2012年5月26日托福阅读考试机经回顾

2012年5月26日托福阅读考试机经回顾
2012年5月26日托福阅读考试机经回顾

2012年5月26日托福阅读考试机经回顾

PASSAGE1-Ocean Thermal Stratification

Recent scientific studies have demonstrated that warmer atmospheric temperature increases thermal stratification of the water column,resulting in lower amounts of phytoplankton biomass at mid-latitudes.Changes in phytoplankton species abundance have also been demonstrated from long term time series studies in the United States and the United Kingdom,with a noticeable decline in the abundance of diatoms such as Skeletonema and Odontella species.

A decline in the amount of phytoplankton or a change in species composition is likely to have a knock-on effect on the marine food chain from zooplankton to commercial fisheries in addition to a reduction in the amount of carbon dioxide that is removed from the atmosphere.Increased stratification and a decrease in nutrient levels are likely to have an effect on the phytoplankton community structure such as changes in the geographic distribution of species associated with more turbulent water and possible increase in harmful algal blooms events

PASSAGE2-Rainforest animal communication:

The acoustic characteristics of an Amazonian lowland rain forest study site in southern Venezuela was analyzed to determine environmental constraints upon acoustic communication.Signal degradation was measured by conducting transmission experiments at different heights above ground level.Measurements of ambient noise served to determine possible communication distances for various times of day, heights above ground level and frequencies.“Sound windows”for acoustic long range communication were found for low frequencies,calling heights in the mid-story and calling in the morning or during the night.Sound attenuation was affected by height and frequency but not by time of day.Background noise varied remarkably with time of day and frequency and had a greater impact on communication distance than signal attenuation.

Physical aspects of anurans constrain sound production,and noisy habitats pose a challenge to signal recognition and detection.Habitat acoustics impose selection on anuran calls within the phylogenetic and morphological constraints of the vocal apparatus of senders and the auditory system of receivers.Visual displays and alerting calls can be used as alternative or additional signal strategies to overcome these problems.In this study,we investigated sound pressure levels and spectral features of calls of the ranid rock-skipper frog Staurois latopalmatus,exclusively found at waterfalls of Bornean streams.A total of176calls and waterfall recordings were analyzed to characterize acoustic signals and environmental noise.To obtain information on possible signal adaptations,dominant frequency and snout-vent length of75ranid species were collected from the literature and compared to our

findings.Distributions along acoustically characterized rapids and waterfalls within a1-km long river transect showed that https://www.360docs.net/doc/d24694246.html,topalmatus exclusively occurs in noisy habitats.Two different call types could be distinguished in https://www.360docs.net/doc/d24694246.html,topalmatus: a short,single-note call and a long,multi-note call.Both calls had a lower sound pressure than the noise produced by waterfalls.The dominant frequency analyses revealed that the signal-to-noise ratio can be maximized within high frequency bands around5kHz.Correlations of frequency versus body size in ranids indicated that https://www.360docs.net/doc/d24694246.html,topalmatus has higher call frequencies than predicted by body size,suggesting acoustic adaptation to environmental noise.We conclude that acoustic signal efficiency in environments with low-frequency dominated noise can only be attained through high frequency calls.The single-note call is interpreted as an alerting signal directing the receiver's attention to a subsequent visual signal.The multi-note call is interpreted as a graded aggressive call.We suggest that microhabitat characteristics represent strong selective pressures on the form of acoustic signals.Short calls with a narrow frequency band could reflect a trade-off among detectabilty,sound propagation and discrimination between individuals.

PASSAGE3-Poikilotherms:

A poikilotherm is an organism whose internal temperature varies considerably. It is the opposite of a homeotherm,an organism which maintains thermal homeostasis. Usually the variation is a consequence of variation in the ambient environmental temperature.Many terrestrial ectotherms are poikilothermic.[1]However some ectotherms remain in temperature-constant environments to the point that they are actually able to maintain a constant internal temperature(i.e.are homeothermic). It is this distinction that often makes the term"poikilotherm"more useful than the vernacular"cold-blooded",which is sometimes used to refer to ectotherms more generally.Poikilothermic animals include types of vertebrate animals,specifically fish,amphibians,and reptiles,as well as a large number of invertebrate animals. The Naked mole rat is the only mammal that is currently thought to be poikilothermic.

