医学专业英语14单元术语解释短语和课后习题答案
Chapter 1
Human Body as a Whole
Medical Terminology
Learn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes
and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.
1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland
2. inflammation of the adrenal gland
3. pertaining to medicine
4. pertaining to biology
5. pertaining to chemistry
6. pertaining to the blood vessel
7. pertaining to cells
8. pertaining to molecules
9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing
10. the study of the living thing
11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing
12. the study of the heart
13. the disease of the heart
14. the record of the heart waves
15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands
16. pertaining to the production of hormone
17. the study of inner gland secretion
18. the red blood cell
19. the white blood cell
20. the lymph cell
21. the study of cell
22. the study of chemistry of cell
23. the study of biology of cell
25. the tumor of the embryo
26. the study of the disease of the embryo
27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands
28. pertaining to the inside of the heart
29. pertaining to the inside of the cell
30. above the skin
31. above the skin
32. inflammation of the skin
33. red blood cells
34. instrument of measuring red blood cells
35. to breathe out the waste gas
36. to drive somebody or something out
37. to spread outside
38. sth that produces diseases
39. the study of blood
40. blood cells
41. the study of tissues
42. the study of tissue pathology
43. therapy treatment, hence tissue treatment
44. pertaining to the base
45. pertaining to the toxin
46. pertaining to symptoms
47. the study of body’s auto protection from diseases
48. protected from
49. deficiency in the immune system of the body
50. substance from the adrenal gland
51. water from it
52. the study of societies
53. the study of urinary system
55. lymph cells
56. tumor of the lymphatic system
57. the study of the lymphatic system
58. the study of physical growth
59. a doctor of internal medicine
60. treatment by physiological methods
61. the new growth ,tumor
62. the study of mind
63. abnormal condition of the mind
64. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology
65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland
66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland
67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland
68.cutting apart the human body as a branch of medical sciences
69. cut open the bone
70.to cut the heart open
71. pertaining to the blood vessel
72. inflammation of the blood vessel
73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vessel
Key to the Exercises B.
1.（embryo）embryology
2.(process/condition) mechanism
3.(heart) cardiovascular
4.(color) chromatin
5.(secretion) endocrinology
6.(cell) cytology
7.(sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen
8.(lymph) lymphatic
9.(the study of) psychology
10.(pertaining to) regular
Language Points:
put together组成known as 叫做joints between bones关节
to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body牵动骨骼肌引起各种运动hip joint髋关节flexible有韧性的cushioning缓冲replaced by bone 骨化
one bone moves in relation to the other两骨彼此靠近产生运动contents物质nourishment营养物质function发挥功能
waste products废物accumulate积聚
poison the body危害生命distributes运送
needed materials有用的物质unneeded ones废物
is made up of包括protect…against foreign invaders防止外来侵袭（See! Power Point）identical对等的receives吸收
traveled through流经forced out压送
reenter流入directly直接地
channels 管道filters过滤
larynx喉管trachea气管
two lungs左右肺very large number of 大量的
air spaces肺泡release释放出
extending 延伸到broken down分解
absorbed into吸收进chewing咀嚼esophagus食管
Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.
1. (The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)
2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the body
temperature constant.)
3. (The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all body cells while removing waste
ones.)
4. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.)
5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)
6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.)
7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.)
8. (The brain collects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts of
the body to be carried out.)
9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keep
active male sex cells.)
10. (The largest of the body’s organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the body with a
complete layer.)
Key to the Section A Passage 1 Exercises E.
1.cardiovascular diseases
2. function of the pituitary
3. the urinary tract
4. molecules
5. artery
6. endocrinology
7. dyspnea / difficulty in respiration 8. saliva
9. histology 10. blood circulation
11. hematology 12. physiology
13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive
15. nervous cells 16. immunology
17. indigestion / poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle
19. embryology 20. psychology
Section B, Passage 2 Cells and Tissues
Language Points
Organized组（构）成arranged in to构成in turn are grouped into又进一步组成serves its specific有特定的bear in mind记住result from源于billions亿万determind确立fit on合在一起by contrast相比之下machinary机构
while normally在正常情况下function with great efficiency高效地发挥作用
are subject to易于发生result in导致millionth百万分之一
equal等于average一般 a speck barely visible基本上看不见的一个小点The science that deals with cells on the smalleststructural and functional level is called molecular biology.从最小的结构及功能水平研究细胞的科学叫分子生物学。living jelly生命胶囊encloses 覆盖is done完成external以外的semipermeable半透性的phospholipid磷脂（膜）intact完整distribute 分布diffusion扩散dissolved分解pinocytosis胞饮作用breaks loose分裂出来drifts into进入varies from---to在---范围内变化depending on取决于vanish消失stiffening增强剂glucose葡萄糖run through交织twists through交织穿过
stacks堆appear to看来play a part in对---起作用hereditary traits细胞特性strands条串too thinly strung过于稀疏spherical structure球体状cavities孔穴coordinates协调
Key to the Exercises B
1. cytology
2. protoplasm
3.cell membrane
4. cell nucleus
5. cytoplasm
6. deoxyribonucleic acid
7. semipermeable 8. molecular biology 9. carbodydrate
10. differentially 11. to keep …. intact
12. on the evidence of …13.hereditary trait 14. diffusion
15. transaction 16. blueprint 17. chromosome
18. pigment 19. to excrete waste liquid 20. to disperse
21. impulse 22. ribonucleic acid
Key to the Exercises C
1.细胞质的各处以及沿着胞浆网有数量很多的核糖体。
2. 位于细胞上的叫做“小穴”的小室收集化学信号，并把它们传送到细胞。
3. 研究细胞的科学家已经确立：一个细胞可能有一个网球那么大，也可能成千上万
个细胞合在一起才有针尖那么大。
4. 对于那些单细胞的有机体而言，这种液体是题细胞以外的水，即海洋、湖泊或小
溪；但对于多细胞的生物而言，这种媒介就是生物体的一部分——对于植物来讲
是它的汁液，对于动物来讲是它的血液。
Chapter 2 Diseases and Disorders
Medical Terminology
Learn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.
