Unit 8-10 The Environment

Unit 8-10 The Environment
Unit 8-10 The Environment

Unit 8 The Environment

Part A

Pre-listening Task

Questions for Discussion

1.Do you think our environment is polluted?

2.What kinds of pollution do you think we have at present?

3.What are the main causes of pollution? What are the effects of pollution on the environment

or on human health?

4.What do you think we should do to protect our environment?

5.Do you know of any campaigns to reduce pollution and save the environment?

Demo:

3. What are the main causes of pollution? What are the effects of pollution on the environment or on human health?

In my opinion, p eople‘s bad behavior and bad habits are the main causes of pollution. They are very harmful to the environment and to our health as well. Many rivers and lakes are polluted by uncontrolled discharge of industrial and domestic waste into them. The air is polluted by industries and motor vehicles. Many forests are damaged or destroyed by people who cut trees. The natural environment is abused by human beings when they try to reshape it such as removing part of a mountain or emptying a pond or a lake. It is also a foolish act to put up an ugly house in a place of natural beauty. So people in those polluted areas will surely be affected by the smog and poisonous polluted water. What‘s more, once the environment has been ruined, it will be extremely difficult for it to recover.

Additional Question for Discussion

What progress have we made to save the environment? Give one or two examples.

Demo:

In the past two decades, China has established a series of rules and laws and built facilities to control environmental pollution. We have set up various preservations or special zones to protect the nature and wildlife. We have carried out education programs to raise people‘s awareness of the importance of environmental protection. We have learned to recycle (循环利用) natural resources whenever possible. Many of us have tried very hard to make our lifestyles more environmentally-friendly (有益于环境). All these efforts we have made are aimed at saving the environment. We will continue our efforts and make our world a better place to live.

Language Focus

Here are some sentences and structures that you may find useful in discussing the above questions.

●Our environment is being seriously polluted.

●There are air pollution, water pollution, and land pollution.

●Humans are to blame / responsible for the worsening of the Earth‘s environment.

●It is human beings who have polluted the environment.

●It is human beings‘ bad behavior and bad habits that have caused serious pollution / damage

to the environment.

●The development of technology has brought pollution while improving people‘s life.

●The invention of the automobile is a mixed blessing. It provides convenience but at the same

time pollutes the air.

●Most air pollution comes from the human activity of burning natural gas, coal and oil for

industries and motor vehicles.

●Air pollution makes people sick / causes breathing problems / promotes cancer.

●Some industries and people are spoiling the waters. They pour dirty water / wastes / harmful

substances into lakes, rivers and seas.

●As a result of water pollution, lots of fish die and the water becomes unhealthy for people to

drink.

●Land pollution is caused by littering, improper disposal of domestic and industrial waste, and

use of fertilizers and pesticides in farming.

● A large amount of waste collected from homes, offices and industries ends up in landfills.

●Landfills are a major source of pollution. They contain harmful chemicals that can seep into /

enter the soil and make it polluted.

●The toxic chemicals that pollute the soil can get into our body when we eat fruits and

vegetables that have been grown in polluted soil.

●Governments / Businesses / Individuals must do their best / all they can to clean up / save the

environment.

●Pollution knows no boundaries between nations. So a global effort is needed to fight against

it.

●As individuals, we can help reduce pollution by cutting back on the amount of energy we use

/ walking more and driving less / cutting down on the waste we produce / separating household waste at home for recycling / buying products that have little packaging.

●In our country, a nationwide campaign against plastic bags has been launched to fight

environmental pollution. The campaign prohibits shops from giving out free plastic shopping bags and encourages consumers to use baskets or reusable cloth bags instead.

●Plastic bags are light, handy and cheap but dumping plastic bags everywhere is a bad habit /

causes pollution to the environment.

●Burning plastic bags produces poisonous gases harmful to the environment.

Part B

Listening Tasks

Passage 1

Plastic Bags —A Big Problem in Hong Kong

Word Bank

dump v. to drop or unload 倾倒

taxpayer n. a person who pays taxes 纳税人

release v. to let go 放出

poisonous a. containing substances that can cause death or serious illness 有毒的penetrate (into) v. to enter 渗透入,进入

retail n. the sale of goods in shops to customers 零售

launch v. to start 开展,发动

ideally ad. used to describe the way you would like things to be, even though

this may not be possible 最理想的是

canvas n. strong rough cloth used for bags, tents, etc. 帆布

coordinator n. a person who makes people or things work together 协调人awareness n. knowledge or understanding 认识

break down to undergo chemical decomposition 分解

reduce ... by ... per cent 使……减少……个百分点

Script:

Every day people in Hong Kong get rid of 15 million plastic bags. They weigh about 600 tons. This is not including the tens of thousands of plastic bags people dump at the beaches and in local waters, which have caused serious pollution.

