提高专四专八英语阅读能力的关键所在

提高专四专八英语阅读能力的关键所在
提高专四专八英语阅读能力的关键所在

专四专八阅读高分通用技能

阅读理解除了要求正确理解事实细节的能力外,还经常需要考生根据一定上下文对某些词汇的意义进行推断、根据所读材料理解文章隐含的意义和深层次的含义、归纳文章主题思想、通过概括得出结论、综合判断作者态度等,这就要求考生具备相应的阅读理解微技能,与四级考试密切相关的一些微技能包括词汇的理解、预测、判断、归纳和推理。

词汇的理解

对于阅读中碰到的生僻词,我们首先要学会识别哪些情况下即使不了解词义也不影响对短文的理解;其次是转变对生僻词义认识上的态度,即在许多情况下不必了解该词的确切意义,尤其没有必要了解它在英汉辞典中的中文释义,而只需对该词词义的大概而笼统的理解就行。实践中,在确定了短文中哪些生僻词的词义有必要作一大概了解后,我们可以从以下两个角度来猜度词义:

(1) 构词知识

即利用单词的构词要素词根,前后缀来识记单词。

词根是一个单词的根本部分,代表词的基本意义;前缀是加在词根或单词前面的部分,通常也有一定含义;后缀是加在词根或单词后面的部分,通常在增加词义的同时还改变词性。通过词根词缀构词的方式有多种,现简单归纳如下:

①前缀+词根:inter(中间)+vene→intervene(介入)

②词根+后缀:circl(圆)+let(小)→circlet(小环)

③词根+词根:tele(远)+scope(镜)→telescope(望远镜)

④前缀+词根+后缀:in(不)+aud(听)+ible(可)→inaudible(听不见)

⑤双前缀+词根:re(再)+dis(取下)+cover(盖)→rediscover(再发现)

⑥词根+双后缀:care(用心)+less(不)+ly(地)→carelessly(不小心地)

⑦前缀+双词根:tri(三)+gono(角)+metry(测量)→trigonometry(三角几何)

⑧双词根+后缀:biblio(书)+phil(爱)+ist(人)→bibliophilist(书籍爱好者)

⑨双前缀+词根+后缀:ir(不)+re(反对)+sist(站)+ible→irresistible(不可抵抗的)

前缀+词根+双后缀:se(离)+greg(群)+ation+ist→segregationist(种族隔离主义者)

双前缀+词根+双后缀:un(不)+pre(先)+ced(走)+e nt+ed→unprecedented(史无前例的)

(2) 上下文线索

利用上下文线索猜测词义的方法很多,但其核心是寻找与该生僻词相关的上下文意义线索,这些线索主要可归纳为以下几种:

①同义定义为了便于读者理解作者本义,作者有时会对文中的生僻词或专业性较强的词直接给出定义。在下定义时,作者常使用一些信号词,如:is/are(called),means,can be defined as,refer to,is/are known as,signify等,例:

Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true.

或标点符号,如——,()等,例:

Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same chann el——increases the efficiency of radio channels.

有时,作者用同位语形式或连词or给出定义,例:

Nerve cells evidently first a ppeared in coelenterates, “hollow gutted” organisms like h

ydra and the sea anemone.

Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big,comple x types of brain——the types we find among the vertebrates,or backboned animals.

②近义复述同一短文中上下毗邻的句子通常有互释作用,我们可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词相关的信息来猜度词义。例:

Mr. and Mrs. Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nine years before they got married.

Although he often had the opportunity,Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.

③反义对照在表示对照的上下文中,常包含有意义相反的词语或概念,这些意义相反的概念可以互为线索,帮助我们猜度词义。常有以下一些信号词:although,but,however,though,whereas,while,yet,on the contrary,on the other hand等。

例:Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild use simple objects as tools,but in laboratory situ ations they can use more sophisticated items.

Most dentists-offices are drab places,while Emilio’s new office is a bright,cheerful place.

④搭配集合利用词与词的搭配或该词所出现的语境,我们也能推知词义的大概轮廓。例:

People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the j acket(套,壳) of the radiator.

A man is watering his lawn just as an attractive,well dressed girl walked by. As he ogles her,he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly,dowdy wife.

⑤比较举例上下文中的比较和举例,能揭示比较物或列举物之间的共性,我们可根据这些共性来推知有关词语的意思。例:

The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area.

Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regar

d drinking as harmful.

⑥因果时间因与果、时间的先与后都是事物发展变化过程中的必然关系,在利用上下文推测词义时,这些关系也至关重要。例:

Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without see king the opinions of others.

When Mark was in pedantic mood,he assumed the manner of a famous professor an

d gav

e long lectures on boring, insignificant topics.

⑦常识包括我们的生活经历、经验常识以及自己专业方面的知识,在阅读到与自己专业相近的文章时,我们都会感到相对容易,这正是我们的专业知识在帮我们理解。例:An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity.

