2012启航考研英语词汇基础讲义(黄涛)-
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考研核心词汇突破
Mr.Yellow 寄语
考研英语大纲对词汇的测试要求更加具体，并且强调对词汇的动态发展以及专
业性词汇的测试。大纲要求考生对词汇的了解和掌握充分体现在以下方面：1.词汇的基本知识（词性、词形、本义和引申义等）；2.词际关系（同义词、反义词、形近词及词汇搭配关系等）；3.词汇背景（词源、词根、词干和词缀）。众所周知，词汇量小就读不懂文章，更谈不上词汇的拼写正确，所以背单词是考研英语关键性的第一步。
考研英语难，其中词汇更成为了无数考生一道难以逾越的障碍，因为完形、阅读、翻译、写作等多方面都考到了对词汇的灵活掌握和具体运用，也就是说，离开词汇做题寸步难行，只有真正掌握理解了词汇才能考出理想的成绩。
我们的英语学习者在单词记忆中一个常见的毛病或问题是深信“功到自然成”的说法，喜欢下苦功夫，花笨力气。其实，讲究方法，发现和利用词汇的规律，灵活运用学习方法，可以达到词汇记忆事半功倍的效果。由于广大考生在上学期已参加过四、六级考试，大都具备了一定的语法知识和掌握了一定的词汇量，所以，我们直接从考研历年真题词汇中挑出一些核心的词汇来讲解，希望通过这种方法让同学们快速进入考研的状态。
在这本资料里面，我们将重点学习考研名词、动词和形容词的五大特点：1.同义词/近义词；2.形近词语；3.一词多义；4.一词多性；5.词的褒贬义和引申义。在以后的课程中我们还会归纳考研的7大专业词汇，比如经济学词汇等，以及考研词汇的7大重要特征。希望同学们首先充分利用这本资料来举一反三，达到积累更多的核心词汇，从而一举消灭宾语、表语、定语、宾补、or long roses.Valentine ’s Day.
love never goes out of style .
industry.
the store an expensive look .all of a sudden （突然）start a program of intense training,an action which violates （违背）the laws of sports science .
二．常用的后缀
①表示“人”意义的名词后缀
-Ant ----
immigrant （移民）
applicant （申请人）assistant （助手）descendant （后代）
pollutant （污染物）inhabitant （居民）-An /–ian----人
Arabian （阿拉伯人）Asian （亚洲人）
Australian （澳大利亚人）
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Italian （意大利人）
musician （音乐家）librarian （图书管理员）physician （内科医生）
politician （政治家）technician （技术工）historian （历史学家）
magician （魔术师）comedian （喜剧家）-Ee ----人（被动）
employee （雇员）
refugee （难民）payee （收款人）absentee （缺席者）
examinee （考生）trainee （受训者）-Er/-eer/-or 人
Daughter/owner,
lawyer,trainer （教练）barber （理发师）butcher （屠户）
carrier （运输者）/ancestor （祖先）bachelor （单身汉）
conductor （指挥者）director （主任）senator （议员）
operator worshipper （崇拜者）
mountaineer sightseers （观光者）
volunteer -Ent 人
correspondent （记者）
client （客户）patient （病人）
agent （代理人，中介）-ist 人，主义者
scientist
linguist （语言学家）controversialist （好争论者）
activist nationalist （民族主义者）
physicist tourist （游客）geneticist ②表示“关系、特征”等意义的名词后缀
-ship 状态,性质
friendship （友谊）hardship （困境）leadership （领导身份）membership （会员资格）ownership （所有关系）relationship （关系）
scholarship （学者身份）comradeship （同志身份）professorship （教授身份）-hood 身份，性质，时代
childhood （儿童时代）neighborhood （邻里,附近）likelihood （可能性）livelihood （生计）boyhood （男孩时代）adulthood (成年时期)-ance /-ence 性质，状态
acceptance acquaintance （熟识）advance （进步）
allowance （补贴）appearance （出现,外表）appliance （器具）conscience （良知）resistance （阻挡）insurance （保险）
nuisance （讨厌）performance(表现)resemblance （相似性）-cion/-sion /–tion 动作，状态
consumption （消费）assimilation （吸收、同化）comprehension （理解）depression （沮丧，萧条）desperation （绝望）invention （发明）invasion （侵略）modernization （现代化）permission （容许）possession （拥有）suspicion （怀疑）tension （紧张）
transmission （输送，传递）industrialization （工业化）notification （通知）-ism----主义Americanism （美国主义）heroism （英雄主义）consumerism(消费主义)-mania ----反常行为或狂热soccer mania=soccer-mad 足球热
-holic----痴迷者，疯狂者workaholic(工作狂)
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-ment 运动
agreement （协议）appointment （约定，任命）argument （观点）arrangement （安排）monument （纪念碑）movement （运动）parliament （议会）payment （支付）replacement （替换）requirement （要求）settlement （解决）treatment （治疗，待遇）-ness 性质,状态
casualness （随意）illness （疾病）carelessness(粗心)
sleeplessness(失眠)awareness(意识)richness(富裕)
friendliness(友好)greatness(伟大)happiness
-cide —suicide （自杀）
insecticide （杀虫剂）pesticide （杀虫剂）-cy ----
literacy （识字）accuracy （准确性）tendency(倾向)
policy(政策)emergency(紧急情况)intimacy(亲密)
efficiency(效率)sufficiency(足够)dependency(依赖)
-Ery ----
fishery （渔业）machinery （机械）misery （痛苦）
mystery(神秘性)discovery(发现)delivery(送，发表演说)
--ry ----poetry （诗歌）
citizenry （公民）entry(加入，进入)-age 状态，集合表示行为、状态
voyage （航海）advantage （好处）baggage （行李）
courage （勇气）garbage （垃圾）storage （储存）
luggage （行李）beverage （饮料）damage （破坏,损害）-al -----approval （赞成、批准）arrival （到达）interval （间隔）removal （搬，移走）
-ing----being （生命体）
beginning （开始）ending （结束）-ity -----
uniformity （统一,一致）curiosity （好奇性）personality （个性）reality （现实）publicity （宣传）similarity （个性）-ics /-ology 学科
psychology （心理学）technology （技术）ideology （思想体系）anthropology(人类学)geology （地质学）physics （物理学）
-th ----结果，过程warmth （温暖）truth （真理，真实性）
width （宽度）-ty ----
liberty （自由）specialty （专长，特长）anxiety （焦虑）
advisability （可行性）unpredictability （不可预测性）faculty(才能)
-phobia -----对…过度恐惧claustrophobia(幽闭恐怖症)
英语中有少数名词的单、复数形式在词义方面相当不同或绝对不同。例如：
Last night,I had words with Mr.Bob,the group leader,for a long time.We had very good words.In shorts,I was touched by his confidences and I was very satisfied with the last words said by Mr.Bob about the possibility of our project.
