英汉翻译中动物词汇的翻译

英汉翻译中动物词汇的翻译
英汉翻译中动物词汇的翻译

英汉翻译中动物词汇的翻译

On the Translation of Animal Vocabularies

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to do some research on the translation of animal words by investigating into the culture connotation of animal vocabularies in different languages, aiming at providing a series of theories to support the translators in bi-linguistic translation with high proficiency and accordingly at promoting culture communication. This paper firstly discussed the cause of difficulties in animal words translation in the view of regional disparity, religious faith variety and differences in cultures and customs. Based on this, this paper then studied the application of different translation methods such as literal translation, free translation in various situations when animal words are with discrepancy in meanings in accordance with the respect of the connotation and rhetorical device implicated in the source language in order to make perfect translation. Afterwards, the author analyzed the significance of precise translation of animal vocabularies in promoting cultural communication, showing respect to each other and neutralizing embarrassment and contradictions.

Key words: animal vocabulary; connotation; translation; cultural communication

本文旨在通过对英汉翻译中动物词汇的文化意义进行探寻来研究英汉翻译中动物词汇翻的技巧与策略,从而使译员英汉双语的应用更加得心应手,更能达成文化交流的目的及意义。本文首先从地域差异、宗教信仰差异、文化习俗差异等方面讨论了英汉翻译中动物词汇翻译的困难所在,然后针对英汉双语动物词汇中具有类似寓意、相反寓意、及译入语动物词汇和概念缺失的现象进行探讨和研究,分析不同情境下如何在尊重源语修辞和意思的情况下,正确使用直译法、意译法及适当文化解释原则来进行翻译,以使翻译更加准确,并基于此进一步分析了准确进行动物词汇翻译的重要意义,了解动物词汇翻译在促进文化交流、尊重双方文化习惯及化解尴尬矛盾等方面的作用。

关键词:动物词汇,寓意,翻译,文化交流

引言 (1)

1英汉翻译中动物词汇翻简介 (1)

2英汉翻译中动物词汇翻的困难 (2)

2.1地域差异 (2)

2.2习俗差异 (3)

2.3宗教信仰差异 (3)

3英汉翻译中动物词汇翻的基本原则 (4)

3.1尊重本意原则 (4)

3.2意译原则 (5)

3.2.1形象转译法 (5)

3.2.2内涵意义法 (6)

3.3适当文化解释原则 (6)

4英汉翻译中动物词汇翻的作用 (7)

4.1增加对对方文化了解 (7)

4.2起到尊重对方的作用 (7)

4.3避讳敏感话题 (7)

4.4化解尴尬局面 (7)

结论 (8)

参考文献 (9)

致谢 (12)

引言

在英汉这两种不同语言系统中生活的人们,无论是在外交礼仪中,还是民间交流过程当中,都不免会对对方的一些动物谚语都表示出难以理解,甚至于出现截然相反的理解,如果没有恰到好处的解释,就容易产生歧义造成误会,因此学会正确的理解对方动物寓言的含义,在日常双方交流过程中才能够体现出对对方的尊重,使用能使交流既文雅得体并且又礼貌风趣的语言才能使交际更加愉快顺畅地进行。生活中,我们有些事情难以启齿或不好直接告诉对方,可以借用动物寓意来进行暗示,但这一切得以达成的前提是交流双方能够正确理解对方语言体系中各种动物的寓意,不然会适得其反。

本文通过对英汉翻译中动物的翻译进行探寻,研究英汉翻译中动物词汇翻的技巧与策略,希望能够更贴切和有策略的翻译英汉翻译中动物词汇的翻译,从而更好地使用对方动物寓意,为广大需要英汉翻译的人,提供一点指导和方法,使其英汉翻译更加得心应手,使双方的交流更加礼貌和优雅。

1英汉翻译中动物词汇翻简介

世界各民族间,文字间的翻译往往受生活环境、传统习俗、语言典故、宗教信仰、文化差异等许多方面的影响,其中分别作为世界上使用人数最多和最为广泛使用的汉语和英语间的翻译尤为重要。

自古以来,动物就与人类生活休戚相关,作为生命系统中与人类具有最多共性的生物,它们对人类生活产生着各种各样的影响,因而人类也常用与之相关的词汇及语言来寓意各种人类活动。因此在世界各族语言中都不乏动物词汇,它们都承载着本组文化特色,同时传承着本族文明。动物词汇就是指对某种动物具有特指意义的词汇以及包含这些词汇的断狱和其他成语,在不同的语言体系中动物词汇都大量存在,据相关统计,英汉两种语言中动物词汇达600多个,而在这两种语言中的动物词汇又由于其所承载文化的差异在长期的使用过程中形成了特定的用法,从而传达不同的智慧和内涵,有些词汇具有完全相同的概念意义,但却传递着不同信息,体现着截然相反的内涵。如果没有引起足够的重视,这种差别就会对正常的交流交际产生巨大影响,甚至会造成较大的冲突和矛盾。于是在

