, there are not a lot of constrains. They feel free to make bold addition, there is a great difference in the population composition of the two countries. The United States is a nation of immigrants, people comes from all countries and regions in the world. So, the culture of the United States shows different characteristics. People in American can accept and absorb all the culture factors all over the world. . attitude toward foreign cultures is an open. However, comparing to the United States, the structure of
英美文化差异论文 英文版
1)A, the natural environment In the eyes of the Chinese people, "summer sorching", "hot summer," summer always linked with intense heat. In Shakespeare a sonnet yet such lines, Shall I compare thee to a summer 's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate. (can I take with you? / summer than you ah, than summer came cute and photos.) The poet's compared to summer, lovely and always. "Summer" to the Chinese and British lenovo can be so different. Reason is that in different geographical position, China is located in the Asian continent, belong to a continental climate and four distinct seasons, summer most obvious characteristics is scorching, hot challenging. Britain is located in the north temperate, belong to sea climate, beautiful summer mild, pleasant. And of course many example of this, for example, in the Chinese "dongfeng" to make people think of the warm sunny, the west wind that have seed the bitter taste. And in the west the opposite. Reason is the same, the two are in different geographical position, bring feel different. 2)Second, production In English and aquaculture, ship the words very much, such as fish in the air (climb a tree to look for fish), an odd fish (weirdo), miss the boat (miss), etc. This kind of words in Chinese is much less. Reason is that British around water, aquatic fishing industry and ring navigation in its economic occupies an important place in the life, so many such words. And in China only coastal areas have fishermen netting fishing, so this relatively few words. To express "with the physical negative things" of the verbs in Chinese language has many, such as "carry, the Netherlands, pick, bear, carry, back, carry, negative, carry, ku" and so on, each word has certain negative luck with the corresponding things (such as soil, water, pick bear, the box), is really a very close. In English, but only a carry to "refers to the-action. The Chinese will this verb fine add distinguish, probably because in the long run, China agricultural society, manual work much more special reason. Chinese, we will encounter "like the same said work", "QiZhuangRuNiu" word, in English, to express the same meaning, will say work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse. Why the Chinese use the "bull" and English with horse? The answer is Chinese have always use cows to plow fields, the early English but with the Malay farming. Cows and horses in the production process were divided into two countries do good helper, earned the people with the words can be as above usage.
开题报告：从英美文化对比中浅析体态语
毕业设计（论文）任务书 学部专业级（届）班学生
江西理工大学学院级（届） 学生毕业设计（论文）开题报告设计（论文）题目 专业学生姓名指导教师
References [1] Cohen L, Manion L. Research Methods in Education[M]. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 1983. [2] Darwin C. The Exprssion of the Emotions in Man and Animals[M]. New Y ork: Greewood Press, 1969. [3] Efron D. Gesture, Race and Culture[M]. The Hague: Mouton, 1972. [4] Ekman P. Facial Expression[M]. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1999. [5] Fowler H W, Fowler F G. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English[M]. 4th ed. New Y ork: Oxford University Press, 1951. [6] Li S G. Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication and College English Teaching[D]. Nan Jing: School of Foreign Language Southwest University, 2006. [7] Malando L, Barker L. Nonverbal Communication[M]. New Y ork: Random House, 1989. [8] Quirk R, Greenbaum S, Leech G, Svartvik en J. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M]. London: Longman, 1985. [9] Wang Y. A Brief Introduction on Body Language[J]. Science and Technology Information, 2008. [10] Zhang J X. A Comparative Study of Body Language in Classroom Teaching between Chinese and American[J]. Science and Technology Information, 2008. [11] 毕继万. 跨文化非语言交际[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1998. [12] 车英君. 文化相对论视角下的中美身势语的比较研究[D]. 大连：辽宁师范大学, 2009. [13] 范温华. 使用身势语[M]. 北京: 北京出版社, 1991. [14] 何红莲. 中外身势语文化差异浅释[J]. 警官文苑, 2006. [15] 李惠. 中西方人体语言之文化差异[J]. 达县师范高等专科学校学报(综合报), 2000. [16] 牟薇薇. 大学生英语非语言交际能力实证研究[D]. 大连: 辽宁师范大学, 2009. [17] 唐振华. 身势语的文化含义[J]. 深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版), 1996. [18] 钭继慧. A Survey of Teachers’ Body Language in English Teaching[D]. 金华：浙江师 范大学, 2005. [19] 王星河. 谈非言语式交际及其在教学中的运用[D]. 南京: 南京师范大学, 2004. [20] 严爱梅. 小学英语教学中的师生体态语研究[D]. 武汉: 华中师范大学, 2007. [21] 于志浩. 论外语课堂教学中跨文化非语言交际能力的培养[D]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2006. [22] 赵海楠. 试论人体语言学的概念及其他[J]. 湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学报), 1995. [23] 张默. 中美非语言交际的文化差异[D]. 大连:东北财经大学, 2007.