类似的词还有：affairs （事物，事情）,airs （气氛）,arms （武器）,ages （很长一段时间）,authorities （当局，政府）,brains （智力）,clothes,celebrities (名人),customs （海关）,drinks(饮料),experiences （经历）,goods,greens （绿叶，植物）,grounds （理由）,lessons （教训）,manners （礼貌，规矩，风格）,means （方法，手段）,minutes （会议记录）,news,pains
（努力，辛苦）,peoples（种族，民族）,papers（报纸、考卷、论文、文件）,quarters（住所，住处）,sands（沙滩）,spirits（情绪）,sights（景观）,times,terms（条件、术语）,works （作品）。
名词中还有些仅以复数形式出现，如：spectacles（眼镜），trousers（裤子），findings(调查结果),savings（储金）,belongings（所有物，财产）,surroundings（环境），teachings(教导), earnings（薪水），remains（遗物）,thanks（感谢），regards（问候）。
三．名词的重复、指代和替换_______________。
Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives?If so,then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting（禁止）the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic（烈性）drinks.Both products have been known to kill
than the hazards of
stores and bars in this
many as10million
4.1Repetition of the
Specialization can be
scientific knowledge.By
to handle the specialization
of communication.Another
1.
of professionalisation
up of academic societies
As the Internet becomes
access---after all,the
and more governments,afraid
Within the next decade or two,
result,I now believe the digital divide is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/c71972128.html,ernments attach importance to the Internet because it_____.
[A]offers economic potentials[B]can bring foreign funds
[C]can soon wipe out world poverty[D]connects people all over the world
4.3上下义词解题（考研真题多次出现）
Paragraph3
A survey of news stories in1996reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination（消灭）of the last remaining
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stocks of smallpox virus （天花病毒）to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term （词或说法）applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto （声明）,published in 1995,scorns （蔑视）science and longs for （渴望）return to a pre-technological Utopia （乌托邦）.But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science,as an essay in US News &World Report last May seemed to suggest.
3.Which of the following is true according to the passage?
[A]Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.
[B]Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.
[C]The government officers tend to tag others as anti-science.
[D]All organizations are justifiable in tagging themselves as “anti-science”
五．同义词和近形词归纳
1．表示“能力”意思的词语：Ability,capability,competency,faculty,capacity,gift,talent,genius
2．表示“目的、目标”意思的词语：Aim,purpose,aim,intent,intention,goal,objective,end.
3．表示“关系、联系”意思的词语：Ties,bonds,links,connection,association,relations,combination,relationship,interrelations,relevance,interrelations
4．表示“差别,分歧”意思的词语：Difference,distinction,differentiation,divergence,disparity
5．表示“资本、资金”意思的词语：Capital,fund,money,budget,price,cost,tuition
6．表示“人”有关的词语：Person,people,folks,individuals,man,youngsters=youths,teenagers,infants,adolescent,children=kids,old people=senior citizens
7．表示“意义、含义”意思的词语：Meaning,significance,implication,connotation
8．表示“部分、成分”意思的词语：Part,element,ingredient,component,factor,section,fragment,segment,fraction,division,portion
9．表示“不平等、歧视”意思的词语：Inequality,bias,prejudice,discrimination
10．表示“对手、支持者”意思的词语：Opponent,rivals,enemy //proponent,advocates
11．表示“商品”意思的词语：Commodity,goods,merchandise,freight,cargo
12．表示“将来”意思的词语：Future,prospect
13．表示“理由”意思的词语：Reason,ground,cause,roots(根源)
14．表示“后代、子孙”意思的词语：Offspring,descendant,posterity,children/
15．表示“错误”意思的词语：Blunder,error,mistake,fault
16．表示“基础”意思的词语：Basis,foundation,ground
17．表示“会议”意思的词语：Assembly,conference,congress,convention,seminar,session,
summit(首脑会议),symposium （研讨会）,meeting,gathering,party 。
18．字形相似的词：welfare （福利）,warfare （战争）,farewell （告别）
19．字形相似的词：attitude （态度）,altitude （海拔，高度）,magnitude （数量）,multitude （多数）,aptitude （天资，天赋）,latitude （纬度,地区,gratitude(感谢)
20．字形相似的词：convention(习俗，传统),conversion （变化，转换）,conviction （坚定
的信念或看法）,conservation （保存，保持）,conversation （交谈）
六．名词与不同介词的固定搭配
1.He gained a great advantage over (胜过)other peers (同辈人).