1. without symptoms
2. lack of blood
3. pertaining to the condition of lacking shape
4. cutting apart the body as a branch of medical sciences
5. examination through separation, taking things apart
6. a specialist whose work is to carry out analysis
7. the x-ray photo of the blood vessel
8. surgical repaie of the vessel
9. inflammation of the blood vessel
10. destroys or weakens bacteria or neutralizes the poison they produce
11. stimulates the production of antibodies
12. destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria
13. sth to do with the lungs
14. pertaining to the urinary tract
15. pertaining to heredity
16.not enough; lack
17. no longer generate, produce, go down
18. ribonucleic acid without oxygen
19. the complete knowledge about a patient
20. complete separation of waste matter from …
21. a cross measurement of a round surface
22. the machine which records the heart electric waves
23. the record of the muscle electric wave
24. the record of electric wave of the brain
25. within a particular group of people
26. to close in
27. to swallow in
28. complete knowledge of a patient
29. the state of knowing sth before it actually occurs
30. record of electric wave of the heart
31. an x-ray photo of the blood vessel
32. an x-ray photo of the muscle（spinal cord）
33.the machine which records the heart electric waves
34. the instrument which measures the time
35. the instrument which measures the breath
36. the process of taking X-ray photograph
37. the process of using ultra sound to detect the abnormality of the body
38. inflammation of the liver
39. the cell of the liver
40. pertaining to the liver and stomach
41. inflammation of the colon
42. inflammation of the stomach
43. inflammation of the intestine
44. the process of taking x-ray photos of the breasts
45. x-ray photos of the breasts
46. surgical reconstruction of the breasts
47. the instrument for measuring amount of air breathed into the lungs
48. the instrument for measuring temperatures
49. the instrument for measuring pressure
50. the abnormal condition of hardening
51. abnormal mind condition
52. pertaining to infection
53. pertaining to the nerve
54. pertaining to the mucus
55. the study of diseases
56. the instrument to record diseases
57. germs that produce diseases
58. a tape of cell of the body defense system destroys invaders
59. the study of how the cell of the body defense system destroys invaders
60. surgical repair of the blood vessel
61. surgical repair of the bone
62. surgical repair of the muscle
63. status of a woman before her labor
64. to make statement about the future event
65. before it is mature
66. pertaining to the lungs
67. the study of the lungs
68. inflammation of the lungs
69. the science which deals with x ray or radioactive substances
70. pertaining to radioactivity
71. the instrument to examine the heart and lungs by listening
72. the instrument that can make bacteria and virus look larger enough to be examined
73. the instrument which is used to examine the bladder
74. the instrument for measuring the amount of air breathed into the lungs
75. breathing 76. having to do with the spirometer
77. the instrument to examine the heart and lungs by listening
78. the chest pain
79. to measure the circumference of the chest
80. treatment of diseases by medicine (chemistry)
81. treatment of diseases by x ray or radioactive agents
82. treatment of diseases by physical means
83. the study of urinary system
84. the instrument which measures sugar in the urine
85. to do with the reproductive organ and the urinary tract
Key to the Section A Exercise B
1. the colon colitis
2. the stomach gastritis
3. the intestine enteritis
4. the lungs pumonitis
5. the breast mammitis
6. the thyroid thyroiditis
7. the lymph vessel lymphangitis 8. the blood vessel vasculitis
9. the adrenal gland adrenalitis 10. the blood vessel angitis
Section B Readings
Passage One Human Diseases
Language Points:
brief survey 概论glimpse 印象fundamentals 基础、原理
the picture is not complete 这一概论就不完整
the modern approach to the study of disorder 现代对疾病的研究方法
