水污染处理文献综述英文
Application of multi-soil-layer system (MSL) in rural
wastewater treatment
Abstract: with the continuous improvement of living in rural farmers, the water consumption of residents is increasing, rural sewage emissions will continue to increase, if not treat effectively, the water environment in rural areas will be serious deteriorated, and influence the life quality of rural residents. In this case this paper presents a decentralized sewage treatment system, multi-soil-layer system technology (MSL) application in the rural sewage treatment, this paper summarizes the new technology, you can better understand and practice, especially in the developing countries where is in need of this technology. In the foreseeable future, it can protect public health and the sustainable development of the environment, and it also provides a new way for rural sewage treatment.
Key words:rural sewage; multi-soil-layering system; distributed
1.Introduction
In recent years, with the continuous development of economy, people's living standards continue to improve, rural economic development is also very rapid, but the rural economic development and environmental development is not synchronized, serious rural water pollution.While high technical sewage treatment plants, such as centralized sewage treatment plants are involved in large investment costs, high operating costs, Because of economic constraints, such systems are less suitable for livestock farms and small communities in rural areas. While the multi-media-soil layer system(MSL) sewage treatment system, this decentralized sewage treatment system, it has less investment, low operating costs, high handling load. Besides, the utility model overcomes the defects of the prior soil percolation which is easy to be blocked from the space structure. The sewage treatment system is one kind of the purification technology of sewerage treatment soil developed in Japan in twentieth Century, the soil system will be modularized, and the
module is set up around the water in the soil layer to avoid clogging, and adding natural organic materials to soil modules can improve the purification ability of the system.
The MSL system consists of a Permeable layer (PL) and a soil mixing layer block (SMB),The Permeable layer is usually composed of larger particles fillers such as gravel, pumice, perlite and zeolite.Higher porosity can effectively prevent clogging of the soil water layer.At the same time, the formation of aerobic environment is conducive to organic degradation.The mixed layer soil is mainly packing soil mixed with other 20%-30% other materials such as activated carbon, wood, iron and other material or soil with local resources.The organic material added in the soil mixed layer can improve the biological decomposition and adsorption capacity of the system, and can also improve the supply of hydrogen in the process of nitrogen removal and promote the removal of nitrogen.
There are many researches on MSL system treating urban sewage, livestock wastewater and river water at home and abroad. Researchers in China, Ye Hai et al[1] studied the effect of surface load on polluted river water treated by multi-soil-layer system.Song Ying[2]had studied the treatment effect of multi medium soil infiltration system for turtle
breeding wastewater.Zou Jun[3]also pointed out that multi-soil-layer material selection will have a certain impact on the domestic sewage treatment efficiency.In foreign countries, especially in Japan, Thailand and Indonesia, MSL systems have been used to handle various types of wastewater, but the domestic of this technology in sewage treatment in rural areas there is no comprehensive study,This article through to the MSL system technology processing rural domestic sewage research, in order to provide some technical support for the MSL system in the practical application of rural sewage treatment.
2.1characteristics of rural sewage
For a long time,China's pollution control on rural attention and investment far less than the city,96% of the villages without drainage pipe network and sewage treatment system,The random discharge of domestic sewage has become one of the main reasons for the deterioration of water quality in the basin, and is also an important factor causing the rural water environment pollution and lake eutrophication.At the same time, it seriously affects the safety of production and living in the rural areas, and seriously affects the economic
development.The main features of rural sewage in China are:
(1)The amount is huge and increases year by year. Statistics show that in 2002.There are 3.205 million tons of national rural domestic sewage daily emissions.The total nitrogen emission is about 283.1t, total phosphorus daily emission is about 56.6t, basically without any treatment directly discharged.
(2)Water quality and water quantity fluctuation are huge. Rural sewage water is not stable, different periods have different water quality,generally do not contain heavy metals and toxic and harmful substances, but contains more synthetic detergent and bacteria, viruses.
(3)More sources.In addition to human feces, kitchen generated sewage, there are household cleaning, domestic waste landfill leachate generated sewage, which will then enter the river part of the sewage, will cause greater pollution.
(4)Low treatment rate.Part of the system can not run low temperature, rural sewage daily variation coefficient and seasonal variation coefficient, the system a few time high load operation, if there is little sewage, it will stop running [4].