We should take advantage of (利用)this opportunity to express our gratitude to you.
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2.What's your impression of this little girl?
His speech made an impression on the audience.
3.There is a great need for international understanding.
We are badly in need of your help(我们急需你的帮助).
4./He has a preference for (喜欢)foreign movies.
/I should choose tea in preference to 胜过）coffee.
5.I have made a search for the missing paper.
We are still in search of the missing boy.
6.I have got confidence _you.
I am confident ______your success in English exams.
7.She took great pride ___her unique beauty.
She is proud _____her own beauty.
He prides himself _____his independent voice.
名词结构必考内容之一（暑期强化翻译必讲内容）1.The notion of not discriminating on the basis of inborn talent 不依据天赋来歧视人的这种观点。2.The improvement,invention and use of a series of instruments _______________________________________________________3.A study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia 佐治亚州亚特兰大艾默里大学Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal 所作的研究4.The selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the 。and of the cost and benefits of controlling 。：https://www.360docs.net/doc/c71972128.html,/huangtaokaoyan,或
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第二节动词的理解与运用
一．动词的分类及用法
1.根据意义和句法功能，动词可分类为：实义动词，系动词，情态动词，助动词。
2.实义动词指有实在的意义，能独立做谓语的动词，如mean,study,love 等。
3.系动词是联系主语和表语，说明其关系并与表语一起构成名词性复合谓语的动词。除be 之外主要的系动词还有：remain,stay,keep(保持)；/become,get,go,grow,turn,come,(变得)；look,sound,seem,taste,smell,feel,hold 。
4.情态动词有一定的意义但不完整，仅表示说话人之“情态”，和原形动词构成动词性复合谓语。Can/could;may/might;must/ought to/need;dare;shall/will;should/would;
5.助动词be,have,do 无实在意义，只帮助中心动词构成不同的时态、语态、语气等。
6.短语动词的几种构成方式：
不及物动词+副词，如：stay up （熬夜）,look out （小心）,break out （爆发）,go up （上升，爆炸）,take after （像）,die out （灭绝，消亡）,set out （出发）.
不及物动词+介词，如：break into （闯入）,go after （追求）,go through （经历）,pass on （传递）,run into （碰上）,sit for （参与）,stand for （代表）.
及物动词+副词，如：give up （放弃）,see …off （送行）,show…around （带领参观）,hand …over （转交，移交）,put …off （推迟）,pick…up （接人，学会）
不及物动词+副词+介词，如：put up with （忍受）,stand up to （勇敢面对）,do away with （废除）,fall back on （求助于）,live up to （达到，不辜负）.
及物动词+名词+介词，如：make fun of （取笑）,take care of （照顾）,pay attention to of(没注意到)
,let …go of （置之不理）
1.2.3.pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.4.the online world as a kind of mutually a spymaster’s dream.
5.He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish —“the worst sort of ambulance-cashing.”
Question:Which of the following statements is True according to the sentence?
[A]He thinks highly of the work of consultants.
[B]The consultants are offering considerable help in money matters.
[C]The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothing.
[D]The consultants are dealing with emergencies.
他对机构重组顾问们做的大量工作不屑一顾，因为那些完全是垃圾——“一种最糟糕的应急补救措施”。
8.t a o b a o .c o m 6.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer.
NBAC 委员们表示：他们将呼吁由私人赞助的研究人员和机构不要试图通过人体细胞核移植技术来克隆人。
7.I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”,preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine,into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
我已从一个“获得（拥有）一切”哲学（琳达·凯茜过去七年中在《她》这本杂志所宣扬的）的积极倡导者，变成了一个乐于接受任何东西只要一丁点的女人。
8.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics,Japanese education tends to stress test-taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.
Question:Which of the following statements is True according to the sentence?
[A]Foreigners put emphasis on the basics.
[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[D]Test-taking is more important than self-expression.
尽管日本因强调基础知识而受到外国人的称赞，但是其教育往往强调应试和机械性学习而忽视了创造性及表现个性。
9.“Science never has all the answers.But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future,and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
科学不会提供问题的一切解决办法，但科学可以为我们提供面向未来的最好的指引，我国as _____.
a critic [D]a guide
and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and dishonor the period of dying"as the twin in end-of-life care is ______.