英汉翻译中,动物的翻译就尤为重要,同时有些动物在对方语音词汇中从未出现,在翻译过程中很难顾及对方的语音习惯和文化内涵。

1961韦氏公司出版的Third New International Dictionary of the English Language首次将对英汉动物谚语的详细介绍和解释纳入其中,对容易产生误解的地方进行了着重解释和说明。正如韦氏公司对这样修改的解释是由于文化等各种因素的影响,世界各国动物谚语有许多不同,在世界大融合的环境下,我们不能忽视这些不同,忽视他们就是漠视对方的文化。

因此英汉中动物词汇的翻译是十分具有现实意义的,绝不是所谓的闲着没事干。英汉翻译工作中对动物词汇的翻译应当引起相关工作者的足够重视,以真正达到翻译所要求的“信达雅”境界,真正达成其内在的文化交流的目的和任务。

2英汉翻译中动物词汇翻的困难

2.1地域差异

每一种文化都有其特定的起源和传承方式,每一种语言也都产生于特定的时间和空间,各个民族在不同的地域繁衍生息也必定会产生不同的文化和语言。英汉两种文化所对应的民族发源于不同地域,并长期在截然不同的自然地理环境中生存和发展,其所接触的事物也不尽相同,中国人司空见惯的动物可能对英语文化民族来说极其罕见甚至是难以想象的,而有些动物英语文化民族屡见不鲜在中国人眼中却又视若怪物。这种差异成就着各自悠久的历史文化,因此作为文化载体的语言也就存在着各种各样的差异,同时与两族人民生活息息相关的动物也被赋予了不同的文化内涵。

以中英两国为例。中华文明大致起源于内陆地带,其生产和经济活动大多依附于土地而运行,因而语言所反映的陆路事务相对较多。中华民族自古以来以农耕为主,农民与更牛朝夕相伴,牛自然就成为中国人热爱与赞美的对象,牛的勤勤恳恳,牛的任劳任怨,牛的忠厚老实一直都饱获赞誉,如鲁迅先生笔下“俯首甘为孺子牛”甘心为民服务的决心;明朝内阁大学士蒋冕年迈衣锦还乡之年曾获皇上御示“江南一老牛”之称以赞其勤劳忠恳;而英国作为一个四面环海的岛国,其国民长期以航海打鱼为生,自然也就对依赖于大海而生存的动物有着特殊的亲密感,因而其语言文化便积累了大量与海洋有关的词汇,如loose fish (放荡鬼),

poor fish(倒霉的人)等。

在这种不同地域环境下发展生存,中国人和西方人有时对同一物种或同一词汇的理解也会产生偏差。如“海燕”这一动物在中国文化中除作为一种水鸟之外别无他解,而在英语中petrel却又被称为the storm y petrel或是Mother Carey' s chickens,喻示其给人带来麻烦之意,大概是由于海燕总出现于暴风雨来临之际的缘故。

2.2习俗差异

中英两国习俗的较大差异体现在多个方面,而提及动物,则最为显著的差异莫过于对待狗这种动物的态度。在中国的文化中,狗历来不为人们所宠爱,与狗相关的词汇大多含有贬义,如“狗仗人势”“汉奸走狗”“狼心狗肺”“哈巴狗”等大多都是对人对事的负面评价;而英语国家则不同,他们视狗为人类最忠诚的朋友而予以极高的评价,并常常用狗的形象来评价和比喻人的行为,如“Every dog has his day( 人人皆有得意日)”“as faith as a dog( 像狗一样忠诚)”“lucky dog( 幸运儿)”“love me, love my dog( 爱屋及乌)”等词汇和俗语中狗都以正面形象出现而用来说明人的行为特点。再比如,对于猫这种动物,许多中国人都非常喜欢,在许多场合这种动物都以非常可爱的形象出现,如经典寓言故事“小猫钓鱼”等,在此文化背景下,猫大多时候都被用来表达一些亲切的举动或形象,如“馋猫”一词以亲昵的表达来体现一个人馋嘴的状态;而在西方文化中,虽然猫也可以作为宠物,但其名声与地位却与此格格不入,譬如他们认为出门遇到“black cat”是一种晦气的象征,而“an evil cat”却被用来比喻邪恶的女人,还有“let the cat out of the bag( 泄露秘密)”等。