These bags cost taxpayers over $70 million a year to deal with. Some of the bags are destroyed by burning. The problem with this is that, when they break down, they release poisonous chemicals, which can cause cancer. The chemical poisons penetrate into the earth.

In order to attract the public‘s attention to the problem of plastic bags and to reduce the number of bags used at the same time, the Retail Management Association launched the Use Fewer Bags Campaign. In the first stage of the campaign, 1,500 retail stores aimed to reduce the number of plastic bags given away to customers by 10 per cent. This has been achieved. The second stage of the campaign will focus on the number of plastic bags given away in markets.

―Ideally, people going to buy food in the markets should carry their own reusable bags, such as canvas bags, that can be washed,‖ said a campaign coordinator. She stressed that the campaign had two objectives. Besides reducing the number of plastic bags used, she hoped that the campaign would increase the public‘s overall awareness of environmental problems.

Language and Culture Notes

1.Background information

Many big cities in the world have environmental problems. Hong Kong is no exception. The disposal of plastic bags alone has caused serious damage to the environment. Every day 15 million plastic bags are thrown out, equivalent to 8 per cent of Hong Kong‘s solid waste. The government spends HK $70 million a year to get rid of the bags by dumping them in landfills or by burning. As a result, large areas of land are wasted and, what is worse, poisonous chemicals, such as dioxin, a cancer-causing element, are released when the bags are burned, polluting the air and contaminating land and ground water. To raise public awareness of the problems caused by plastic bags, the Use Fewer Bags Campaign was launched in May 1994 by the Retail Management Association in Hong Kong. More than 1,500 retail stores took part in the

campaign. Pop stars and radio celebrities also joined in. Altogether 22 jingles (广告短诗、短歌) were created for broadcast in participating shops and supermarkets to urge customers to protect the environment by using fewer plastic bags. The campaign was a great success. In its first year, participating retailers saved more than 35 million plastic bags. Today if you are shopping in Hong Kong, you are not supposed to be given plastic bags. Instead, you will be asked, ―Do you need a bag?‖

2.when they break down

when the plastic bags disintegrate into particles

3. The chemical poisons penetrate into the earth.

The chemical poisons go deep into the soil.

4. the Retail Management Association

The Hong Kong Retail Management Association (HKRMA), the major retail association in Hong Kong, counts almost all of Hong Kong‘s 50,000 retailers as members, and represents most major supermarket chains and department stores.

5. to reduce the number of plastic bags given away to customers by 10 per cent

to give away 10% less plastic bags to customers

6. reusable bags

bags that can be used again

Exercise 1

Listen to the passage and choose the right answers to the questions you hear.

1. What does the passage mainly tell us?

a. How the Hong Kong authorities try to protect its environment.

b. Why plastic bags should be replaced by reusable bags.

c. How people in Hong Kong try to reduce the number of plastic bags in use.

d. How Hong Kong handles serious environmental problems ther

e.

2. What is the purpose of launching the Use Fewer Bags Campaign?

a. To call the public‘s attention to the serious problem caused by plastic bags.

b. To attract the public‘s attention to the problem of chemical poisons.

c. To inform the public that destroying plastic bags by burning causes pollution.

d. To stop poisonous chemicals from penetrating into the earth.

3. According to a campaign coordinator, what should people carry when they go to buy food in the markets?

a. Their own plastic bags.

b. Shopping baskets.

c. Canvas bags only.

d. Reusable bags.

Exercise 2

Listen again and complete the chart below with information from the passage.

The Use Fewer Bags Campaign

Background People in Hong Kong throw away 15 million plastic bags every day. In

addition, tens of thousands of plastic bags are dumped at the beaches

and in local waters, causing serious pollution.

It costs $70 million a year to deal with the thrown-away bags.

Some of the bags are destroyed by burning, a process that gives off

cancer-causing chemicals.

Objectives To reduce the number of plastic bags used.

To increase the public‘s overall awareness of environmental problems. Stages Stage One: 1,500 retail stores joined efforts to reduce the number of

plastic bags given away to customers by 10 per cent. (Achieved)

Stage Two: focusing on reducing the number of plastic bags given

away in markets.

Passage 2

The Rhine River

Word Bank

waterway n. a river, canal, or other body of water that ships or boats can travel on 水路;航道untreated a. not subjected to chemical or physical treatment 未经处理的

pesticide n. a chemical substance that kills animal pests 杀虫剂;农药

leak v. (of a liquid or gas) to escape from a hole or crack in a pipe or container 泄漏extract v. to take out (sth.) 取出

trace v. to find or discover by investigation 追踪;追查

festive a. joyous or merry 节日式的;欢乐的

leisurely ad. done in a relaxed way, without hurrying 悠闲地;从容地

wake-up call an event that causes people to become fully alert to an unsatisfactory situation警钟the Rhine a river in western Europe 莱茵河

the Alps a mountain system in Europe 阿尔卑斯山脉

the North Sea an arm of the Atlantic Ocean 北海

Basel Switzerland‘s third most populous city 巴塞尔(瑞士第三大城市)

Script:

The River Rhine is Western Europe‘s most important waterway. Rising in the Alps, it passes through Switzerland, Germany, France and Holland, before flowing into the North Sea.