[B]inadequate treatment of pain
[D]insufficient hospital care
account (for)解释advocate(倡导者)
decline （下降，衰退）control （控制）view （观点，看法）desire （理想）
exchange （交换）fear （畏惧）end （目的）cause （事业）
guide （领导者）base （基础）value （价值）place （放）
hand （交）preserve （专利）stem （来自）class （种类，分类）
force （力量）note （注意到）play （戏剧）share （分享）
cost （代价）half （是一半）record （记录）return （回报）
trap （陷、卡住）hook （钩住）key in （嵌入）post （刊登）
match （匹配）arm （武装）
conversation----converse （交谈）
computer—compute(计算)
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president -----preside over （主持）chairman -----chair(主持)convention(会议或传统)---convene(开会)
三．常用的动词同义词归纳
1．表示“导致”意思的词语：Lead to,give rise to,give birth to,contribute to,cause…to,result in （导致）,result from （起因于）
2．表示“面对、偶遇”意思的词语：Confront,be confronted with,face,be faced with,meet with,encounter,
3．表示“集中于”意思的词语：Center on,focus on,concentrate on
4．表示“对付、处理、解决”意思的词语：Deal with,cope with,handle,tackle,solve,resolve,
settle,address
5．表示“消失”意思的词语：Disappear,vanish,perish,imperishable(不朽的)
6．表示“减少、减轻”意思的词语：Diminish,lessen,lighten,ease,decrease,drop,reduce,fall,表示“增加、加重”意思的词语：accumulate,increase,rise,soar,rocket,aggravate,worsen.
7．表示“依靠、依赖”意思的词语：Rely on(upon),depend on(upon),count on(upon),rest on(upon),hinge on/upon
8．表示“变化”意思的词语：Change,turn,vary/range,alter,transform,shift,adjust,fluctuation
9．表示“指控,起诉”意思的词语：Charge with,accuse of,sue for,file for
10．表示“克服、战胜”意思的词语：Overcome,conquer,defeat,
11．表示“获得、得到”意思的词语：Achieve,obtain,get,accomplish,earn,attain,secure,acquire,
gain,
12．表示“抓住”意思的词语：Catch,seize,capture,catch hold of,grab
13．表示“限制”意思的词语：Limit,confine,restrict
14．表示“强迫”意思的词语：compel,constrain,force,oblige
15．表示“责怪”意思的词语：blame,condemn,reproach,scold
16．表示“困惑、迷惑”意思的词语：bewilder,puzzle,confuse,embarrass,perplex
17．表示“赞扬、称赞”意思的词语：applaud,clap,commend,praise,complimemt
18．表示“扩大、加强”意思的词语：amplify,enlarge,stretch,magnify,reinforce,expand
19．表示“声称”意思的词语：affirm,assert,allege,claim,announce,proclaim
20．表示“调整、改变”意思的词语：adjust,regulate,rectify,amend,convert,alter,modify,transform,vary
五．动词常用的前后缀
-en-----,-em 使成为
enable （使能够）encourage （鼓励）enforce （实施）
enlarge （扩大）entitle （有权利做）empower （授权）endanger （危害）
enjoy(喜欢)enrich （变富，使丰富）ensure(确保)enact （执行）
enclose （密封、关）encounter （遭遇）engage （从事、忙于）enhance （促进）
enlighten （启发）embarrass （使尴尬）enroll （登记、招收）embark （开始）
enlist （招收）-en 做，使变成…
fasten （系好）harden （使坚固）lengthen （加长）
threaten （威胁）loosen （放松，松弛）widen （拓宽）weaken （削弱）
strengthen （加强）hasten （急忙，赶快）shorten(缩短)brighten
broaden -ify …化，使成为…，变成…
beautify(美化)intensify(加剧)horrify(使恐怖)
clarify （澄清）
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identify （辨认，识别）
justify （认为合理）specify （指定,详述）solidify （巩固）purify （洁净，净化）
qualify （胜任,有资格）classify （分类）exemplify （举例）-ize …化，照…样子做
apologize(道歉)
maximize(最大化)organize(组织)utilize(使用)mobilize(动员)
criticize(批评)publicize(宣传)visualize （想象）democratize （民主化）
characterize （概括）specialize （专攻）realize （实现）industrialize （工业化）revolutionize(彻底改革)recognize(认出)civilize （使文明）
六．动词后接不同的介词构成的短语
1.同一动词后接不同介词，比如：look up to(尊敬),look down on(歧视),look forward to(盼望),look back on(回顾)。Turn out(结果是，培养),turn up(出现),turn in(上交，就寝),turn over(移交，接管),turn down(拒绝，关小)等。
2.不同动词后接不同介词表示同一个意思，比如05年作文主题词汇“照顾”，有三个动词可以表达该意思：look after,care for,take care of 。另外还有"导致"和"遵守"等很多的动词短语，在使用时要充分注意。
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第三节形容词的理解与运用
一．形容词的核心考点
形容词:1）形容词的认知能力和辨别能力；2）词形及词义相近的形容词的区分；３）形容词和介词的搭配。
1.词形相近的形容词。如：sensible,sensitive,sensational;respectable,respectful,respective
2.同义词和反义词。如wonderful 的同义词有：marvelous,excellent,extraordinary （不寻常的）,remarkable （非凡的）等。如generous 的反义词有mean,stingy,selfish 等。
3.形容词和动词的转换。如indicate ---be indicative of （说明）;support--be supportive of,receive ---be receptive to （乐于接受的）;inquire ---be inquisitive about （好问的）等。
4.名词和形容词的转换。如:defect ---defective （有缺陷的）,intention ---intentional 等。
5.以-ly 结尾的单词的词性。名词加-ly 多构成形容词。如：friendly,likely,sunny,womanly,worldly 等。
6.不规则形容词的比较级和最高级的变化形式。如：原级比较级最高级bad worse worst good better best,little,less (lesser)least ,far farther(further)farthest (furthest)
7.含有绝对概念或无最高级的词:most,uttermost,foremost,least,first,last,all,every,any,each,none,absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete(ly),certainly,sure(ly),necessary,essential,indispensable （必不可少的）.