2.3宗教信仰差异

从文化历史角度来看,西方文化发源于古希腊神话,它与东方文化成为了世界上影响最为广泛的两个文化体系,历经数千年的发展,这两种文化体系发展出了各自的特色,也孕育除了不同的宗教信仰。

动物崇拜是东西方文化所共有的现象之一。所不同的是由于文化信仰的差异,有时具有相同概念意义的动物在两种文化中确有着截然不同的文化内涵,甚至是矛盾的文化冲突。例如在中国人心中,龙是一种极具传奇色彩的动物,它象

征着至高无上的地位和神圣的权力,因此自古以来皇帝便被称为是“真龙天子”,并且与皇权有关的一切事物都被冠以龙字,如龙袍,龙体,龙案等,并且龙还被赋予吉祥如意之征兆,如“龙凤呈祥”“龙腾虎跃”等,中国人历来称自己为“龙的传人”以示自豪之意;但在西方的神话传说中,“dragon”一词则有着完全相反的寓意,它被描述为一只身上有鳞的拖着长尾长着翅膀的会喷火的巨大蜥蜴,是一种怪物的代表,在圣经故事中上帝将和他作对的恶魔撒旦叫做“the great dragon”,在现代词汇中,“dragon”还被用来形容脾气暴躁的凶狠的老女人。再如,中国神话故事“牛郎织女”的“鹊桥相会”将喜鹊定义为爱的使者,因此,它在中华文化中往往意喻“报喜鸟”,人们总是将它的出现同即将发生喜事相联系,流行歌曲中也曾有“喜鹊叫唧唧,好事要来到”等词句;而在西方文化中这种鸟却总被赋予凶兆色彩,它贴近窗户低飞的在苏格兰地区就被认为是死亡的征兆。可见由于宗教信仰的差异,相同概念的词汇竟然承载完全不同的文化意象和感情色彩,在不了解不同文化意象的情形下很可能造成很大误解,这就为翻译工作增加了几分难度。

3英汉翻译中动物词汇翻的基本原则

3.1尊重本意原则

虽然由于地理差异、宗教信仰及文化习俗等方面的原因会导致英汉两种语言的差异,但是当同一动物在英汉两种语言中具有相同或类似的概念、文化意象及内涵时,翻译工作应当遵循本意尽量采用直译法来进行,因为此时两种语言之间文化隔阂很小,直译不仅可以起到跨文化交流的作用,它还能使译入语所在民族的文化和语言得到进一步的丰富和发展。如汉语中“纸老虎”一词直译为“paper tiger”,由于西方人对老虎具有相同的印象,这种译法不致引起文化误解,因而对此他们深明其意,并且认为这种表达很传神,故而这一词汇已经充实到英美民族的正式语言中;同样地,在中西方文化中,狐狸的性格特征都极为诡异狡诈,因此都可以用来喻意具有奸猾性格的人,因此像狐狸一样狡猾就被译为“as sly as a fox”;狼和羊这一对对立形象在中西方文化中也具有相同的意象及内涵,故而“a wolf in sheep’s clothing(披着羊皮的狼)”可以用来比喻外表像羊一样和善,

而内心则像狼一般凶狠残忍的人,这种表达将狼(wolf)和羊(sheep)在中西方文化中共同的涵义表现得淋漓尽致,相似的表达还有“hurtles in a Jar(瓮中之鳖)”、““as happy as a lark"(像百灵鸟一样欢乐)”等,故而信手拈来,完全可以达到翻译之于文化交流的目的而不产生任何障碍和隔阂。

有时译入语和源语对同一动物具有相同意象和内涵时,由于文化传承时的些许空缺,需要借助一些解释来使得表达更为精准,如“to shed crocodile tears”一语,由于中西方文化中鳄鱼都非善类,大家对该动物有着相同的印象,直译并不会带来误解,但是由于中华文化传承过程中对鳄鱼掉眼泪这一具体意象较为模糊,因而需要借助适当的补充释义,将其译为“掉鳄鱼的眼泪--假慈悲”,同样的词语翻译还有“teach the dog to bark”( 教狗怎么叫——多此一举),以及汉译英实践中的“黄鼠狼给鸡拜年”可以译为“The weasel goes to pay his respects to the hen----not with the best of intentions.”等。