(5)Wide and scattered.Scattered geographical distribution of villages caused sewage dispersion and it is
difficult to collect.
2.2 the main source of rural sewage
Rural sewage refers to the formation of sewage of the rural areas in the life and production process, including rural production wastewater and rural domestic sewage two aspects. Rural domestic sewage refers to the residents living in the process of toilet discharge of sewage, bath, laundry and kitchen sewage, etc.Rural production sewage refers to livestock and poultry breeding, aquaculture, agricultural products processing and other high concentration of organic wastewater.Because China's rural living is scattered, rural domestic sewage showed a small amount and wide https://www.360docs.net/doc/c71631619.html,ck of appropriate sewage collection, treatment facilities, domestic sewage without treatment will be free to discharge, the health of rural residents to bring greater harm.At the same time, rural sewage production also poses a greater threat to the rural ecological environment.
2.3main technologies of decentralized domestic sewage treatment
Beginning in 1970s, Japan, the United States, Europe and other developed countries on the use of decentralized sewage treatment of rural sewage treatment, has accumulated a lot of
experience, achieved good results.The United States since the mid-20th century began the construction of rural sewage treatment facilities, in 1972 promulgated the first complete clean water, then according to the distributed processing technology in 2002 promulgated the decentralized sewage treatment system application manual [5].1987, In Denmark promulgated a decentralized sewage treatment guidelines[6]. Germany from 2003 to implement the decentralized needle infrastructure system project research, use membrane bioreactor purification to treat remote rural sewage[7]. Australia proposed a sewage treatment land use system [8].While research and application of rural sewage decentralized treatment in China began in late 1980s,Compared with developed countries and regions, there are still many gaps in laws and regulations system, technical standard system and management and service system.In recent years, domestic scholars have done a lot of research on rural domestic sewage,and puts forward some mature processing technology, including aerobic biological treatment, anaerobic biological treatment technology, soil infiltration technique and physical and chemical processing technology etc.There are many scholars in the multi-soil-layer system improvement and application
development of the Japanese, it has also done a lot of research, some scholars found through experiments: to earthworm soil infiltration layer can also solve the problem of blockage of MSL system, but also can guarantee the winter operation effect in winter [9-10].
2.4 Multi-soil-layer system (MSL) technology
2.4.1Structural characteristics of multi-media-soil layer system
Multi-soil-layer treatment (MSL) system is a kind of land sewage treatment system.Mainly composed of Permeable layer (PL) and a soil mixing layer block (SMB),From top to bottom are waterproof layer, gravel layer, soil layer and mixed layer (two alternately arranged), in addition, the MSL technology has a certain terrain fall from the inlet to the outlet, mainly by the drop let water can automatically flow in the system, at the same time to purify [11].
2.4.2Purification mechanism of multi-soil-layer system
Wastewater contains high concentrations of BOD, COD, ammonia nitrogen, phosphate ions and organic matter.When the wastewater into the MSL system, the organic matter in wastewater can be adsorbed on the surface of zeolite and soil through physical and chemical effects, followed by
decomposition of soil layer in microorganism, and phosphorus removal is mainly through the soil layer of iron is oxidized to ferric hydroxide after the formation of insoluble iron, then adsorption in wastewater the formation of phosphate coprecipitation.Nitrogen removal is mainly through nitrification and denitrification by ammonia ion, and finally reduced to nitrogen discharge system.
2.4.3Advantages of multi-soil-layer system
Multi-media-soil layer system is used to treat wastewater from traditional soil infiltration system.It has the disadvantages of low treatment load, large ground, easy to block nitrogen and phosphorus removal and other shortcomings [12].The MSL system with "soil modular" as the core concept, its unique brick type internal structure can form a plurality of aerobic and anaerobic environment in order to promote the removal of pollutants,Among them, the permeable layer greatly improves the water permeability of the system to prevent clogging, adding natural materials in the soil increases the purification capacity of the system.
3.Conclusions
With the economic reform and development, China's environmental awareness is also improving, water pollution in
rural areas have also obtained more and more attention,The MSL system applicable to the small population, scattered in rural areas, the decentralized sewage treatment system can be widely installed and used in the rural society, especially in rural areas of developing countries such as Chinese, Chinese is in need of such technology, sustainable development can protect the public health and the environment.