For an important chemical reaction,poikilotherms may have four to ten enzyme systems that operate at different temperatures.As a result,poikilotherms often have larger,more complex genomes than homeotherms in the same ecological niche. Frogs are a notable example of this effect,though their complex development is likely more important.

Because their metabolism is variable and generally below that of homeothermic animals,sustained high-energy activities like powered flight in large animals or maintaining a large brain is generally beyond poikilotherm animals.The metabolism of poikilotherms favors strategies such as sit-and-wait hunting over chasing prey for larger animals with high movement cost.As they do not use their metabolisms to heat or cool themselves,total energy requirement over time is low.For the same

body weight,poikilotherms need a half to a tenth of the energy of homeotherms.

It is comparatively easy for a poikilotherm to accumulate enough energy to reproduce.Poikilotherms at the same trophic level often have much shorter generations than homeotherms:weeks rather than years.[citation needed]Such applies even to animals with similar ecological roles such as cats and snakes.

This difference in energy requirement also means that a given food source can support a greater density of poikilothermic animals than homeothermic animals.This is reflected in the predator-prey ratio which is usually higher in poikilothermic fauna compared to homeothermic ones.However,when homeotherms and poikilotherms have similar niches,and compete,the homeotherm can often drive poikilothermic competitors to extinction,because homeotherms can gather food for a greater fraction of each day.

Poikilotherms succeed in some habitats,such as islands and hot deserts,or distinct bioregions(such as the small bioregions of the Amazon basin).These biomes often do not have enough food to support a viable breeding population of homeothermic animals.In these habitats,poikilotherms such as large lizards,crabs and frogs supplant homeotherms such as birds and mammals.

11月10日托福独立写作机经

11月10日独立写作考题预测 11月4日考题回顾 A government spend money on all adults after 25-year-old on a training course for the most up-to-date skills at workplace. Do you think it is effective?Why or why not? 上周预测题第1题与11月4日考题同属政府类的题目,并且部分关键词funding,training 重合。 上周预测题第1题: Which area the government should fund to improve children’s education? ?hiring more teachers to teach in a small class ?preschool education before kindergarten ?providing some training courses so that teachers can be more professional 11月10日独立写作考题预测 ?The university will spend money on dormitory to improve the life quality of students, which of the following do you think is the best way? ?providing a room for quiet study; ?building an exercise room; ?providing entertainment place(watch film). ? ?Which one of the following values is the most important to share with a young child (5-10 years old)? ?Being helpful ?Being honest ?Being well organized ? A lot of high school students now cheat in homework assignments, by asking other students for answers. Which of the following do you think is the most efficient way to stop? ?asking parents to help stop the students from cheating ?penalty or punishment to the students ?asking teacher to create homework assignment that cannot be easily cheated ?At some universities, students take part in making decisions about the issues that affect daily life of everyone on campus, such as how many hours that the libraries should be open each day or what kinds of food should be served in the cafeteria. But at some universities, experts are hired to make these decisions, students almost never involved. Which approach do you prefer and why. ?Sometimes we are assigned to work in a group on a project. Do your agree or disagree the following statement? The group will be helped more by members who are willing to do

2012年5月12日托福机经预测(YeeaooBox整理)

2012年5月12日托福机经预测 2012年5月12日托福考试保中机经(学员专用内部机经)(TPO小站独家发行) 第一级(重点,排序越靠前的命中概率越大)2011.5.28NA 2009.10.23NA 2011.08.28大陆 2009.10.31NA 2010.1.22NA 2011.11.19NA 2011.05.14大陆 2011.01.08大陆 2011.01.30大陆 2011.02.12大陆 2011.03.19NA 2011.02.26大陆 2011.03.11NA 2011.02.11NA 2010.10.17大陆 2010.9.10NA 第二级(次重点)2011.04.09大陆 2011.01.15NA 2010.11.13NA 2011.04.15NA 2010.09.24NA

