翻译英文第二篇

Globalization and China small and medium enterprise green management

SMEs and large enterprises in terms of size and intrinsic differences in the organizational structure, so that it is different from large enterprises in environmental management. While SMEs are considered far less great influence on ecological environment in enterprises, sometimes even considered environmental effects can be ignored, but generally speaking, taking into account the rapid development of SMEs account for a large proportion of the national economy, its overall impact on the environment cannot be ignored. This paper examines the environmental management status quo and causes of China's SMEs, electronic industry as an example of globalization on China small and medium enterprise green management challenges, and to explore ways of improving the level of environmental management of SME. 1. SMEs ' green management

SMEs play an important role in the national economy, China's SME is more than 3000, 99% per cent of total number of enterprises, small business creates value 50% of GDP. Among them, 80% production over existing pollution problems, many backward production technology, low levels of technology, while growth in the production of ecological damage. China's State environmental protection administration, the Centre for policy studies did indicate that estimates of pollution load of China, 40% to 50% of the pollution load from SMEs, SMEs become the leading factors of environmental pollution in China. Environmental performance in SMEs is not higher is a common problem in each country and is particularly serious in developing countries. Resource constraints, lack of environmental control and ecological values of the organization is

a major obstacle to the effective implementation of green management of SMEs lack.

1.1 the resource constraints.

When enterprises dealing with environmental issues, environmental management will have the corresponding costs. For example, initial investment, technology costs, implementation costs and the cost of third-party certification of the environmental management system. From the 80 's, China takes the policy "polluter, who control, pays" , however, SMEs often have difficulty raising money for pollution control. Even though some SMEs have certain ecological consciousness, but owing to limited resources or capacity to put into effect, it also causes the gap between attitudes and behavior.

1.2 Inadequate environmental regulation

There are many factors impact on enterprise green management stakeholders

including shareholders, government environmental regulators, non-governmental environmental protection organization, customers, competitors and the media. These stakeholders are typically more focused on large enterprises, or large multinational corporations, large enterprises due to factors such as reputation, competitive position in the industry concerns about environmental legitimacy more than small and medium enterprises, and thus feel more pressure. Out of consideration for local economic interests, many local governments "to GDP, light environment" contamination of SMEs is often "turned a blind eye, a blind eye" to some local leaders would protect them from being punished, serious local protectionism leads to more business despite the illegal production of environmental protection. Local governments will benefit above environmental protection and weakening State environmental regulatory efficiency.

1.3 Eco-consciousness and the lack of green values

Enterprise eco-tone can be perceived only with stakeholder pressure on environmental management, most of the small and medium enterprises in the management concept are lack of awareness of environmental and social responsibility, managers do not recognize green responsibility for both companies. Managers tend to be in the green management of SMEs investing as unable to generate profits, and they cannot pass on the extra cost to consumers. Managers of SMEs in the face of multiple pressures, will give priority to commercial interests rather than business activities may have on the ecological impact. In short, managers and employees lack of ecological consciousness, can't form groups of green values are internal obstacles to SMEs ' environmental management.

2.The analysis of green management in electronic production of China small and medium enterprises

2.1 Small electronics environmental management in enterprises, and extended producer responsibility

The pressure differences in environmental management in different sectors, and petro-chemicals, iron and steel smelting and mining, paper and other environmentally sensitive industries are electronics manufacturing is a relatively small impact on the ecological environment of the industry. Although pollution from electronics manufacturing industry is small, but seen from the electronic product throughout its whole life cycle, from raw material procurement to late life cycle, the use of raw materials and generation of electronic waste will have a significant negative impact on the environment. Enterprises in Western industrialized countries have implemented the "from the cradle to the grave" environmental management, the problem of electronic waste, aimed at enabling producers bear the cost of waste disposal in order to reduce consumer emissions from waste extended producer responsibility, and is

gaining world-wide recognition. China promulgated in 1995, the law on prevention and control of environmental pollution by solid waste: products shall be easily recycled or disposed, or easy to dissolve of the packaging in the environment. Producers, sellers and users according to relevant regulations of the State can recycle of product packaging and containers for recycling. In this sense, liability for environmental responsibility is increased by the electronics manufacturing industry. Solid waste management in our country most notably electronics, home appliances litter.

2.2 Challenge of globalization on small and medium sized electronic enterprises ' environmental management

Electronic products with strong overseas markets in China, more and more Chinese electronics companies have joined the global value chain, strict environmental standards overseas markets, especially in Western industrialized countries, has brought new challenges to these enterprises. They directly exporting faced with green standards in overseas markets, or become a supplier of large multinational corporations or local exporters, facing green standards in supplier qualification test. Part of the participation of SMEs in global value chains when you become a supplier of large multinational companies, in addition to the basic requirements such as quality and cost, they must first undergo rigorous environmental performance standards. Standards of corporate social responsibility of transnational corporations in developing countries is sometimes seen as a kind of new trade barriers, but more and more businesses recognize that such is the trend of economic development. Although the enterprises will generate additional costs in the short term, over the long term to improve their environmental management and overall competitiveness of SME’s is an opportunity rather than a threat. On China small and medium e-businesses, green joined the global value chain management also are affected. SME’s do not export just serving the domestic market, they could not escape the increasingly stringent environmental regulations, in all stages of the product life-cycle compliance with environmental requirements is the only option.