英美文化欣赏课期末考试论文
The Seven Holy Virtues against Seven Deadly Sins (Zhang Longway, International economy and trade, Hohai University, Changzhou) Abstract: According to The Bible, the humankind was born with sins, and they can’t escape from sins unless they can go back to The Heaven. But Father also says, if we can live faithfully within the Seven Holy Virtues, we can get his forgiveness, then, we will get back to our Hometown——The Heaven. We are created by the God with only particular inalienable rights, and that is Free-will. We can choose the way that we really enjoy even though this is the route to the Hell. So we can live by ourselves because of the Free-will. Thanks God, only you, can bring the diversity to our world. Key words: Virtues, Sins, Freedom 1. Introduction While the wave of revolution of Science and technology comes so fiercely, the humankind has been lost in the life that is so beautiful but fallen. We have forgotten the glory and salvation that Father once gave us. We just choose the way to the Hell. We have been the staff of Satan. So we should find the way, the route and the path to get through this dilemma. We should find once the seven holy virtues and get rid of the seven deadly sins. Only do we this, we can find our real hometown——the Heaven in our mind. 2. Brief Description of the Seven Deadly Sins As the Bible says, Lucifinil trusted to have equal'd the most High, Rais'd impious War in Heav'n and Battel proud. While he is falling down in the Heaven, a third of angels follows him, and the star of the sky also was fallen ([1] The Bible, Isaiah, 211-223 line). So there was not the Great Angel, and they have been fallen to the Hell. The Dark, owns his Seven King. They are the Seven Deadly Sins ([2] Paradise Lost, Book Ⅱ, 112-131 line) 2.1 Pride Lucifer stands for Pride, which is that he is not willing to go down on the Son of Father. In Isaiah Book, the poem says :
英美文化差异
从英美的历史的发展看两国文化的差异性摘要：处在一个全球化的时代，跨文化交际这一词语对我们来说已不算陌生，留学、出境游、甚至移民，都早已成为我们生活的一部分。在这样一个国际交流越来越频繁的时代，学习其他国家的文化可以让我们在国际交往中游刃有余。本文从英美两国的历史文化入手，研究两国现在在国际上的各种行为的差异，以及这种历史原因对本国公民的影响等问题，让读者不只是了解两国文化的差异，而且学习到造成这种差异的原因，从而更好地了解两国的文化。 关键词：跨文化交际英美历史日常文化 在谈及一个国家的时候，我们往往会用一个或几个词语去形容这个国家的整体风格：法国人浪漫，德国人严谨，日本人忙绿……这就是我们平常所说的国家形象或者一国的民族风格。造成我们对其他国家有这样认识的原因，除了该国现阶段经济发展的方式，更重要的是这个国家历史发展中的各种因素：法国作为思想启蒙运动的主要阵地，产生了大量的先锋艺术（就当时来讲），这些艺术对法国的民众影响颇深，因此法国人性格中多为艺术性的浪漫。而德国则是哲学的热土，需要的是缜密的思维，这使得德国人形成了偏向严谨的风格。也因此造成了两国产品的不同，法国有香奈儿、路易威登，而德国则是奔驰宝马以及精密仪器。可见，一个国家的文化特色对该国影响之大。 通过法国与德国我们可以了解到认识国家间的文化差异应从该国的历史入手，下面我们来看看英国与美国的历史与文化的差异。英国与美国，是当今世界社会上的两大强国，这两国在很多方面有着极其相似的地方，都说的是英语，都是资本主义国家，都主宰着当今世界诸多事件的走向，都有着严格的法律制度与健全的社会体系，都拥有莘莘学子们梦寐以求的世界上首屈一指的高等学府……英国人和美国人互不服气，英国人说美国人没有历史，美国人说英国人不懂未来。这样相似的两个国家，又有着那些明显的不同之处呢？我将从一下几点进行论述。
周颖健 2012212033 《英美文化》期末论文
昆明理工大学 《英美文化》课程期末论文 （2012级） 论文题目：Science and Society ——The Influence Factors of British Foreign Policy 专业：民商法学 学院：法学院 姓名：周颖健 学号： 2012212033 指导老师：梁庆峰 填写日期： 2013年6月20日
Abstract We often say that foreign policy is a country in dealing with international affairs ,foreign relations and in diplomatic activities should follow the basic principles and action guidelines. Especially in today?s world,the growing trend of economic globalization ,the quick development of science and technology and the increase the transnational activities brings not only opportunities but also challenges for developing nations to rejuvenate their economy. So,as a sovereign state must interact with other countries and international organizations.Through assessment and investigation of reality, countries to make a series of foreign policies and