4.Reference
[1] Ye Hai Ye et al. Effect of surface load on polluted river water treated
by multi-soil- layer system[J]. China water supply and drainage, 2012,28 (19): 74-77
[2]Ying Song et al.Treatment of turtle aquaculture effluent by an
multi-soil-layer system[J].Journal of Zhejiang University Science
B.2015,16(2):145-154
[3]Zou Jun, Chen Xin et al. Effect of material selection of
multi-soil-layer system on domestic wastewater treatment efficiency[J]. Journal of ecology and rural environment, 2010,26 (1): 14-18
[4]Zhang Keqiang et al. Rural sewage treatment technology[M]Beijing:
China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2006.10
[5] Chen Jinming et al.Policy and experience of managing decentralized
wastewater treatment systems in the United States [J]. China water supply and drainage, 2004,20 (6): 104-106
[6] Hans B.Danish guidelines for small-scale constructed wetland systems
for onsite treatment of domestic sewage[C].Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, Avignon, France,
2004:1-8
[7] Li Wushuang, Wang Hongyang. Status and treatment technology of rural
decentralized domestic wastewater [J]. Tianjin Agricultural Sciences, 2008,14 (6): 75-77
[8] Zhang Jiawei, Zhou Zhiqin. Application of decentralized treatment
technology for rural domestic sewage [J]. environmental science and management, 2011,36 (1):
95-99
[9] Wang Xixi, Guo Feihong, et al. A new improved capillary infiltration
ditch for domestic wastewater treatment. [J].environmental chemistry,2011,30(3): 721-722
[10]Zhang Xiaowei, Li Jianchao, et al. Experimental study on earthworm
enhanced land treatment of rural wastewater [J]. Journal of agro environmental science,
2009,28 (6): 1225-1229
[11]Hu Hongqi, Yang Yong et al. Analysis of practical application of two
efficient rural sewage treatment technologies [J]. Heilongjiang environmental bulletin, 2016, 40 (1): 20-24
[12] Xin Chen et al.An introduction of a multi-soil-layering system:a
novel green technology for wastewater treatment in rural areas[J].Water and Environment Journal.2009:255-262
01-文献综述范文-翻译-当前零翻译研究问题与对策
外国语学院2018届毕业论文文献综述（示范） 一、研究背景 近来多篇论文中出现零翻译的提法（杜争鸣，2000；邱懋如，2001；刘明东，2002；袁斌业，2002a，2002b，2002c，2002d；石琳，2003；余清萍，2003；余清萍，秦傲松，2004；肖耀田，2004），但国内学者所编三本译学词典（林煌天，1997；孙迎春，1999；方梦之，2004）均未出现零翻译这一词条，国外三本词典/术语著作（Shuttleworth & Cowie，1997；Baker，1998；Delisle，2004）亦未收入这一条目，只有国内孙迎春（2001）编著的《汉英双向翻译学语林》收进了“零翻译（音译、形译之一种）zero translation”（58页）及“zero translation零翻译（音译、形译之一种）”（268页）两个条目，同时又有贾影（2002）反对零翻译提法，并认为承认不可译有“积极作用”。但零翻译现象确实存在，如DIY（自己动手），IQ（智商），EQ（情商），这些零翻译词汇经常在汉语中出现。英语中也有类似情况，如美国《时代》周刊中报道中国特色事物时经常使用拼音，如aizi(矮子)，pizi（痞子），shiganjia（实干家），yuan（缘）（王祥兵，2002），shuangying(双赢)，guanxi(关系)（顾静，2005）。 这些研究成果揭示了零翻译现象的存在，引进了零翻译的概念，促进了翻译理论概念的扩大，但是从发表的论文及孙迎春（2001）的这两个条目来看，各自运用的名称虽同（也有不同，如杜争鸣称为不译），但概念的内涵及外延均有出入，因此有必要探讨当前零翻译研究的问题并提出相应研究对策。 二、研究现状及不足 1. 定义不统一、模糊不清 传统翻译理论多把零翻译归结为“音译法”、“移译法”，只看到技巧层面的意义，如秦建栋（1999）讨论“英汉词汇空缺现象刍议”列举“音译法”、“移译法”，袁斌业（2001）论及“英语本族人音译汉语词汇的语用分析”，虽然看到“音译在我国只能用来翻译名词，而在国外则可以用来翻译包括名词在内的各种词语”，但未能从中提炼出零翻译的概念，实际上这里已包含有零翻译与音译的某些区别。 国内最早使用zero translation这一术语的是杜争鸣（2000），但他称之为“不译”，并分析了直译、意译与不译三种翻译策略。他不停留于策略本身，从跨文化交际的视角分析了三种策略的社会语言学与跨文化交际涵义，并看到了不译的三层文化含义。不译背后体现译者对于翻译目的的认识，“而翻译的目的必然直接或间接地反映反映译者本人对翻译的文化含义的意识与潜意识，反映他翻译时所采取的文化姿态与立场。”即翻译观的问题。但从术语的精确性来说
英文文献综述样本 威尼斯商人
毕业论文 （或毕业设计） 文献综述 文献综述题目 （中文小二号黑体居中或英文Times New Roman小二号加粗居中或日文明朝体小二号加粗） 学生姓名指导教师 二级学院专业名称 班级学号 年月日