3.2意译原则

英汉两种语言差异诸多,就动物词汇而言,有时不同的动物词汇可以表达相同的寓意,而有时同一动物词汇却由于在两种文化中意义相悖而无法表达相同涵义,甚至有些动物词汇在两种语言中有着不同的概念解释和涵义。当翻译工作面对这些差别时,直译就会为文化传播带来困扰,不利于触发读者恰当的联想,甚至会引起误解,这不符合翻译工作的目的要求,因而此时有必要选择意译法将语言进行归化处理以向译入语民族准确传达源语意境及其所要表达的思想内涵。

3.2.1形象转译法

当两种语言中不同动物可以传达同一思想内涵时,将动物形象进行等效替换,代之以译入语习惯用于表达同一意思的相似形象,可以收到异曲同工之效,如英语常用“He is as strong as a horse.”来形容一个人力气很大,但是在汉语中却不会用马来表达这一含义,取而代之的是“他力大如牛”的表达;再如希腊寓言中以“kill the goose to get the golden eggs”来传达只图眼前利益而不作长远考虑之意,但汉语中却以“杀鸡取卵”替代源语中的“杀鹅取卵”,虽然作为喻体的动物形象发生了转变,但是感情色彩、意义和修辞手法均未产生偏差,不仅消除了文化差异所带来的交流障碍,而且将英语表述所要传达的思想尽数传递给了汉语读者;同样的表达还有“a lion in the way(拦路虎)”、“goose bump(鸡皮疙瘩)”、“black sheep( 害群之马)”、“rats desert a falling house( 树倒猢狲散)”、“He

is slippery as an eel(他像泥鳅一样圆滑)”、“a cat on hot bricks(热锅上的蚂蚁)”等等。

3.2.2内涵意义法

当某一词汇所表达的涵义在译入语中没有寓意对等的形象时生硬地采用比喻反而不利于意思的传达,此时可以选用内涵意义法来进行翻译,去除动物形象直接取其内涵将其整合为译入语的抽象表达可以更好地传达源语意思。如“as fussy as a hen with one chick”这一表达在汉语中没有与之相对应的比喻修辞表达,如果硬翻就会导致意思错位,读者无法准确理解其内涵,因此意译为“在小事上瞎忙活”更为贴切;同理将“like an ass between two bundles of hay”译为“优柔寡断”也不失为一良策。

在英汉翻译实践中还有一种容易陷入误区的现象:貌合神离。也就是两种语言借用同一种动物以相似甚至相同的形式和句法表达着某些观点,从字面意思上理解两者几乎有着相同的涵义,但实质意义却不尽如此,这种“似是而非”的假想很容易让人误入歧途。如“to keep the wolf from the door”从字面上看同汉语中“不要引狼入室”相契合,实则不然,这句话的真正含义是“to be able to afford enough food for the oneself or one’s family”,翻译过来就是“使个人或家庭免于饥饿”,同引狼入室毫无瓜葛。当动物词汇涉及到类似用法时一定要引起高度注意,断不能望文生义,应深入东西文化内涵方可。

3.3适当文化解释原则

翻译的目的是文化交流,就是要将源语中的逻辑或是艺术映像完好地折射到译入语中去。这个过程并不赞同文化蒙蔽,译文除了传达作者思想之外更重要的是要让读者去了解和体会源语文化,尤其是当源语动物形象在译入语中空缺的时候,适当文化解释来建立和激发读者的认知图式从而促进文化交流和整合非常必要。具体来讲就是要在翻译原文意思的基础上加注对源语文化的解释。如“鸳鸯”一词在英语文化中缺失,当被译为“Chinese duck”或“mandarin duck”时由于无法在目的语读者中引起共鸣也就无法向英语读者传递恩爱夫妻的形象,此时有必要加注鸳鸯的中华文化意义来使读者明了这一意象的具体内涵,让他们领略异域文化风情,增长见识。再如英语中“Serpentine wisdom”指的是“蛇一般的智慧”,它源于圣经故事,是指大蛇引诱夏娃和亚当偷吃禁果而犯下原罪,被认为

是智慧的象征,但这个意象对于中文读者来说有一定的困难,因此当译入中文时要适当加注相关故事背景来帮助读者理解其具体的文化内涵。

4英汉翻译中动物词汇翻的作用

4.1增加对对方文化了解

汉英两种语言发源于不同的地域,经历着不同的文化传承和洗礼,又以各自不同的方式不断丰富和发展着,因此造成了一定程度上寓意和内涵表达的偏差。语言中动物词汇的发展较为久远,通过动物词汇可以洞悉某种文化渊源,动物词汇的翻译可以帮助受众拓展视野,增加对源语文化的了解,如通过对“蚕丝”等词汇的汉译英可以使英语文化读者了解汉语文化“丝绸之路”历史文化的认识,了解中国人对于“春蚕到死丝方尽”的思想意识形态解读;而通过“Serpentine wisdom”的英译汉工作则可以加深汉语文化读者对英语宗教文化的了解。