want to achieve maximize the benefits in the international cooperations. Look back at British diplomatic history, we can clearly see the modern Britain's foreign policy has through a process of changes,whether it is actively join international organizations , increase of military force , or gradually changing the Anglo-American “special relationship” to the “natural relationship”,these policies all have their own unique reasons.This paper is based on modern British foreign policy, and then analysis the influence factors . Key words: British foreign policy；change,influence factors
英美文化差异论文
The different culture language communication between Chinese and English For human beings, language is the important communication tool, the major method for transferring information and exchanging emotion. In my viewpoint, cross-cultural communication reflects cultural differences between Chinese and English. Now I will take some examples of the human communication in several different aspects. First of all, I would like to mention their method of inquiry. For instance, in a store, the Chinese salesmen would ask the customers “what do you want to buy?” while the English would say the words like “what can I do for you?”. When answering a phone call, Chinese customarily say “Hello, who are you please.”and “Hello, this is Jim speaking.” is the most common answer in English countries. Do you notice the subject “you” and “I”, “this” among two examples? According to typical examples above, we can infer that the difference in person may also reflect some cultural differences in communication. Someone believes that Chinese are aler to strangers so they automatically use the subject “you” to inquire about others. In my opinion, since Chinese had been influenced by traditional Confucian thoughts, they tend to consider others first unconsciously, which means to show their respects. As for the English,the first one to consider is themselves. This case indicates from a certain aspect that the English
英美文化论文
从枪支问题看美国式民主的局限性 匡院文强101241017 吴瑶 【摘要】美国是世界上少有的依法保护公民的持枪权的国家。饱受争议的持枪权能在美国长期受到保护，一定程度上与美国特殊的政治体制、公民意识等国情的特殊性有关。本文试从持枪问题的角度，浅析美国的民主政治中暴露的弊端。 【关键词】持枪权民主管制 【引言】枪支管制的呼声随着当代美国暴力犯罪事件的频发而日益高涨，但是美国在枪支管制的道路上并未有过实质性的进展，从长期趋势看，公民的持枪权仍然会受到保护。关于持枪和禁枪的争论一直高悬不下，反映了美国民主政治中特有的现象。 美国私人持枪在受到宪法保护以前，就已经具有了一定的历史积淀。“美国人从殖民地时期起，就形成了人人携带武器的传统”。1从殖民地时期到近代的西部大开发,枪支都扮演了极为重要的角色。 持枪的传统来源于早期移民与大自然斗争、争夺土地、阶级斗争。新大陆的自然环境十分恶劣，移民们不但要在荒山僻野上开拓疆土,更要时刻防御凶猛野兽的袭击。而且,许多移民最初大多靠打猎为生,因此,拥有枪支并能熟练使用枪支对移民的生存来说尤为重要。移民的子女更是从小就习武弄箭,学习打猎,十二三岁时枪法就十分娴熟,成为好猎手。同时，早期的移民者为了与印第安人争夺土地，殖民者到北美不久,便不择手段通过暴力驱赶北美大陆的土著居民印第安人。而印第安人为保卫家园,反抗侵略,也进行了英勇的反抗。在这种情况下,移民在种田、伐木、打猎和收获时都随身携带武器,甚至连上教堂做礼拜也不例外。 自第一批欧洲殖民者登上北美大陆以后,西班牙、荷兰、英国、法国等在北美陆续建立起了殖民地。为争夺北美,建立自己的美洲殖民帝国,他们之间进行了长达一个半世纪的争霸战。在17 世纪, 经济还十分落后的英属北美殖民地无法维持一支昂贵的职业军队，加之殖民地人民认为常备军不但耗费国家的大量财富,而且还是对民主自由的威胁,因此各殖民当局纷纷颁布法令建立民兵组织。民兵平时生产,遇到紧急情况时就要听从号令出去作战。战斗一结束,马上返回生产岗位。在边疆地区,甚至妇女儿童也都刀枪不离手。 殖民当局和上层集团建立了白人契约奴制,黑人契约奴制,还有资本主义雇佣劳动制,半封建大地主庄园制来剥削和压迫人民，因此,殖民地的阶级斗争十分尖锐,反抗殖民当局剥削和压迫的人民起义此伏彼起。在这些起义与暴动中,武器成了人民争取自由、平等、民主的不可或缺的重要工具。正是由于枪不离身,移民们既维护了自身生命财产的安全,又在讨伐印第安人及扩张领土的战争中大获全胜。因此枪支在殖民地发展史上可谓功不可没。 美国人持枪的传统在西进运动中进一步加强,从1783 年开始至19世纪90年代,为谋求生计的美国人纷纷越过阿巴拉契亚山脉,向西移居,并形成一个群众性的西进运动。在这一过程中,移民们披荆斩棘,风餐露宿,既要用枪狩猎、自卫,又要防止印第安人的袭击和强盗的抢劫。枪支从而随移民由东向西,迅速遍及整个美国。在“西部小说”与“西部电影”中,西部牛仔的形象已深深地印在每个美国人的脑海里,他们挥鞭策马,腰挂手枪,特别是他们拔枪决斗的场面更是“西部电影”的典型题材。久而久之,持枪成了美国人所崇尚的“西部精神”的一种体现。到如今,美国已有大批枪支收藏家,枪支俱乐部数不胜数。美国著名社会学家赫尔曼·康恩对此曾一针见血地指出: “枪支是美国文化的核心。综上所述,在美国,持枪有其深刻的历史渊源。枪支是美国历史文化传统的集中体现。”2 1王波. 当代美国社会热点聚焦合肥：安徽大学出版社，1998 2黄贤全，王孝询. 美国政治与政府调控——美国历史述评北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008