（标题Times New Roman三号加粗） The Literature Review of The Mystery of Antonio’s Sadness in The Merchant of Venice （正文用Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，各段首行空4个字符，书名用斜体加粗） Written sometime between 1596 and 1598, The Merchant of Venice is classified as both an early Shakespearean comedy (more specifically, as a "Christian comedy") and as one of the Bard's problem plays; it is a work in which good triumphs over evil, but serious themes are examined and some issues remain unresolved. In The Merchant of Venice , Shakespeare wove together two ancient folk tales, one involving a vengeful, greedy creditor trying to exact a pound of flesh, the other involving a marriage suitor's choice among three chests and thereby winning his (or her) mate. Shakespeare's treatment of the first standard plot scheme centers around the villain of Merchant, the Jewish moneylender Shylock, who seeks a literal pound of flesh from his Christian opposite, the generous, faithful Antonio. Shakespeare's version of the chest-choosing device revolves around the play's Christian heroine Portia, who steers her lover Bassanio toward the correct humble casket and then successfully defends his bosom friend Antonio from Shylock's horrid legal suit. Antonio, as the title character, is sad from the beginning to the end of the play but never names the cause of his melancholy even when his friends ask him. Antonio plays the role as an outcast in the play. Shakespeare uses Antonio’s sadness simply as the device to set the tragic tone in the comedy or make Antonio be one of his melancholic characters in his works? Or Antonio is the representative of the complicated human nature? Antonio's unexplained melancholy is a significant element in understanding the play. 1. Studies on The Merchant of V enice（Times New Roman + 四号+首缩进4字符，下同） Karl Marx once cited that Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in the world.
公司治理相关文献综述
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①产品(要素)市场竞争不仅是市场经济条件下,改善整体经济效率十分强大的力量,同时,它在公司治理方面也发挥重要作用 ②产品和要素市场的监督力量对于新的和存在因量经济租或准租的活动而言十分微弱。 3.公司控制权市场 所谓的公司控制权市场是指建立在现代放熟的资本市场的有效运作基础之上,通过包括公司舞管、杠杆收购以及公司重组等在内的公司战略而实现的公司资产控制权力转移的各种市场行为的总称。这里的接管包括兼并、敌意和友好要约收购以及代理权竞争等。 接管实际发生的另一个必要条件是,接管者能够战胜目标公司经理人的“反接管”措施。 对接管的主要批评是,接管的收益来自享受的税收优惠、与原公司经理人、雇员终止合同,以及非效率的资本市场在价值评估中的错误 对以接管为代表的公司控制权市场的争论表明,公司控制权市场单独同样不是一个约束经理人的有效机制。 4.声誉市场与职业关注 市场交换的经济范式的一个隐含假设是,存在一个政府来定义产权,并执行合约。即使不存在第三方,声誉或品牌作为私人机制,同样可以向当事人提供履行合约的激励。职业关注所提供的隐性激励不仅适用于经理人,同时适用于董事。风险的规避与折旧成为市场约束激励的能力的限制。因此,对未来职业的关注可能既是有利的,同时,也可能是有害的,这要取决于企业与个人利益的协调程度。二、内部控制系统
学术英语理工类文献综述英文
学术英语 学院名称：材料科学与工程学院学生姓名：张庆飞 学号：7301013016 专业班级：新能源材料与器件131 2015年 6月16 日
The current development of genetically modified crops of China and its safety issues Zhang Qingfei (College of materials science and engineering, Nanchang University, 10001) Abstracts: GM technology as a new, highly efficient genetically modified technology, already widely used in the cultivation of new varieties of field crops. China's transgenic technology started earlier, China's current GM technology level in the forefront of the world, especially made great achievements in the cultivation of new varieties of crops. In this paper, the status quo using gene transfer on Chinese agriculture and safety of transgenic technology are introduced, and the resolve of GM safety issues some thought. On this basis, I made some new ideas of transgenic technology and application of transgenic technology development prospects were discussed. Keywords: GM technology; GM crops; GM safety issues; China Introduction: As the core of the biotechnology giant leap .Transgenic technology is known as the second "green revolution." In 1983, the world's first strain of transgenic tobacco plants marks the arrival of the era of gene transfer plants. In the ensuing decades, genetically modified crops developed rapidly. In 2014, there are 28 countries in the world planted GM crops, the planting area has reached more than 180 million hectares, Chinese genetically modified crops planting area is 3.6 million hectares. With the widespread planting of genetically modified crops, the impact of transgenic technology in agriculture is growing. As the research of GM crops, China has made great achievements in the research of rice and cotton. The development of anything will not be smooth. With the development of GM technology, its security deposit issues also be exposed. The safety of genetically modified crops has been disputed by people, opponents