An atomic clock is so precise that it can be used to check the accuracy of prediction s based on Einstein’s relativity theories.来源:考试大- 专四专八

提高专四英语阅读能力的关键所在

阅读能力既是英语考试的重要内容,也是运用英语的主要能力之一。提高英语阅读能力,对于广大英语学习者来说,都是一个非常重视但又相当艰苦的学习过程。尽管我们的英语教学历来重视培养学生的阅读能力,但由于传统的英语教学过多地承担了词汇、语法等语言基础知识的教学任务,英语教师常把大量的时间、精力用于知识点的传授、复习、掌握和操练上,专门的阅读训练,尤其是以语篇能力、思维能力和阅读技巧为核心的阅读能力训练不足,导致学生的阅读能力并没有得到实质性的提高。

近来,由国际阅读协会资深专家Diane和James教授合着,华东师范大学英语教学专家吕良环编注的《成功英语阅读策略》丛书在国内出版,在汇聚中外英语教学专家多年研究成果的基础上,为广大英语学习者提供了一条提高英语阅读能力和英语考试成绩的新途径。这套丛书通过对英语阅读策略的逐一揭示,使读者能够较快地打破英语阅读的神秘感,轻松地发现丰富多彩的英语阅读技巧,进而可以更加容易地运用自己的思维去分析隐含在英语文字中的本质思想,并可逐步善于从语篇的角度去把握文章的脉络。

2001年,教育部颁布了《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准》。与以前的英语教学大纲相比,这个英语课程标准的一个突出特点是将学习策略和文化意识列为英语课程目标的重要组成部分。其中学习策略是提高学习效率、发展自主学习能力的保证,而提倡自主学习是英语课程改革的一个重点。自主学习不仅有利于提高学生在校的学习成绩,而且是学生终身学习和终身发展的基础。英语阅读策略是学习策略的组成部分,有利于提高学生的英语阅读效率和阅读水平,增强学生学习英语的自信心。这套《成功英语阅读策略》正是以阅读策略为核心,为具有初级和中级英语阅读水平的学生全面系统地掌握英语阅读策略,进一步提高阅读水平而编写的。同时,语言与文化密不可分,语言有丰富的文化内涵,文化意识是综合语言运用能力的一个组成部分。英语学习中有许多跨文化交际的因素,这些因素在很大程度上影响着对英语的学习和使用。这套来自美国的教材蕴涵着浓厚的英语文化色彩。学习这套教材,不仅可以提高英语阅读能力,更可领略丰富多彩的异域文化,以加深对英语文化的了解与理解,培养文化意识。

英语阅读理解能力其实就是真正读懂英文的能力,其中包括利用阅读技能读懂文章的能力,并不是运用某些所谓技巧应试的能力。如果只关注所谓的应试技巧,应试能力可能会有提高,但是,阅读理解能力并不见得有质的提高。而如果具备了较高的、真正的阅读理解能力,能够真正读懂文章,同时能够运用某些应试技巧,则肯定可以考出好成绩。英文阅读理解涉及到语篇、段落、句子、词汇四个层次的理解问题,而其中最根本的是对词汇的理解。词汇是构成语言的基本元素。如果掌握的词汇量太小,读一篇文章,处处是生词,则会处处碰壁,文章不可能顺利读懂。英语阅读理解的关键则在于真正读懂文章。词汇是构成语言的基本元素,而句子则是表达意思的基本结构。读懂每一句话表达的意思是真正读懂一段话、一篇文章的基础。要快速、准确地理解一句话的含义,至少涉及到三个层次的问题。一是理解句中每个词汇的意思和相关的词法;二是理解句法结构;三是理解句子和上下文的关系。其中,理解词法和句法结构则是句子水平阅读理解的关键。词汇是构成语言的基本元素,而语法则是词汇构成语言的规则。掌握英语语法,并能把自己的英语语法知识熟练地应用到英语阅读实践中去,这是提高阅读理解能力必须具备的基本功。

要真正快速地提高英语阅读理解能力,关键还在于多读,尤其是多读一些难度较大的文章。利用语法知识解决阅读中的困难,通过阅读加深对语法知识的理解。只有在阅读实践中,有意识地学习、积累,应用阅读过程中所需要的英文词汇、语法知识,才能奠定提高英文阅读理解能力的基础。阅读理解能力不是一朝一夕就可以提高的,关键在于坚持。英文有一句

话说得好:“One cannot succeed without perseverance.”。只要目标明确,坚持不懈,并运用成功的阅读策略,英文阅读理解能力就会不断提高。而具备了真实的阅读理解能力,再掌握一些实用的应试技巧,任何考试中的阅读理解题目又怎么能不得高分呢?

2015专八真题

TEM 8 阅读理解 A What we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poetry, art, or mathematics during pregnancy seem utterly impossible. How could such extremely complex influences pass from the mother to the child? There is no connection between their nervous systems. Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly. An emotional shock to the mother will affect her child, because it changes the activity of her glands and so the chemistry her blood. Any chemical change in the mother’s blood will affect the child for better or worse. But we can not see how a looking for mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar liking or genius in the child. In our discussion of instincts we saw that there was reason to believe that whatever we inherit must be of some very simple sort rather than any complicated or very definite kind of behavior. It is certain that no one inherits a knowledge of mathematics. It may be, however, that children inherit more or less of a rather general ability that we may call intelligence. If very intelligent children become deeply interested in mathematics, they will probably make a success of that study. As for musical ability, it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of the hands or the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to learn the movements a musician must execute, and particularly vigorous emotions. If these factors are all organized around music, the child may become a musician. The same factors, in other circumstance might be organized about some other center of interest. The rich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry. The capable fingers might develop skill in surgery. It is not the knowledge of music that is inherited, then nor even the love of it, but a certain bodily structure that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical knowledge and skill. Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other undertaking may be decided entirely by forces in the environment in which a child grows up. 1. Which of the following statements is not true? A. Some mothers try to influence their unborn children by studying art and other subjects during their pregnancy. B. It is utterly impossible for us to learn anything about prenatal development. C. The blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly. D. There are no connection between mother’s nervous systems and her unborn child’s. 2. A mother will affect her unborn baby on the condition that ____. A. she is emotionally shocked B. she has a good knowledge of inheritance C. she takes part in all kind of activities D. she sticks to studying 3. According to the passage, a child may inherit____.

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