高中英语完形填空

高中英语完形填空
高中英语完形填空

完形填空

一题型概述

完形填空(Cloze)又称综合填空,其命题原理是格式塔心理学。

格式塔心理学强调整体感知和对文章从语义上的整体把握。一篇完形填空测试考生的重点和考查初衷,这与短文的空格设计密切相关。

如果空格要求学生填入连词、介词、冠词等,则空格为功能性空格;如果要求填入名词、形容词、动词等实义词,则空格为语义空格。

从近几年的高考试题看,完形填空以语义空格为主,语法部分的内容已经弱化为对词法的考查。

完形填空的空格分为四种类型:词内项、词间项、句内项、句间项, 难度是逐渐上升的。在十五道题中,平均的数量比例是2:3:5:5。

二近年高考完形填空题的命题趋势和新题动向

《高考考纲》要求完形填空题篇幅为一段约200-250单词的文章,不过自1998年起高考完形填空在词数上(1998年294词)都超过260个单词;2002年高考完形填空题词数为274词,答题时间由原来的18分钟减少为15分钟,这在阅读难度及速度上都对考生提出了更高的要求。

2、生词量有增无减。

2000年以前的高考完形填空题中除人名、地名和部分注释词外,基本上没有生词;

但从2001年开始出现大量不含汉语注释的生词,如在2001年高考完形中出现的生词:link, Mount Everest, Abominable Snowman, occasion, adventure, footprint, prehistory, track等词;

在2002年高考完形中的生词更是令考生料想不到的,不到300词的文章中竟多达10个生词,如:intelligence, auto-repair, counter, hammer(用锤子敲打),goddamned, uneasy, try...on sb.(愚弄,戏耍某人),creature等词或词组。

这些生词的出现影响了阅读的速度,使学生出现理解偏差或理解困难,从而降低了答题正确率。

3、长句增多,句式灵活,结构复杂。

近几年高考完形材料在句子上突出了对行文逻辑及理解能力方面的考查,在选材上主要表现为长句、复合句增多、句子结构复杂(定语从句、状语从句、插入语等)、句式丰富多样(陈述句、祈使句、省略句、疑问句、感叹句等),极大地增加了阅读难度,限制了学生的理解程度。如:

The native people said they 38 this creature and called it the"Yeti",and they said that they had 39 caught Yetis on two occasions 40 none has ever been produced as evidence. (NMET2001)

I had an auto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not 38 have scored more than 80. (NMET2002)

这就要求考生要善于剖析句子结构,捕捉隐含信息,否则难以正确理解文章内容,进而影响答题正确率。

4、题目设置上单纯语法考查减少,上下文联系考查力度加大,并且以同义词、相似词为典型的迷惑选项增多。

近几年《考纲》明确要求加强对考生应用能力的考查,在应用中测试考生运用英语基础知识的能力,这一点在近几年高考完形填空中得到了淋漓尽致的体现。

具体体现在文章在题目设置上相似项增多,迷惑选项较强,考生必须通过寻找上下文隐含信息,感受语境,采用直接和排除等技巧才能找出符合题意的最佳选项。

5、完形填空的第一句都是完整的句子,并且每篇文章都有一个主题。

如果学生能在考试中把握到高考完形填空的这一特点,就能够对文章有初步的了解,树立全局意识,并且对于梳理上下文脉络,抓住文章的主旨也大有裨益。

三完形填空题的解题方法和高分策略

1、语义优先于语法原则

由于文章的开头部分一般不设空格,而是对所选短文的题材和可能涉及的内容作简单的介绍或提示,并且单纯的语法题几乎从该题型中消失。

如果一味按照语法规则来选择答案,就陷入了答题误区,因为几乎每一题的四个选项都符合语法规则;理解文章的大意并结合语言结构对每个空格作出正确的判断,方为上策。

2、词内选项句内找原则

从近几年的高考原题来看,近义词或词组的辨析正成为考试的热点。四个选择项要么都是词义相近的名词单数或复数,要么都是近义动词的同一时态等,只能根据上下文的语境作出正确的选择。

如果提供的四个选择项词义相差悬殊,则上文或下文肯定有答题提示,有时第一个空格要读完全文才能回答。

以2003年高考上海卷第一篇完形填空为例,短文开头提到农民们生活艰难,正寻求新的赚钱方式,随后就说“除了种植新品种的谷物外,还有一些赚钱方法,其中最不同寻常的就是赛羊了。”

该考题为空格提供了四个选项,都是形容词性,A项是“共同的,普遍的”;C项是“灵活的”;D项是“非法的”。只有B项“奇特的”符合上下文的语境。农民不是靠种植谷物而靠赛羊来赚钱前所未闻,当然是奇特赚钱方法了。本题当属句间项考题。

3、四遍法原则

考生正确的答题步骤应该是:

首先跳过空格通读全文,了解短文的大意及文章的体裁,同时将一眼就看出答案的几道题答出;

第二遍是答题的关键,考生应一个个地去推敲,切忌按题号顺序答题,不能确定的先跳过去,先易后难是答题原则;

第三遍是通篇考虑,把一些上下文联系很强,甚至牵涉到段与段之间逻辑关系的困难

空缺填好;

第四遍是检查,做完后再通读一遍全文,从整体把握文章的意思,修正与全文不相称的选项。

四平时的练习方法和提高途径

良好的完形填空成绩主要表现在良好的阅读习惯和良好的语法功底,有人说,“得阅读者得天下”。完形填空也不例外。

培养自己良好的阅读习惯应做到:

?1、要以意群,语义为单位读,不要逐词逐句地认;

?2、要借助视觉扫读,不要手指唇动或无声心读;

?3、要从头至尾,一气呵成,不要频繁回读;

?4、要直接理解原文,不要逐词逐句地心译;

?5、要利用上下文和构词法猜测生词,推测出句意,不要频繁查阅词典;

?6、逐步扩大视距,要纵式快速阅读,不要横式赏析细读。

高三学生的训练量应保持在一个星期6篇题目,每次完成三篇,时间控制在每篇14分钟之内。

做题之后注意总结和彻底查清单词的辨义,同时辅以必要的语法书作查缺补漏之用。完形填空题型只要经过科学的训练,相信同学们会得到长足的进步。

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