YeeaooBox托福口语真题模拟软件 完全免费!大量托福真题 大量网友录音模拟托福环境 下载地址: 105341802 群: QQ QQ::79819515QQ QQ群: 群:105341802

2011.5.28NA 听力(不太记得了,顺序是乱的想到了再补吧) 1.学生找老师探讨生物能源的问题 2.海洋鱼类coloration的作用 3.学生找老师商量论文reference的问题 4.学生去学校的bookstore买书但又没买到 5.怎样accurately define a term 6.forum(?)的development跟罗马帝国兴衰的关联 阅读: 1.通过年轮来判定木材的年龄 2.玛雅文明衰退的原因 3.关于physical geography的 小作文: 阅读:有个theory认为Madagascar岛上动物是从Africa mainland来的,动物的祖先accidentally被暴雨冲到海里,然后借助浮木飘到了岛上。但是这个theory有很多问题:1.几率太低。2.没有从mainland到madagascar的洋流。3.从mainland到M岛要飘三周,动物 不吃不喝不可能survive 听力:reading上的reasoning是不对的:1.动物祖先只有4只,在40million years里还是有可能发生小概率事件的。2.很久以前那个岛的位置跟现在的有点不同,洋流是到那里的3. 动物可以通过降低新陈代谢来survive,这种能力叫torpor 大作文: you can know a lot about a person through the types of friends this person has(跟原话有出入) 你可以通过一个人交什么样的朋友来反映着这个人的特性? 口语: 1.你很想家的时候会怎么做(怎样deal with homesick)) 2.是愿意选courses relating to a specific career,还是愿意选a variety of courses 3.学校决定让freshman最多没学期选四门课,因为学生需要时间involve in non-academic activities和develop research skills。男生表示同意,说自己就是因为大一课太多太忙了,没 时间参加社团活动。然后就是他觉得develop research skill需要花很多时间,举了一个他自己做old newspaper(?)研究的例子。 4.anticipated emotion。人们采取行动之前会对自己做了这个事情之后会有一个怎样的心情有一个估测,然后根据这个估测决定自己是不是要做那件事。lecture里,教授举例子说有一次去给妹妹买生日礼物,发现一件很想买的jacket,但是买了jacket之后就只能给妹妹买很便 宜的小礼物,于是他就想如果真的买了jacket的话他肯定会很愧疚,所以最后决定还是不买了 5.男生回家订的飞机票是早上5点的,太早了没有train到机场。他可以头天晚上做末班车 到机场,在机场过夜,但是那样会很累。还可以take taxi,不过就是太贵了。 6.昆虫怎样给后代储备食物。potter wasp会先把巢建好,然后搜集一堆食物放在里面,然 后再产卵。蝴蝶会找一个离食物源很近的地方产卵。 1.学生远离家求学有HOMESICKNESS。如何避免它? 2.忘记啦

托福听力改革和题型介绍

刚刚在上周末结束的托福考试中,听力成功霸占了热搜。 很多考生都反映听力太难了,本身想靠听力carry总分,结果先栽倒在听力上了。 对于打算考托福和备战托福的考生来说,听力轻松拿高分的日子已经一去不返。 托福听力改革 即将在8月份实施的托福新政里,听力的题目得到了精简。取消了一个lecture的部分,由原先的4段讲座(加试6段)变为3段(加试4段),每个部分的题目数量不变。 但是时间由原来的60分钟,遇到加试90分钟,下调至41分钟,遇到加试57分钟。原本1段讲座平均有10分钟的答题时间,时间却减少了整整将近20分钟。答题时间变得紧凑,每道题目分值增加,这就无形中增加了听力难度。 在最新版的TPO样题中,我们可以一瞥改革后的听力题型。正如改革的政策提到的,删减了一道讲座题,总题目数将至28道,平均托福听力每道做题时间由1.76分钟变为1.4分钟。 托福听力话题类型