8.表示极限、主次、等级的有：maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chief ，minor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite,ultimate,final,just,very.
simply,alone.
pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.（相邻的）cages,so that each their behavior became markedly 11.Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously.Instead of a plan of action,they continue to press for more research.
三．形容词和副词同义词归纳
1．表示“与……有关/联系”意思的词组：Be relevant to,be related to,be tied to,be linked to,be associated with,be connected with,be combined with
2．表示“好”意思的词语：wonderful,excellent,good,super,superb,magnificent,first-class,remarkable,fantastic,outstanding,cool,splendid.
3．表示“充足”意思的词语：sufficient,enough,adequate,rich,abundant,plentiful
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4．表示“不足”意思的词语：lack,be short of,for want of,for lack of
5．表示“可怕、有害”意思的词语：dreadful,terrible,frightening,horrible,awful,harmful,bad,detrimental,adverse,unfavorable,negative.
6．表示“有能力做”意思的词语：be competent in/as/to do ,be capable of ,be qualified for/as,be able to
7．表示“传统、习惯”等有关的词语：traditional,conventional,customary,habitual,social,global
8．表示“许多、大量”意思的词语：many/much,a lot of/lots of/,a large number of,a large amount of,plenty of ,plentiful,considerable,ample,numerous,countless,
9．表示“合不合适”意思的词语：right,proper,suitable,appropriate,fit,improper,unsuitable,inappropriate,unfit
10．表示“效果、效率”意思的词语：effective,effectual,efficient,sufficient
11．表示“合不合理”的词语：logical,reasonable,sensible,rational,/illogical,unreasonable,
irrational
12．表示“倾向于”意思的词语：be likely to,be liable to,be inclined to,be apt to,tend to
13．表示“意不意识到”的词语：be aware of,be conscious of,be unaware of,be unconscious of,
subconscious （潜意识的）
14．表示“简短”意思的词语：brief,concise,in brief,in short
15．表示“合不合法”意思的词语：legitimate,lawful,legal,illegal （非法的）=unconstitutional
16．表示“精确、准确”意思的词语：accurate,precise,exact
17．表示与“身体”有关意思的词语：bodily,physical,mental,spiritual,materialistic,
18．表示“态度”意思的词语：optimistic,pessimistic,objective,subjective,impartial(公正的)
19．表示与“谨慎、小心”有关意思的词语：careful=cautious=prudent,careless,carefree （无忧
无虑的）
20．表示“虚弱”意思的词语：weak,fragile,frail,invalid,feeble,vulnerable=susceptible
21．表示“基本”意思的词语：basic,elementary,fundamental,primary
22．表示“天生”意思的词语：inborn,innate,inherent,gifted,talented
23．表示“普遍、一般”意思的词语：average,common,general,universal,usual
24．表示“明显的，清楚的”意思的词语：apparent,evident,self-evident,manifest,obvious,distinct,
clear/ambiguous,obscure,unclear
25．表示“严重的、紧急的”意思的词语：acute,critical,crucial,urgent,serious,emergent
26．表示“愚蠢,可笑”的词语：absurd,ridiculous,silly,foolish,stupid,ironic,funny
27．表示“节约,奢侈”的词语：economic （经济的）,economical （节约的）,thrifty （节省的）,
simple,luxurious,extravagant(浪费的),generous （大方的）
28．表示“富裕”意思的词语：rich,wealthy,affluent,well-off
29．表示“仅仅,唯一，就是”意思的词语：only,just,merely,solely,simply,uniquely,alone
30．表示“可能的”意思的词语：possible,likely,probable,presumable
31．表示“有决心的，坚定的”意思的词语：determined,resolute,firm,decisive
32．表示“不断的,不停的”意思的词语：continual,continuous,uninterrupted,successive,eternal,endless,successful (成功的),succession(连续不断)
33．表示“永久的,永恒的”意思的词语：lasting,ever-lasting,permanent,perpetual,constant,persistent,temporary(暂时的)
34．表示“致命的,要死的”意思的词语：deadly,fatal,mortal,lethal
35．表示“重要的,必要的,关键的”意思的词语：important,significant,vital,critical,crucial,necessary,essential,indispensable
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四．形容词常用后缀
-able,-ible,-ble 能够…，值得…
knowledgeable （知识渊博的）sustainable （可持续的）acceptable
available （可以得到的）comparable （可比的）favorable （有利的）honorable （可敬的，光荣的）liable （倾向于，有责任的）noticeable （注意到的）reliable （可靠的）unbelievable （难以相信的）responsible
-al …的，行为，人，物
skeptical （怀疑的）perpetual （永恒的）commercial （商业的）annual （每年的）casual （随意的）classical （古典式的）continual （不断的）conventional （传统的）experimental （实验的）identical （相同的）optional （选择的）detrimental （有害的）critical （关键的，批评的）original （原始的，原创的）
-ate -----affectionate （亲爱的）passionate （热情的，多情的）
-ed …的