aspect方面defined as a condition 被定义为一种状态
succumb to 受制于in turn 反过来说detect 觉察
swollen blood vessel 血管扩张strikes 侵袭community 社区
runs a short course 病程短often hits without warning 常常发作没有前兆gradual onset 发病慢ailment （精神）病causative agents 病愿体
airborne droplets 空气小粒sneeze 打喷嚏produce 导致
a disease-producing organism 一个致病的有机体disturbances紊乱
poorly operating nervous system 神经系统工作不良provoked 引发
drug addiction 吸毒成性Furthermore 而且gene patterns 基因
improperly operating 工作状态不良Genetic disorders 基因失调
inborn errors of metabolism 先天性代谢失调
mental retardation 智力发育迟缓places to breed 繁衍的世界
broadly 广义地ward off 阻止sexual contact 性接触cholera 霍乱typhoid fever 伤寒热tainted 腐烂的barriers 屏障
offer considerable resistance 在很大程度上抵抗In minor cases在较轻的病例中lined with mucus-secreting cells 覆盖满了能分泌黏液的细胞trap 捕捉
dust particles 尘粒wave like a field of wheat 象麦田里的小麦一样舞动
foreign matter 异物potential 潜在的thrive 蓬勃繁殖
assumes higher 达到高烧Wax 蜡flock to 群集在
try to localize the infection 使感染局部化pus-filled abscesses 脓块
Unless 如果不drain 排除blocked 挡住tender 松柔的
brought 感染上传traces 侵袭long-lasting 长期的range 包括
are a class of 一种被称为sites 部位link with 相连hook up 粘和
out of action 失去作用by inactivating 失去活性
key portion of the harmful substance 关键有害部分butter the surface 表面涂上一些奶油
make them tastier to phagocytes 让吞噬细胞更喜欢吞噬它们
intermediate 中间体actually destroy 实施消灭fixes 会有一个
eat through 咬穿burst 暴开several kinds 若干
the most plentiful and versatile 数量最多用途最多next most plentiful 数量次多adapted to 适合at the first signs of 一有。。出现against the infection 对付传染病involved 涉及triggered by 触发to multiply 准备繁殖
are not the best qualified to fight a wide range of antigens不是对付广普抗原的最好选择concentrates 集中sticks well to 粘连switched off 停止
example of negative feedback control 消极反馈控制的例子
Key to the Exercise E
1.（每一个抗体由一条化学亚单位（即氨基酸）的重链和一条轻链所构成。这条轻链上
有特别的部位，氨基酸能使其补体和抗原子相连。）
2.（某些情况下，通过调理素作用的过程，抗体在抗原表面涂抹上一些“奶油”，让
吞噬细胞更喜欢吞噬它们。）
3.（在另一些情况下，抗体和一个细菌抗原合上以后，却需要一个中间体，或补体来实
施对该细胞的消灭。于是，当抗体和抗原的结合体随血液循环时，该结合体有一个补体附体。）
4.（在第一天左右，血液中没有发现对付传染病的抗体。但是，这只是因为涉及抗体制
造的基本细胞已被当前的抗原存在所触发而准备开始繁殖。）
Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercise F
1.to impair proper function
2.to contaminate environment
3. malfunction
4. causative agent
5. vulnerable groups
6. localized infection
7. venereal disease 8. antigen and antibody
Section B, Passage 2 Diagnosis and Prognosis
Language Points：clinical encounters就诊过程
set the stage for making a diagnosis触使医生作出一个诊断
diagnosis is accomplished with一个完整的诊断由病人的。。。而组成
standard标准preferably quoting the patient最好引用患者的自述
stating the purpose of the visit陈述就诊的目的
the duration of the complaint 病痛持续的时间
the patient states a request instead of a complaint也可将患者的要求作为主诉
Other physicians involved in the patient’s care患者的其他保健医生how much轻重程度What makes the symptom better or worse, past medical care 症状的好转或加重的影响因素to narrow diagnostic possibilities缩小诊断范围drug habits有无药物成瘾
available to the patient患者可获得Review回顾Prognosis预后encounter 遇到get recovered 痊愈
to stay well病情好转the forecast of the probable results对病情可能的发展作出预测discuss探讨to expect from the clinical course of the condition在治疗过程中所期盼的
resolve痊愈reassurance is often all that is needed安慰就行了
a given patient特定的病人be determined primarily主要取决于
aware of his/her willingness to discuss the prognosis意识到讨论预后与否取决于病人的愿意
best conducted at follow- up visits最好在随访中进行the two双方The best最高明的
blend….together交融在一起
through the complicated steps of shock, denial, depression, and acceptance of fatal illness度
过身患致命疾病的震惊，否认，抑郁，和接受现实的复杂阶段abandon the patient 扔下病人不管
Key to the Exercise B
1.(These question will set the doctor working towards a diagnosis, i. e. determine the cause of an illness.)
2. (Therefore, it is essential for the doctor to tell the patient what disease he is suffering and offer to discuss with the patient about the prognosis.)
3.(If the patient is to recover without any bad physical consequence, all the physician needs to do is to take him feel that he will be well soon.)
4.(Although most patients want to know whatever happens to them, a doctor should know whether to tell them the truth depends not on him but on patients.)
5.(A doctor’s duty is to make his patient realize whether to discuss the prognosis is up to the patient to decide.)