托福听力部分包2个对话(conversation)和4段演讲(包括教室对话在内的lecture)。 每个对话涉及2个或2个以上的说话者,每个对话是2至3分钟,每个对话对应5道试题。对话都是大学校园中的非学术类场景,首个场景出现在学校办公室里。对话也许会牵涉学术内容又或是和课程要求有关。第二个场景介绍人有关学生服务的对话。 每段演讲对应6道试题。每个演讲是4至6分钟。讲座通常都是来源在老师的课堂授课。讲座也许是从教授的讲课内容,或者是学生的提问,还或者是师向学生提问并且请一位学生回答里摘录的。 托福听力题目类型 新托福听力里的大多数题目,不论是对话还是讲座,全部是用传统的四选一的选择题为主。根据《The Official Guide To The New TOEFL》即托福考试官方指南(OG)的介绍,新托福考试听力部分有八种题型,可分为以下三类: 1.内容主旨题 理解讲座或对话的主旨大意,或者对话目的。常见的提问方式有以下几种: What is the main idea of this lecture? What are the two speakers talking about? Why does the student go to see his professor? 2.判断题 是非判断题也是托福考试改革后出现的较为新颖的题型,一般是列出很多与录音材料中所提及的内容较为相似的句子,让考生辨別究竟哪些是录音材料中提到的。 以下例题是其常见的出题方式: The professor discusses how an animal becomes a fossil after its death. Indicate whether each sentence below is a step in the process. 3.细节题 听懂并记住讲座或对话中明晰的细节或事实,比如时间、数字、举例内容等。常见提问形式有: 1. What is X? 2. Which of the area does the picture illustrate?

托福独立写作机经范文5篇

As the economy and technology develop at an incredible speed in today’s society, there are an increasing number of people believing that the most important problems affecting our society today could be solved within our lifetime. In my view, however, this is out of the question and the three most significant problems affecting the society, namely war, environmental destruction and disease, will still influence us and may not be entirely resolved forever. War is a problem afflicting humans since they took into being in the first place. Wars take place when different countries have conflicting benefits, which is unlikely to be eliminated as long as the boundaries between countries still exist. For instance, in the Middle East where water is extremely scarce, many countries are in conflict in contention for water resources. Since every country acts for the sake of its own benefit, it seems that people in the region are incapable of living together in harmony. Eternal world peace, therefore, is unlikely to be achieved in our lifetime. Environmental destruction emerged not long before but it is becoming increasingly severe and can not be ignored. With the large-scale utilization of fossil fuels and rapid development of industry, huge amounts of pollutants are being produced, contaminating the environment to a large degree. The disposal of these pollutants being a tough task, it is hardly possible that we can completely get rid of them within a short period of time. Furthermore, even if we can come up with optimal methods for dealing with these substances, there remains the problem that these methods may cost too much and obstruct the development of economy. Last but not least, the well-being of people around the world is threatened by a variety of diseases, ranging from AIDS to cancer, the cures for which have not been discovered yet. Diseases set off panics among humans, affect their normal life and leave people badly off with the high medical expenses. There are thousands of scientists devoting themselves to finding cure for diseases, but new types of diseases keep emerging and there is no eliminating all of them. In summary, the problems with the most significance today are going to be passed on to our offspring. To eliminate these problems thoroughly, there is still a long way to go.

2019年8月21日托福机经小范围预测(高分版)

2019年8月21日托福机经小范围预测(高分版) Task 4. Reading:生物因为坏境进化。 Listening:两种动物,不是亲戚,俩大洲生活,吃一种虫子,这个 虫子住在有泥巴覆盖的深巢穴里。于是他俩都进化出了长长的粘舌头,伸进去,粘蚂蚁。 Task 5.Problem: a party, students can relieve the stress from final exams and get away from books. A student band supposes to play music, however the leader of the band is sick, so the band was cancelled. Solutions: 2 solutions by 2 students: 1. play records, but recorded music is not as exciting as live music; 2. Postpone the party to 1 week before the final exam, however some students will go home and miss the party. 独立写作题目: Television advertising directed towards young children (aged twoto five) should not be https://www.360docs.net/doc/d24694246.html,e specific reasons and examples to supportyour answer.