argue that GM crops have great potential risk, it should be resisted. What is more, some people exaggerate the risk of genetically modified crops. Aroused people's fear of genetically modified. In this paper, the people of GM crops concerns, the status of the development of GM crops were elaborated. Besides, security problems of genetically modified crops and their solutions will be discussed. The current development of genetically modified crops in china GM refers to the Technology that use molecular biology method to transfer the artificial separation and some modified biological gene to other species and change the genetic characteristics of the species .Plant transgenic technology is the genetic transformation of plants, making plants to meet human needs in aspects of shape, nutrition and consumer quality. China's biotech crop improvement research began in the 1980s, during the past 30 years, Chinese agricultural and biological high-tech has been developing rapidly. At present, China's hybrid rice, cotton and other advanced in the world. GM technology Applied on cotton, rice and other crops on behalf of China's development status of GM crops. As a cotton producing countries, the industrialization of Chinese insect-resistant cotton has brought huge economic and ecological benefits to Chinese
文献综述 英文
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3000字英文参考文献及其翻译范例
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Title ：Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design Author：yu Department of Materials "Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design" literature review Abstract摘要 By read these references and documents, in-depth understanding of the contemporary mold of advanced manufacturing technology and metal forming technology, a number of instances of mold design and the understanding and learning, to further study the method of stamping die design, die design and thus have a directionalguidance.As used in this design and drawing die punching die and so on, through the design of the book related to mold in-depth study, this drawing die and the punching die and so the design methods have shape.These references and documents, the design of low-cost high-accuracy die with directional guidance. Keywords： Mold advanced manufacturing technology Mold Manufacturing Trends Drawing Punching CAE Die Materials Prices Preface前言 As China's economic integration with the world economy, the rapid development of basic industries, mold manufacturing industry is also developing fast.In the current economic situation, people pay more attention to efficiency, product quality, cost, and new product development capabilities.The innovation and development of mold manufacturing concern. 1.1 The history of the development of mold Archaeological discoveries in China, as early as 2,000 years ago, China has been used to make bronze stamping dies to prove that in ancient China stamping die stamping and achievements to the world's leading.In 1953, the Changchun First Automobile Works in China for the first time established a stamping plants, the plant began manufacturing cars in 1958, cover mold.60 years of the 20th century began producing fine blanking dies.In walked a long path of development temperature, the present, China has formed more than 300 billion yuan (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan statistics) the production capacity of various types of stamping dies. 1.2 Development Status and Trends Die Since reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand of mold growing.In recent years, the mold industry has been the growth rate of about 15% of the rapid development of industrial enterprises in the ownership of the mold components also changed dramatically, in addition to professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development.
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