6.(What a best doctor can do is to tell the patient the truth together with self-confidence and help him through the most difficult steps of shock, denial, depression and acceptance of the fact.)
Key to the Exercise D
1. electromyogram
2. nuclear magnetic resonance
3. multiple scletosis
4. glucose-tolerance test
5. electrocardiograph
6. optimistic prognosis
7. sequelae of disease 8. ultrasonography
9. fiber optic technology 10. medical history
11. hematopoietic system 12. follow –up activity
13. fatal illnesses 14. nutritional deficiency
15. body fluids 16. to highlight details
17. hazard-free treatment 18. electroencephalogram
19. non-invasive test 20. blood-starved tissue
Chapter 3 Muscular System
Section A Medical Terminology
Learn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.
1.pertaining to an artery
2.inflammation of an artery
3.study of arteries
4.the muscle of two heads in the front of the upper arm
5.both hands
6.to two sides
7.pertaining to the cerebral cortex and spinal cord
8.inflammation of the outer parts of the pleura
9.pertaining to a cortex
10.inflammation of the skin
11.of skin and muscle
12.the science of the skin and its diseases
13.disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolism
14.painful or difficult urination
15.imperfect or painful digestion
16.surgical removal of the thymus gland
17.surgical excision of the stomach
18.surgical removal of a part of an artery
19.deficiency of blood supply
20.unrestrained growth of leukocyte and their precusors in the tissues
21.the number of circulating red blood cell
22.pertaining to the outside of the eye or vision
23.in the blood
24.a mature, fiber-forming cell
25.pertaining to reproduction
26.reproducing; generation
27.an act of forming a new organism
28.high blood pressure
29.increase in size of an organ or structure
30.deficiency of suger in the blood
31.having a body temperature below normal
32.low blood pressure
https://www.360docs.net/doc/c52002604.html,ck of necessary or proper blood substances in the body
34.abnormal shape or structure
35.defective function
36.the science of structure and form without regard to function
37.forms of organisms
38.without definite form
39.having more than two nuclei
40.having more than two cells
41.having more than two molecules
42.any disease of striated muscles
43.death of muscle tissue
44.the muscle layer of the heart
45.any one of the various branches of science concerned with growth, development and
function of the nervous system
46.any disease of the nerve
47.inflammation of a nerve
48.pertaining to the eye or vision
49.a physician who is a specialist in diseases of the eye
50.tumor of the thymoma
51.a tumor containing muscle tissue
52.a fibrous tissue tumor
53.device for measuring the pelvis
54.inspection of the pelvis
55.loose pelvis organs
56.pertaining to surrounding
57.enclosing the heart
58.inflammation of the spinal cord
59.the gray matter of the spinal cord
60.connective tissue such as muscle or bone
61.resembling flesh
62.pertaining to tendon
63.inflammation of a tendon
64.a tumor originating in epithelial tissue of the thymus gland
65.a cell in the thymus gland
66.surgical removal of the thymus gland
67.dealing with a region of the body
68.an anatomist dealing with a body region
69.a poisonous substance
70.the study of toxic substance
71.diseases caused by toxin
72.of three heads in the back of the upper arm
73.a cycle with three wheels
74.sending from one(person) to another
75.changing from one form to another
76.size or wasting away of part of an organ or tissue
77.disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolism
78.concerned with nourishment
Key to the Exercises A
1. artery arterial
2. shape; form morphology
3. eye ocular
4. poison toxin
5. flesh sarcoplasm
6. muscle myopathy
7. blood condition ischemia
8. nourishment dystrophy
9. two biceps
10. surgical excision of thymectomy
Section B Readings
Passage One Muscles
Language Points:
Tough坚韧throwing投掷in the jaw to chew腭部
groups类help hold…together把….组合在一起
make up a large part占有很大比例
vary greatly in size大小差异很大
depending on the type of job they do根据作用之不同
fairly相对的thigh大腿stands erect直立
rigid挺直stays stiff保持强直
act both ways能同时作两动作work in pairs成对运动
bends a joint令关节弯曲does the opposite做相反的动作
the front of the upper arm上前臂
pull it back to its original length把它恢复到原位
flesh belly肌腹firmer更结实
voluntary muscles随意肌
under the control of our willpower接受主观意愿的驱使
passes over跨过firmly牢固地
produces movement at the joint使关节运动pulling on拉动attachment附着点attached end附着点
advantages优点
fleshy throughout their length全是肌腹thick粗resistant to the rubbing or friction between the tendon and the moving bones of the joint 对关节处活动的骨头有很强的抗磨能力
characteristic cross striations of the muscle fibers when viewed under a microscope显微镜下肌肉组织所呈现的横状条纹特色arrangement排列arranged in bundles成束排列
A transverse section through a striated muscle shows在横纹肌的横截面上可见
surrounded by fibrous connective tissue被肌纤维结缔组织包绕alimentary canal消化道的内壁found as表现为
viewed from microscope在显微镜下
our willpower主观意志branched交叉组合originated开始
electrical impulse电脉冲conducting传导
capable of controlling控制order of contractions收缩的节奏at birth出生时size体积is due to是因为