accustomed （习惯的）advanced （先进的）ashamed （羞愧的）beloved （敬爱的）complicated （复杂的）crowded （拥挤的）learned （有学问的）limited （有限的）naked （裸露的）puzzled(困惑的)amazed(吃惊的)move/touched(感动的)-en 做，使，…的，人golden(金色的),wooden （木制的）,woolen （羊毛的）
-ent----proficient （熟练的）,turbulent (动荡不安的),persistent （坚持的）
-ful …的
powerful （强大的）doubtful （怀疑的）colorful （五颜六色的）faithful （忠诚的）fearful （畏惧的）fruitful （有成效的）grateful （感谢的）hopeful （有希望的）peaceful （和平的）plentiful （大量的）thoughtful （善于思考的，体贴的）
-Fold ----倍数tenfold （十倍的）hundredfold
-ic ，ical …的，人，…学
optimistic （乐观的）dynamic （有活力的）academic （学术的，学业的）artistic （艺术的，高尚的）economic （经济的）electronic （电子的）
heroic （英勇的）organic （有机的）systematic （系统的）practical （实际的）statistical （统计的）
-ish …的，有…性质的selfish （自私的）,British （英国的）childish(孩子气的)-sive ----divisive （分裂的）,aggressive （挑衅的，好斗的）
-tive …的，人，物
assimilative （同化的）conservative （保守的）active （积极的）
comparative （比较的）collective （集体的）creative （有创造力的）relative （相关的）protective （保护的）
-less 无…的，不…的
endless （无穷的）careless （粗心的）helpless （无助的）hopeless （没希望的）restless （不安的）worthless （无价值的）-like 如…的godlike （神似的）childlike （像孩子一样的）
-ly …的，…地deadly （致命的）elderly （上了年纪的）,monthly,weekly,yearly -ous ，-ious …的
ambitious （有抱负的）anxious （着急的）cautious （小心的）
curious （好奇的）dangerous （危险的）delicious （美味的）famous （著名的）glorious （光荣的）religious （宗教的）suspicious （怀疑的）insidious （隐蔽的）
-some---
Handsome (英俊的)burdensome （有负担的）troublesome （麻烦的）tiresome （讨厌的）quarrelsome （好争吵的）
-y …的，人，物
rainy （下雨的）noisy （嘈杂的）dirty /greedy （贪婪的）sunny/rainy
wealthy （富裕的）slippery （滑的）cloudy/stormy
-ory----compulsory (强迫的,义务的)illusory （欺骗的,虚幻的）
1.But Farmer is very events have proved him disorder.
Question:The author's attitude [A]enthusiastic [B]2.During these procedures --miniature （微型）camera D glasses for a better view.more accurately than human Question:Virtual reality they .
3.flooded every inch of space on that each one varies in style in content,while at the same time Winfrey shows.
and the Oprah Winfrey are profound
formal
-ly
Generally hardly （几乎不）
highly （十分）increasingly largely Mainly merely
mostly namely naturally Nearly(几乎)necessarily
normally obviously particularly partly,possibly
practically presently probably rarely readily
really repeatedly respectively scarcely(几乎不)shortly
simply specifically virtually -wise otherwise,likewise
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七、词缀与词根
1．表示“不或否定”的前缀
Un ----
Un precedented （史无前例的）uninformed （不知晓的）unchallenged （无异议的）unreliable （不可靠的）unanswered （不能回答的）unconscious （无意识的）uncertainties （不确定性）unmistakable （正确的）unaware （不知道的）
unimaginable （难以想象的）unforced,unbelieving unsurpassed （不能胜过的）Non ----nonstandard （非标准的）nonsmoker （不吸烟者）nonsense （胡说）
In ----
In efficient （无效率的）in competently （不称职地）insecurity （不安全）
Inevitable （不可避免的）insensitive （不敏感的）inability （无法，不能够）Ineffectual （无效的）incomplete （不完整的）indefinitely （无限地）Dis -----
Dis integrate （分解，死亡）disadvantage （不利）discrimination （歧视）Disorganized （无组织的）dishonor （不尊重）disappear （消失）
Discharge （丢掉，扔掉）discount （忽视）discourage （泄气）Mis ----
Mis information （错误信息）misplace （误放）misfortunes （不幸）Misunderstand （误解）mislead （误导）misuse （误用）
De ----
De grade （降级，堕落）de part （告别）deforest （毁林）
Depopulate （人口减少）defrost （除霜）deformity(畸形)
Im ----im practical,im mature,im measurable,im moral,im mortal （不朽的）
Il ----il literate （不识字的）,il licit=illegal,illogical,illegible(unclear)
Ir ----Ir responsible （不负责任的）irrelevant （不相关的）irrational （不合理的）Irreparable （无法修复的）irreplaceable （不能替换的）irresistible （难以抗拒的）Ab ----ab normal （不正常的）absent （缺席的）abuse （滥用的）
2．表示“缩小”、“不够”、“向下”和“扩大”、“过多”、“向上”
Down ----downscaling =downsizing （缩小规模）,downshifting （减慢生活节奏）,download Under----在…下，次
underlie （是基础）underlying （内在的）underestimate （低估）under funding （资金投入不够）undergo （经历）understatement （低调阐述）,undermanned （人员配备不足）underground （地下）undergraduate （本科生）Up----upgrade （升级）,upper,update （更新）
Over----过度，太；外overestimate （高估）,overstatement （夸张）,overcharged （要价过高）,over-funding,overflow （溢出）,overcoat （大衣）,overwork,oversleep,overexcited semi----semiconductor,semi-conscious,