3.China small and medium enterprise green management strategy According to the current status of China's environmental regulation and SME characteristics, green management methods is suitable for SME’s development.

3.1 Perfect combination of government environmental regulation and market-driven mechanisms

Strengthening environmental protection is an important measure to implement the scientific concept of development, China has put environmental protection on more important strategic position. Inadequate environmental protection monitoring system is the main factor causing low levels of environmental management for SME’s and even repeated factors in violation of environmental regulations. China has

promulgated a series of laws and regulations, and draw on advanced foreign experience in environmental regulation, improve the system of environmental regulations and standards. But enforcement of environmental regulations and standards in China there are insufficient, in particular on the environmental legislation could not adapt to the needs of SMEs, enabling cost less than the cost of implementing green management. Compared with the chemical industry, automobile and electric power industries, electronics manufacturers in the production process produces less pollution and are regarded as relatively "clean" industries, government regulation is weak. In the environmental awareness of the whole society and under the premise of public participation is improved, they can make use of market forces to guide SMEs to adopt environment-friendly behavior, strengthening the pollution degree of marketing. For example advocates environmentally-friendly consumption, clean production and environment-friendly Enterprise pricing, subsidies and preferential policies, such as tax and credit. According to the characteristics of the development of China's SMEs, need to establish suitable for SMEs "command-and-control" combined with market-driven environmental regulatory regime, dominated by government regulation at the same time, the use of market forces, incentives and supporting small and medium enterprises to adopt voluntary environmental management act to improve SMEs ' environmental management act.

3.2 Pollution control innovating model

SME's size limits its availability of resources in dealing with environmental issues, resource, money is the most crucial aspect. By exploring a suitable financing pattern in China to help SMEs to raise money quickly to speed up work on pollution, government financing and private investment, joint investment between enterprises are considered to be three effective ways. The State environmental protection administration made a "Development Fund" established "Special Fund for pollution prevention in SMEs", in the "supporting small and medium enterprises development funds" build "pollution prevention funding for SMEs" in the existing "environmental protection funds" established under the "SME special funds for environmental protection." These measures will provide on small and medium enterprises more strong funding for environmental management.

3.3 Cultivate a green consumption pattern, forming green culture in SMEs

Companies need the premise of continuous improvement, product quality, and green marketers rely on the Government to raise public awareness of ecological attitudes. By conserving energy, recycling economy in China under the guidance of the concept of sustainable development, they should guide the public gradually form the idea of green consumption, from ordinary consumers become green consumers. Organization's management style and values of the people in your organization is an important factor affecting ecological behavior, ecological awareness among SMEs lack hindered the formation of green management concepts, causes the enterprise not

to implement green management strategies and actions. Only the philosophy of sustainable development to enable enterprises to really recognize the importance of environmental management will not only reduce the negative environmental impact of business activities, it can also be the source of corporate competitiveness. In addition, SME’s building on environmental issues with local communities, environmental groups and supply chain networks to enhance communication and the exchange of information and experience in environmental management, both to promote environmental awareness among SMEs and green management resource sharing can be achieved.

3.4 Improving the eco-efficiency of SMEs, creating competitive advantage through green management

Improvement of ecological environment and competitive advantages of "win-win" on the premise that access to eco-efficiency, pollution and waste generation is a symbol of inefficient use of raw materials and energy consumption, only raise the level of the green management of SMEs will it be possible to achieve green and sustainable development. Ways for SMEs to enhance management capabilities are as follows: from the perspective of systematic thinking, current business conditions, sustained performance by means of continuous improvement, rather than blindly investment in high cost of a hardware device or an environmental management system. At present widely used "end treatment" technology is actually contamination to subsequent measures. Large multinational companies in environmental management, has accumulated a wealth of experience and ability, when they participate in global supply chains, to seek cooperation with large multinational companies, and support is also one of the effective means of improving green management capabilities of SMEs.

Conclusion

In General, SMEs make important contributions to China's economic development at the same time, its green management problems cannot be ignored. With China's environmental protection in the more important strategic position, 16th plenary session "to speed up the building of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society", the central building a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society for the first time identified as a strategy for national economic and social development and long-term planning tasks. Must require the SMEs in the long term environmental strategy and environmental activities in line with our social development goals. Compared with large enterprises, SMEs ' environmental performance level is low, mainly due to its inadequate environmental regulation in China for SMEs, the public ecological values and ecological awareness is low, corporate environmental management, such as lack of resources and capacity. But in a global economy, SMEs are facing unprecedented environmental management challenges, you need to develop green management methods suitable for SMEs.