separate…with分支出going to分配到
the nerve supply to muscle支配某块肌肉的神经is said称为increasing the flow of blood to血液加速流向肌肉
applied to limb在肢体扎上
through such a cutoff of the blood supply在完全切断供血的情况下
Key to the Passage 1 Exercise E
1.muscle fiber
2.voluntary muscle
3. alimentary canal
4. belly
5.striated muscle
6. hypertrophy of muscles
7. muscle contraction 8. attachment of the muscle
9.muscle relaxation 10.arterial bleeding
11.insertion 12. origin
13. blood supply 14.flexor
15.protein molecule 16. fibrous connective tissue
17. extensor 18.willpower
19.transverse section 20. pacemaker
医学专业英语第一分册第四章Chapter 4
Skeletal System
Medical Terminology
1.inflammation of the joint
2.pain in a joint
3.the study of joints
4.pertaining to joints
5. a joint
6.to join together as a joint
7. a cell concerned with the formation of bone
8.any form of nucleated red corpuscles
9. a cell that give rise to a lymphocyte
10.there is increased calcium in the blood
11.calcium deficiency in body tissues and fluids
12.containing calcium
13.pertaining to the carpus or wrist
14.excision of the carpus or partion of it
15.both wrist and foot
16.a cell that forms cartilage
17.pain in or about cartilage
18.inflammation of cartilage
19.pertaining to a rib and its cartilage
20.cutting through a rib or cartilage
21.surgical excision of a rib
22.pertaining to the cranium
23.examination of the skull
24.pertaining to an epiphysis
25.pertaining to a metaphysis
26.pertaining to esophagus
27. a female
28.the study of the cause of disease
29.pertaining to the cause or causes of disease
30.pertaining to the femur
31.femoral hernia
32.the femur and tibia
33.inflammation of the stomach
34.surgical removal of a part or the whole of the stomach
35.pertaining to the stomach
36.membraneous, pertaining to the inside of membrane
37.within the stomach
38.within the eyeball
39.resembling bone marrow
40.a tumor
41.bone marrow or the spinal cord
42.a new and abnormal formation of tissue, as a tumor or growth
43.a newly-found disease
44.a newborn infant
45.resembling bone
46.resembling sesame
47.resembling a cyst
48.hormone
49.a specialist in orthopedics
50.the formation of bone substance
51.pain in a bone
52.side by side with another
53.at the side of the thyroid
54.the parathyroid glands
55.fingers and toes
56.inflammation of one or more phalanges
57.surgical excision of one or more fingers and toes
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
医学专业英语单词
Chaper 1 psychoanalysis n. 精神分析brain n. 脑 intestine n.肠inflammation n.炎症endoscope n.内镜pancreas n.胰腺psychology n.心理学electrocardiogram n.心电图enteritis n.肠炎tumor n.肿瘤 muscle n.肌肉organ n.器官 abdomen n.腹（部）organism n.有机体，生物体surgeon n.外科医生surgery n.外科（学）malignant a.恶性的immune n.免疫 tissue n.组织molecule n.分子，微小颗粒urine n.尿液stool n.大便，粪便vertebra n.椎骨formula n.处方 cortex n.皮质，皮层appendix n.阑尾 thorax n.胸larynx n. 喉 pharynx n.咽 Chapter 2 kidney n.肾脏receptor n.感受器，受体chromosome n.染色体embryo n.胚胎 gene n.基因catabolism n.分解代谢
anabolism n.合成代谢infection n.感染puncture n.穿刺fat n.脂肪 spine n.脊柱exocrine a.外分泌的cartilage n.软骨spleen n.脾脏gallbladder n.胆囊digestive system 消化系统urinary a.泌尿的respiratory a.呼吸的uterus n.子宫skull n.头颅，头骨pelvic cavity 盆腔trachea n.气管esophagus n.食管bronchial tube 支气管aorta n.主动脉diaphragm n.横膈膜pleura（复，pleurae）n.胸膜urinary bladder 膀胱rectum n.直肠cartilage n.软骨umbilicus n.脐ovary n.卵巢 inferior a.下面的superior a.上面的skeletal muscle 骨骼肌striated muscle 横纹肌 Chapter 3 capillary n.毛细血管artery n.动脉chamber n.腔，小室atrium n.心房ventricle n.室，脑室，心室valve n.瓣膜 mitral a.僧帽状的，二尖瓣的breastbone n.胸骨
医学专业英语试题
医学专业英语 I. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (40points) 1. Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A. -ic B. -al C. -ar D. -our 2. Which of the following combining forms means cell? A. -cyte B. cyt/o C. cel/o D. both a and b 3. Which of the following forms means tissue? A. erythr/o B. immun/o C.hist/o D. vascul/o 4. A- means ______. A. up B. down C. apart D. without 5. The suffix -itis means _______ . A. infammation B.inflammation C.inflammazed D. instrument 6. The combining form of radi/o means _________. A. radar B. x-ray C. radio D. both B and C 7. The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutti ng is_____. A. –scopy B. –tome C. –meter D. –graph 8. Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision of ?” A. –tomy B. -stomy C. –tome D. –ectomy 9. A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______. A. electroencephogram B. electromyogram C. electrocardiogram D. ele ctroencephalogram 10. Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____. A. stethodynia B. thoracalgia C. thoracodynia D. all of the above 11. Which of the following forms means fungus? A. my/o B. myel/o C. myc/o D. none of the above 12. The combining form meaning “the skin”is _______. A. dem/o B. derm/o C. dermat/o D. both B and C 13. Which of the following combining forms means blood vessels ? A. vascul/o B. angi/o C. chromat/o D. Both A and B 14. The term meaning “pertaining to secretion”is _______ . A. crinogenic B. endocrine C. crinologic D. endocardial 15. The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as _______.