mono 单一monologue （独白）,monotonous （单调的）,monopoly （垄断）
Uni ----相同uniform （制服）,unisex （同性）
bi/di 双----Bicycle,bilingual,bimonthly,dilemma （两难境地）
tri angular （三角形的）,tripling （三倍）,triple （三倍）,tricycle （三轮车）
qua drupled （四倍）,quarter （四分之一）
Milli----millimeter （毫米）
Mini ----小minimum （最小值）,minimize,miniskirt,miniature,minority （少数）
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Maxi----maximum （最大值）,maximize （最大化）,
multi----多multiple,multiply （乘，繁殖）,multi-national(s),multi -troops
3．表示“反抗、反对”的前缀
Anti----anti-war,anti-bacteria,anti-happy,anti-social,anti -intellectualism （反才智）,anti-smoking,anti-competitive （反竞争的）,anti-consumerism （反消费主义）
Counter----counter balance （平衡力）counter-culture （反主流文化）counterpart （对应物）Contra----contradict （矛盾）,contrary,contrast
4．表示“先（前）后”意义的前缀
Pre ----先于prehistoric （史前的）,predict （预言）,preschool （学前）,pre-liberation （解放前）,predecessor （先辈，前辈）precaution （警惕）prejudice （歧视）prevail （盛行）Ex----以前ex-wife,ex-president,ex-chairman
Fore ----预先，在前面的forefather （祖先）,forecast （预报）,foreword （前言）,foreleg,foretell （预言）,foreground(前景)
Post -----后于postgraduate （研究生）,postwar,posterity （后代）
Mid -----中midday,midnight
Ante----先于，在前面的ante-nuptial(婚前的)，antecedent(先例，经历)
5．表示其它意义的前缀
Auto ---自Automobile （汽车）,automatic （自动的）automation （自动化）
Bio ----生命，生物Biology,biomass （生物数量）,biomedical,biography
Co-,col-,com-,con-,cor 共同cooperate （合作）,cooperative,coincidence （巧合）,coordinate （协调）,colleague （同事）,corporation,cohabit （同居）
Ex----向外exchange （交换）,exclaim （呼喊）,exclude （排除）,express （表达）,extract （拔出）,export （出口）
Extra-----外extraordinary （极不寻常的）,extramarital （婚外的）,
Homo----相同homogeneous(同化),homosexual(同性恋),homogeneity(同类,同质)
Hyper----非常hyperactive,hypercritical （非常批评的）,hypersensitive （过度敏感的）Super ----上，超级supermarket,superpower,superman,super nature ,superpower,supernatural,inter ----相互interact （互动）,interactive,interaction,intermarriage （联姻）,interview （面试，接见，采访）,Internet,international,interrelations （相互关系）
kilo -----千kilogram,kilometer
Re -----再,recurring （再现的）,react （反应）,reaction,recall （回忆）,recover （恢复）,recycle （回收）,reform （改革）,refresh （提神）,repay （偿还）,renew （更新，更换）,replace （替代）,reserve （保留，预定）,restore （恢复）,rewrite,revive,reinforce,remedy
Sub ----下，次subsequent （后面的）,subtitle （副标题）,substitute （代替）,subway （地铁）Subconscious,submerge （下沉）,submit,suburb （郊区）,subscribe （订阅）
Tele----远telegram,telephone,telescope,television,telecommunication
Thermo---与热、温度有关的thermostat （恒温计）,thermometer （温度计）
Trans ----横贯,转移transform （改变）,transmit （传递，传播，传染）,transport （运输）,transportation,trans-continent,transaction （交易）
Vice ----副vice-president ,vice-chairman
Neo ----新neoclassical
-Pro ----亲、支持pro-social,pro-revolutionary
-Sym,Syn ----相同sympathy,synonym,synonymous （相同的，近义的）
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第四节词汇特点与词义引申
考研阅读有时难并不是词汇生疏，而是明明看到这个单词，却把它理解错误。词义理解正确是考研阅读的基础，词汇得主要难点在于一词多义，一词多性和词义引申。
一词多义是指一个普通的词有多个意义，困难在于对该词词义的精确把握，而考试时测试的往往是考生忽略或没有记住的意义。例如，check 的常见意思是“检查”，而考研阅读中常见到“限制、控制”这一意思。比如：I advise you to keep a check on (=control)your temper.和这句话是同义的I advise you to keep your temper in check=under control 。
一词多性指的是一个单词有几个词性，且每个词性有不同的词义，比如，present 有三个词性(Adj.在场的,现在的;V.出席,阐述；N.礼物)等等,对它的准确理解甚至影响答案的选择。
另外，一些词汇本身表示一定态度倾向，如果对其意义进行褒贬判断可加深句子的理解。例如，sensational （轰动一时的），含有贬义的意思。还有某些词语在一定的上下文里产生比喻性的词义，这在阅读时非常重要。下面我们具体阐述考研核心词汇的这四大特点。
一．一词多性
它是指一个词通常有几个词性，且存在意思不同的情况，这些词性常包括名词、形容词和动词，如：light:1.n.灯光，2.adj .轻的，轻松的；3.vt.照亮，点燃
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First,in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan,there is the “you to you ”approach ,as distinguished from the Western “I to you ”approach .The difference is this:in “I to you”,both sides present their arguments openly from their own points of view ---they state what they want and what they expect to get.A confrontation situation is thereby set up,and Westerners are very skillful in dealing with this.