4.2起到尊重对方的作用

英汉翻译中涉及到动物词汇的翻译很多时候都会牵涉到对人物、对事情的评价和褒贬,准确应用翻译手法将动物词汇所表达的内涵传达与受众,就是对源语作者和源语文化最大的尊重。

4.3避讳敏感话题

了解和深刻认识动物词汇的英汉翻译可以从一定角度上认识一个国家的文化习俗,如对于印度民族大象是吉祥的象征,在阿拉伯文化中骆驼是力量的象征,在基督文化中绵羊是驯服的象征,在汉语文化中耕牛是勤劳的象征等等。这些文化象征都是基于该民族特有的文化内涵而得到传承的,在其他国家文化中这些动物的形象却并非总是正面的,正确理解动物寓言可以使交流双方免于介入敏感话题,使交流更加愉快顺畅。

4.4化解尴尬局面

对动物词汇进行准确翻译准确传达源文内涵,减少尴尬局面的碰撞。如一个老外对中国人讲“you’re a lucky dog”,如果中国人不了解其个中内涵很容易误解其意思而愤怒,造成尴尬和误会,如果多一些相关词汇翻译的了解和认识,这类尴尬和误会完全可以消除和化解。

结论

不同语言之间的翻译往往受生活环境、传统习俗、语言典故、宗教信仰、文化差异等许多方面的影响而存在诸多困难。动物词汇在长期的使用过程中形成了特定的用法,传达着不同的智慧和内涵,有些词汇具有完全相同的概念意义,但却传递着不同信息,体现着截然相反的内涵。如果没有引起足够的重视,这种差别就会对正常的交流交际产生巨大影响,甚至会造成较大的冲突和矛盾。

当同一动物在英汉两种语言中具有相同或类似的概念、文化意象及内涵时,翻译工作应当遵循本意尽量采用直译法来进行;当两种语言中不同动物可以传达同一思想内涵时,将动物形象进行等效替换,代之以译入语习惯用于表达同一意思的相似形象,可以收到异曲同工之效;当某一词汇所表达的涵义在译入语中没有寓意对等的形象时可以选用内涵意义法来进行翻译;当源语动物形象在译入语中空缺的时候,适当文化解释来建立和激发读者的认知图式从而促进文化交流和整合非常必要。

在动物词汇的翻译实践中,译者一定要注重日常工作中相关词汇的信息收集和积累,对动物词汇所隐含的文化背景和文化意义进行深刻的了解和认知,采用正确的方法来展开翻译工作,以求更好地传达源语意境,更好地促成双方文化交流工作的推进。

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致谢

大学生活即将进入尾声,感叹光阴似箭。一边怀念逝去的时光,一边珍惜现在拥有的人和物。作为大学毕业前的最后一项任务,我的毕业设计即将定稿上交,这是一次成绩的检验,也是给青春的纪念。

在此,谨向我的论文指导老师***老师致以最真诚的谢意!感谢***老师的言传身教,本文的写作更是直接得益于他的悉心指点,无论从论文的选题到体系的安排,还是观点推敲和字句斟酌,都要感谢老师耐心的指导。同时也感谢***的指正与引导,***老师的监督与建议。还要感谢各位同学与老师四年来对我的支持和帮助,是你们丰富了我的大学,望我们师生之情长存,同窗之谊永在,这将是一辈子美好的记忆。

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顾客第一 Customers first 顾客是我们的皇帝 We take customers as our Gods. 规格齐全 a complete range of specifications; complete in specific ations 花样繁多 a wide selection of colours and designs 货色齐全 goods of every description are available. 客商第一,信誉第一 clients first, reputation first 款式多样 a great variety of models 款式活泼端庄 vivid and great in style 款式齐全 various styles 款式新颖 attractive designs; fashionable(in) style; novel (in) de sign; up-to-date styling 款式新颖众多 diversified latest designs 美观大方 elegant appearance 美观耐用 attractive and durable 品质优良,疗效显著,誉满全球,欢迎选购 excellent quality, evident effect, good reputation over the world, orders are welcome. 品种多样 numerous in variety 品种繁多 great varieties 品种齐全 complete range of articles; a great variety of goods

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