医学英语词汇
第一章医学英语词汇 医学领域涉及的科学和专业广泛，不仅包括基础医学和临床医学的诸多学科，还涉及化学和物理两大基础学科领域，甚至社会科学领域中的诸多学科和专业。因此，医学英语词汇数量庞大，其词汇量高达数十万。同时，由于医学专业的历史渊源，医学英语词汇大多含有希腊语和拉丁语成分，一些医学英语单词显得古怪而陌生，单词结构长而复杂。但就其构词法上基本遵循普通英语单词的构词规律，也往往由前缀、词根、后缀组成，虽然具有其自身的特点，也是可以找到规律的。因此，医学英语词汇构词法，理解与掌握单词尤其是组合词构成的基本知识，牢记必要的基本词素，就能找到掌握医学英语词汇的捷径。 第一节医学英语词汇的结构 一、医学词素 一般认为，词是语言中可独立使用表达意思的最小单位。但是，从结构方面来看时，词并不是最小的语言单位，许多单词可以细分为更小的，同时也是具有意义的单位.这些最小的有意义的单位就是词素。 医学词素（morpheme）是医学语词的组成部分，是医学英语中语音和语义的最小结合体。一个医学语词可以由一个词素构成，也可以由两个或两个以上的词素构成。从语义方面来看，医学词素有两种类型。一种医学词素含有明确的词汇意义，表达单词的主要意义，这类词素称为词根。例如，orth(o)－（正常的）、plasma（血浆）、reticul(o)-（网状）等。其中，plasma可以单独使用，这类词根称为自由词根。另外两个不能单独使用，是黏着词根，这类词根必须与其他词素结合使用。还有一类医学词素是词缀。词缀也有两种，一种屈折词缀只有语法意义而没有词汇的意义（如表示名词复数-s）；另一咱派生词缀有一定的词汇意义，但只表达单词的次要意义。 二、医学词根 医学词根（root）是医学语词的基本形式，承载着医学语词的核心意义。一般认为，词根是同根词共有的、可以辨认的部分，也就是说，词根可以在不同的单词里出现，但它的基本形式和含义相同。例如，erythroblast（成红细胞）、erythrocatalysis（红细胞溶解）、erythroclasis（红细胞破碎）和erythrocytopenia（红细胞减少）都有一个共同的词根“erythr(o)-”（红的）。这一词根在不同的语词里出现，但形式没有什么变化，含义也相同。
常用骨科医学专业英语词汇
常用骨科医学专业英语词汇 骨科ORTHOPEDICS 1、概论INTRODUCTION *fracture n.骨折 pathological fracture 病理骨折 fatigue fracture 疲劳骨折 *open fracture 开放骨折 close fracture 闭合骨折 *comminuted fracture粉碎性骨折 compressed fracture 压缩骨折 shock n.休克 *deformity n.畸形 tenderness n.压痛 swelling n.肿胀 ecchymosis n.瘀斑 obstacle n.功能障碍 *bonefascial compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合征infection n.感染 spinal cord injury 脊髓损伤 surrounding nerve 周围神经 *fat embolism 脂肪栓塞 bedsore n.褥疮
arthroclisis n.关节僵硬 ischemic necrosis 缺血性坏死 ischemic contraction 缺血性挛缩 *traumatic arthritis 创伤性关节炎 hematoma n.血肿 *callus n.骨痂 heal n.愈合 *synovitis n.滑膜炎 *ligament n.韧带 *tendon n.肌腱 * pyogenic osteomyelitis 化脓性骨髓炎 *reduction n.复位 *bone traction 骨牵引 *osteoporosis n.骨质疏松 2、上肢骨折FRACTURE OF UPPER EXTREMITIES clavicle n.锁骨 *humerus n.肱骨 *rotation n.旋转 supracondyle n.髁上 blister n.水疱 pulsate n.搏动 thrombus n.血栓
医学专业英语翻译
医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下： portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机，轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管，滴酸器 portal 门，入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管，滴酸器
porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器，缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分，段，份 portligature 深部结扎器，缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子，阳向离子 position 位置，状态 positioner 定位器（牙），位置控制器
医学英语翻译常用专业词汇
这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
(完整版)医学专业英语
cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone; 骨骼系统skeletal system; 维生素吸收vitamin absorption; 骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone; 生长激素growth hormone;
医学专业英语试题
医学专业英语 I.Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (40points) 1.Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A. -ic B. -al C. -ar D. -our 2.Which of the following combining forms means cell? A. -cyte B. cyt/o C. cel/o D. both a and b 3.Which of the following forms means tissue? A. erythr/o B. immun/o C.hist/o D. vascul/o 4.A- means _____ . A. up B. down C. apart D. without 5.The suffix -itis means _____ . A. infammation B.inflammation C.inflammazed D. instrument 6.The combining form of radi/o means _________ . A. radar B. x-ray C. radio D. both B and C 7.The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutting is ______ . A. –scopy B. –tome C. –meter D. –graph 8.Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision o f ?” A. –tomy B. -stomy C. –tome D. –ectomy 9. A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______ . A. electroencephogram B. electromyogram C. electrocardiogram D. electroencephalogram 10.Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____ . A. stethodynia B. thoracalgia C. thoracodynia D. all of the above 11.Which of the following forms means fungus? A. my/o B. myel/o C. myc/o D. none of the above 12.The combining form meaning “the skin” is _______ . A. dem/o B. derm/o C. dermat/o D. both B and C 13.Which of the following combining forms means blood vessels ? A. vascul/o B. angi/o C. chromat/o D. Both A and B 14.The term meaning “pertaining to secretion” is _______ . A. crinogenic B. endocrine C. crinologic D. endocardial 15.The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as ________ . A. leukocyte B. leukemia C. leukogenesis D. erythrocyte 16.Inflammation of liver is known in English as ________ . A. bronchitis B. pneumonitis C. gastritis D. hepatitis 17.-plasm means ______ . A. treatment B. knowledge C. diagnosis D. growth 18.Mammo/o refers to ______ . A. mother B. thymus gland C. thyroid gland D. breast 19.Which of the following does not mean “within or in”? A. en- B. endo- C. intra- D. none of the above 20._____ means surgical repair of an organ. A. phag/o B. –plasm C. –plasty D. –pathy
医学专业英语的重点单词终结版
文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. 医学专业英语的重点单词终结版 Human Body 1.anatomy(解剖学) 2.embryology(胚胎学) 3.histology(组织学) 4.hematology(血液学) 5.immunology(免疫学) 6.biology(生物学) 7.cytology(细胞学) 8.physiology(生理学) 9.endocrinology（内分泌学） 10.psychology(心理学) 11.skeletal system(骨骼系统) 12.muscular system (肌肉系统) 13.circulatory system (循环系统) 14.respiratory system(呼吸系统) 15.urinary system (泌尿系统) 16. endocrine system(内分泌系统) 17.reproductive system(生殖系统) 18.principal (重要的) 19.joint(关节) 20.cartilage(软骨) 21.bone marrow（骨髓） 22.cube-shaped(立方的) 23.interior（内部的） 24.external (外部的) 25.hinge joint(结合点) 26.pivot joint (区轴点) 27.socket (臼槽) 28.skull (颅骨) 29.elbow (肘部) 30.breast（胸部）31.hip joints (髂关节) 32.cushioning（缓冲） 33.striated muscles（条纹肌） 34.smooth muscles（平滑肌） 35.voluntary muscles(随意肌) 36.function (功能) 37.nourishment（营养） 38.nutrient（营养素） 39.blood vessel（血管） 40.cardiovascular system (心血管系统) 41.artery（动脉） 42.capillary（毛细血管） 43.vein （静脉） 44.lymphatic system（淋巴系统） 45.lymph vessel (淋巴管) 46.lymph nodes(淋巴结) 47.spleen（脾） 48.expel（排除） 49.carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) 50.oxygen （氧气） https://www.360docs.net/doc/c52002604.html,rynx，throat（喉管） 52.windpipe、trachea(气管) 53.esophagus(食管) 54.exhale（呼出） 55.molecule（分子） 56.saliva(唾液) 57.enzyme（酶） 58.kidney（肾） 59.urine（尿液） 60.ureter（输尿管） 61.urethra（尿道） 62.bile(胆汁) 63.gallbladder (胆囊) 64.sodium（钠） 65.potassium(钾) 66.bladder（膀胱） 67.pancreas（胰腺） 68.hormone（激素） 69.pituitary(脑垂体) 70.thyroid(甲状腺) 71.adrenal gland (肾上腺) 72.cortisone(可的松) 73.adrenaline(肾上腺素) 74.insulin（胰岛素） 75.glucagon(胰高血糖素) 76.collar bone（锁骨） 77.spinal column(脊柱) 78.spinal cord （脊髓） 79.sperm(精子) 80.ovum （卵子） 81.testis，testes(睾丸) 82.ovary（卵巢） 83.testosterone (睾酮) 84.progesterone（孕酮） 85.estrogen（雌激素） 86.tactile（触觉的） 87.accessory (附属的) 88.pharynx(咽) Human disease 1.pathology (病理学) 2.pathogen（病原体） 3.fungi(真菌) fungus(s.) 4.bacteria(细菌) bacterium(s.) 5.virus(病毒) viruses(pl.) 6.diagnose（诊断） 7.paralysis（瘫痪, 麻痹） 8.symptom（症状） 9.sign（体征） 10.symptomatic（有症状的） 11.asymptomatic（无症状的） 12.acute disease（急性病） 13.chronic disease（慢性病） 14.subacute disease（亚急性病） 15.fatal（致命的） 16.rheumatic fever（风湿热) 