The Japanese business person works to achieve harmony,even if the deal falls through （失败）,and will spend whatever time is necessary to determine a “you to you ”approach .
真题句子阅读
1.Everyone loves a fat pay rise .
2.He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”.It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location,title,and salary,then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.
3.Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise .
4.At the start of the first year in infant school,teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front,to make it easier to remember their names.
5.At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape .
6.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates ,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.
7.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research.
8.Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect.
9.Among the firms achieving the greatest success in the new world is Straitford,Inc,a private intelligence -analysis firm based in Austin,Texas.
10.Shortlists for job interviews,lists of conference speakers and attendees:all tend to be drawn up
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alphabetically,and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
11.If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound .
12.When I played with the doll a little while,Miss Sullivan slowly spelled into my hand the word “doll”.我玩了瓷娃娃，沙利文小姐然后就在我手上拼写出“娃娃”这个词。
13.All my books were written with the express purpose of denouncing,exposing and attacking these enemies of mine.我所有作品的_____目的都是写来控诉、揭露、攻击这些敌人的。
14.The great promise of trade is its potential to promote mutual prosperity and to strengthen the bonds between sovereign nations.贸易的极其是存在促进相互繁荣和加强主权国家之间联系的________。
15.Often property damage and disrupted lives result.二．一词多义
英语中的单词词义多变，定词义，比如,从法律学角度、医学角度、somebody guilty,（判某人有罪），develop 欲），operationally excellent companies Paragraph 2
Take the case of public education alone .The the tremendous increase in the number of pupils.age for going into industry and the impossibility of reached.In view of the technological improvements in the last few years,business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before.The result will be still further raising of the legal age for going into employment,and still further difficulty in finding employment when that age has been attained.If we cannot put our children to work,we must put them in school.
We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a shorter day and a shorter week will be maintained.We have developed and shall continue to have a new leisure class .
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More recently,this traditional view has begun to be questioned.One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man.An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called "human nature ."The historical approach was reinforced,particularly in the United States,by studies in the field of cultural anthropology (人类学).The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs,values ,feelings,and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text （发挥影响）.
真题句子阅读练习
16.If the moderate end of the legal community has its way （得以实现）,the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability （法律责任）.
17.They come entirely for the plays ,not the sights .
18.Congress should help to begin fashioning conversation measures.
19.Our country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs.
8.t a o b a o .c o m
20.On the day after we send our messages,we see a sharp increase in our traffic .
21.But although a search agent worked for Redmon,career experts see drawbacks.Narrowing your criteria,for example,may work against you.
22.From the beginning of our history,says Hofstadter,our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.
23.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford,Inc,a private intelligence -analysis firm based in Austin,Taxas.
24.One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.
25.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost.If railroad charged all customers the same average rate,they argue,shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so,leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
26.The railroad industry as a whole,despite its brightening fortunes,still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capita l it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another,with Wall Street cheering them on.
27.Americans’life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips （臀部坏了）can be replaced,clinical depression controlled,cataracts （白内障）removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure .
28.Since much of the variation is due to genes,one more agent (因素)of evolution has gone.
29.This,though it fulfils the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry,can hardly be classed as Literature.
a group of judges,lawyers,and academics issued new guidelines for the law.
for weeks and a deep languor had 我又气又恨，非常苦恼，在经历了这starting about 1760.
is benefiting from power generated by 埃及的农业得到了改造，工业也用上了水坝发出的。
is good for health,though in actual fact the 健康的。
35.Browser is special software that allows you to navigate and view websites.浏览器是一种使你能够_________和网站的专门软件。
三．同义词和近义词特别多
英语词汇浩瀚如大海，其中一个特点就是同义词和近义词多，而且英语文章中尽量避免简单的词汇重复，这样就造成了同（近）义词的广泛使用。比如：忍受：bear,endure,stand,tolerate,live with,put up with 等等。
It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside,the organizational
constrain t s (约束)influence wage increases .One thing,however,is certain:your chances of getting the raise (you feel you deserve)are less if you don't at least ask for it.Men tend to ask for more,and they get more,and this holds true with other resources ,not just pay increases .
四．词义的褒贬性判断
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If you are part of the group,which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems,which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their to scapegoats （替罪羊）like the Post Office or 36.It can be inferred from the text that public [A]have benefited many people.
[B]are the focus of public attention.
[C]are an inappropriate subject for humor.
[D]have often been the laughing stock.37
No company likes to be told it is contributing intended to accomplish with your careers?”week.“You have sold your souls,but must you well?”At Time Warner,however,such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul the company was born in 1990.It's a self-of responsibility,creative freedom and the with material possessions.
having been so strict or ungenerous.
40.It also sours the parent-child relationship to some degree,robbing parents and their children of some of the happiness and mutual respect that is present in healthy families.
41.Enrollment in business schools exploded in the 1970s and 1980s and created the assumption that no one who pursued a business career could do without one.The growth was fueled by a backlash(反冲)against the anti-business values of the 1960s and by the women's movement.
42.A pen is mightier than a sword.
43.Now the tide appears to be turning.
44.America’s machine tool industry was on the ropes .
45.American industry has changed its structure,has gone on a diet ,and has learnt to be more