2018年9月8日和9日托福考试写作机经预测 雷哥托福

2018年9月8日和9日托福考试写作机经预测|雷哥托福 在托福考试前夕,同学们的心情都会比较紧张。为了帮助大家缓解紧张的氛围,雷哥托福小托君为大家带来了考前机经,希望通过这些内容的整理和学习,能够帮助大家做好考前冲刺!2018年9月8日和9月9日托福考试写作机经,希望考生在得到很好的命中率之余,能够多掌握托福考试写作真题的答题方法。 1. Rather than help their children do schoolwork, parents should encourage their children do their homework independently. 2. Do you agree that it is better to work for business owned by someone else than to work for the business of one’s own family 3. A city wants to help teachers of its high school students (age14-18) improve their teaching. It is considering two plans: 1) Choose a small group of excellent teachers; these teachers will attend a class led by an expert for additional training in how to teach effectively, and they will then come back to their schools and provide that training for other teachers in school. 2) Provide additional training in teaching effectively for high school teachers, using online material that each teacher will study individually. 4. Students aged 13-18 are taught different subjects by different teachers while younger students are taught by only one teacher all day long. Some people suggest it would benefit young students to be taught by different teachers. Do you agree with this view? Why or why not? 5. Which of the following summer arrangements is better for a 16-17 year old student of grade eleven?

阅读具体题型简介TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPES

阅读具体题型简介TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPES Basic Information and Inference questions (12 to 14 questions per set ) 1. Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题 2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )排除题 3. Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题 4. Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )修辞目的题 5. Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 词汇题 6. Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题 7. Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )简化句子题 8. Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )插入句子题 Reading to Learn questions (1 question per set ) 9. Prose Summary 文章内容小结题 10. Fill in a Table 完成图表题 其中,前八种为微观题,解题不需要联系文章主旨。后两种为宏观题,解题需要联系文章主旨,解题难度高于微观题。 新托福考试的十种题型有六种是沿用旧托福考试中已经出现的题型(细节题、排除题、推断题、修辞目的题、词汇题、指代题),因此这六种题型我们最好使用旧托福的复习资料。因为新托福考试备考过程中的一个问题就是真题资料的匮乏,我们需要尽可能利用来自ETS 的真题资料。而四种新题型,句子简化题、插入句子题、文章内容小结题和图表题,代表了托福考试的新动向,是需要引起广大考生的重视的。下面我们就来对这十种题型一一进行介绍和评价。 1、Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题

2013年5月托福写作机经题目预测--新东方王子睿

2013年5月托福写作机经题目预测 新东方王子睿1.Which one of the following ways do you think is the best for students to make friends? Joining a sport team Attending community activities Travelling 2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A job with a high salary is better than a job with a low salary, even if it is easier to lose it. 3.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is easier for people today to keep healthy than those in the past. 4.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should focus its budgets more on environmental protection than on economic development. 5.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is impossible to be completely honest to your friends. 6.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for schools to fund their students’social activities than to improve student’meals. 7.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Working at home by using telephones and computers is better than working in the office. 8.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Nowadays, neighbors depend on each other less than in the past. 9.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We can learn about a person from the books and movies that the person likes. 10.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The rules that the whole society today expect young people to follow are too strict. 11.Do you agree or disagree with following statement? In the past people depended on their parents for making decisions, but today, young people are much better able to make decisions on their own. 12.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people should try different kinds of jobs before they take a career in the long term. 13.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers’performance should be evaluated by students rather than by other teachers. 14.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people nowadays do not respect their teachers as much as they did in the past. 15.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should buy things made by their own countries, even if things from other countries are more cost-effective.

2018年1月13日托福考试阅读机经预测

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