17.subarachnoid（蛛网膜下的）18.epidemic disease（传染病） 19.endemic disease（地方病） 20.airborne droplets（空气传播的） 21.apnea（呼吸暂停） 22.atonia（张力缺乏） 23.degeneration（退化） 24.Stomatitis（口腔炎） 25.prolapse（直肠、子宫等脱垂脱出） 26.malfunction（功能失调） 27.obesity（肥胖） 28.malnutrition（营养不良的） 29.hereditary（遗传） 30.mental retardation(智力发育迟缓的) 31.venereal disease（花柳病） 32.hepatitis（肝炎） 33.colitis（结肠炎） 34.cholera（霍乱） 35.typhoid fever（伤寒） 36.boils（疥） 37.pimples（小脓包) 38.pus（脓） 39.abscess（脓肿） 40.armpit（腋窝） 41.blood poisoning/sepsis(败血症) 42.phagocyte（吞噬细胞） 43.antigen（抗原） 44.antibody（抗体） 45.immunoglobulin(免疫球蛋白) 46.opsonization（调理作用） https://www.360docs.net/doc/c52002604.html,plement（补体） 48.negative feedback control（负反 馈调节） The Digestive System 1.gastrointestinal tract (胃肠道) 2.ingestion(摄入) 3.absorption（吸收） 4.digestive(消化) 5.elimination(排泄) 6.oral cavity/buccal cavity（口腔）
口腔医学专业英语题库四川大学华西口腔医学院
口腔医学专业英语题库四 川大学华西口腔医学院 Modified by JEEP on December 26th, 2020.
专英重点一、 Parapharyngeal 咽旁 Septicemia 败血病 Sialolithiasis 涎石病Periostitis 骨膜炎 Sialoductitis 涎管炎 Fracture 骨折 Comminution 粉碎 Hyperplasia 增生Reparative 修复性 Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜 Radiolucent X光透射 Space 间隙 Infection 感染 Prosthesis义齿 Oblique 倾斜 Scquestrum腐骨死骨 Biopsy 切片检查法 Sialogram 涎管X线造影片 Giant 巨大 Nonmalignant良性的 Pyogenic 化脓性 Mole 胎块 Devoid 缺乏的 Laceration 撕裂 Hyperpyrexia高热 Self-reduce 自行使脱臼复位 句子翻译 1. I f proper preparation of solution, syringes, needles and technic has been carried out, untoward incidents should seldom occur during or after the injection of the local anesthetic. However, one should be in a position to cope with complications in the rare cases when they arise. 若药液注射剂，针头及技术准备妥当，在局麻注射过程中或之后都将很少出现，但是，医生仍应做好应对罕见并发症的准备。 2. P ostoperative pain which the patient experiences after the second and third postoperative day should be carefully examined, since this is not a normal postoperative course. It is caused by dry socket or sharp bone spine. 患者于术后二三日之后的疼痛，可能为非正常情况，需特别仔细检查，其有可能由于干槽症或是尖锐骨刺引起。3. A cute dento-alveolar abscess. This is an acute localized suppuration about a tooth. The infection may start in one of three ways: (a) periapical (b)pericemental (c)pericoronal 急性牙槽脓肿，是一种牙齿急性局限性的化脓表现。这种感染可能由下列三种途径引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。 4. S alivary glands may be involved by tumors, cyst , sialadenitis from infection , sialoductitis with subsequent strictures of the ducts. 涎腺可罹患肿瘤、囊肿、感染所致的涎腺导管炎，及其后遗的导管狭窄症。 5. T he lower jaw is more exposed to violence and consequently is more often fractured than any other facial bone. 下颌骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其它的面部骨都更经常发生骨折。 6. T he common diseases of the temporo-mandibular joint are subluxation dislocation and ankylosis. The infection of this joint is rare. 普通疾病会造成颞下颌关节半脱位或脱臼和关节僵直是很非常少见的。 7. N early all of the tumors and cysts which can arise in any part of the body may be found in or around the mouth, except those which are peculiar to certain organs. 几乎全部肿瘤和囊肿会发生在身体的任何部位或嘴巴周围，除非某些特殊的肿瘤才会发生在特定的器官。 8. T he object in undertaking such reparative procedures is the restoration of function or the improvement of appearance or both. Included within the group which may require reconstructive procedures are congenital malformations, traumatic injuries, deformations due to operation for neoplasms , destruction of tissue incident to disease, or the treatment of disease. 被用来使用修复程序的对象是为了恢复功能或是促进美观或是两者兼具。包含了天生畸形、创伤性的伤害、肿瘤治疗、去除病变的组织或是疾病的治疗。