But for decades, industrial and domestic waste flowed untreated into the river and, not surprisingly, the Rhine was seriously polluted from the 1950s to the 1970s. Fish disappeared and it was dangerous to swim in it. Then in 1986 a fire at a chemical plant in Basel, Switzerland, caused tons of pesticides to leak into the river. Thousands of fish died. That was a wake-up call for the countries along the Rhine. They realized that they really had to get together and clean it up and keep it clean. Otherwise it could be the death of the Rhine. Switzerland, Germany and France now work together in Basel to keep the river clean. At various points, water is extracted and checked every six minutes, twenty-four hours a day. And industries that pollute the river can be traced and fined.

Thanks to international cooperation, the river is on the path to recovery. At Basel, in the evening summer sun, the river has a festive atmosphere. People walk leisurely along the river banks, listening to live music, and pause for a drink in one of the many open-air cafes. On the vast river itself, boats from Germany sail slowly past the old town of the city, towards the more modern structures of the chemical industries.

Language and Culture Notes

1.Background information

The River Rhine is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. It begins in the Swiss Alps and flows north and northwest to the North Sea, passing six countries: Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France and the Netherlands. With a length of about 820 miles (1,320 km), the Rhine is Europe‘s most important inland waterway. Many cities and major industrial areas occupy its banks. Over the twentieth century, water quality in the Rhine increasingly deteriorated. Huge amounts of untreated waste from towns, farms and industries were dumped into the water and the Rhine was nicknamed ―the Sewer of Europe‖. The fish population also dwindled and by 1958, the once-plentiful salmon — known for their sensitivity to pollution —disappeared entirely from the Rhine.As early as 1950, Germany, France, Luxemburg, Switzerland and the Netherlands had formed the International Commission for Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) to handle pollution issues of the Rhine, but little was accomplished and water quality steadily worsened for the next 20 years. Then, in 1986, a fire broke out at a chemical factory in Basel, Switzerland, sending tons of toxic chemicals into the nearby Rhine. More than half a million fish were killed and some species were completely wiped out. The disaster created a sense of urgency for tougher action against pollution. In 1987, the ICPR drafted the Rhine Action Program, a project aimed at restoring the health of the river. It became known as the Salmon 2000 project because its stated goal was to see the return of salmon to the Rhine by the year 2000. The Rhine Action Program proved to be a turning-point in the protection of the Rhine. By the 1990s, water quality in the river had greatly improved. In 1997, salmon returned to the Rhine, three years ahead of schedule.

2.the Alps

a mountain system in Europe extending in a curve from the coast of southeastern France through northwestern Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and southern Germany into Austria. The highest peak of the Alps is Mont Blanc, at 4,807 meters, on the French-Italian border.

3. the North Sea

an arm of the Atlantic Ocean lying between the mainland of Europe and the coast of Britain, important for its oil and gas deposits

4.Basel, Switzerland

a commercial and industrial city in northwestern Switzerland. It straddles the Rhine at the point where France, Germany, and Switzerland meet. The city consists of Greater Basel, which is the commercial and intellectual center, and Lesser Basel, where industry is concentrated.

Exercise 1

Listen to the passage and choose the right answers to the questions you hear.

1.Which of the following headings best describes the main idea of the passage?

a.The Rhine: a dying river.

b.Water pollution in the Rhine River.

c.International cooperation in environmental protection.

d.Cleaning up the Rhine: an environmental success story.

2.Which event served as a wake-up call to countries along the Rhine that they should get

together and restore the health of the river?

a.The death of thousands of fish in the river.

b. A fire at an open-air cafe on the bank of the river.

c. A chemical spill into the river from a nearby factory.

d.The discharge of untreated industrial waste into the river by a chemical plant.

3.According to the passage, what plays a key role in the effort to clean up the Rhine?

a.Public awareness of environmental problems.

b.Cooperation between countries that share the Rhine.

c.Self-regulation of the chemical industries along the Rhine.

d.Severe punishment of industries responsible for polluting the river.

Exercise 2

Listen again and complete the answers to the following questions.

1. How important is the Rhine to Western Europe?

It is Western Europe‘s most important waterway.

2. What happened to the Rhine from the 1950s to the 1970s?

It was seriously polluted. Fish disappeared and it was dangerous to swim in it.

3. What happened in 1986?

A fire broke out at a chemical plant in Basel, which caused tons of pesticides to leak into the

Rhine.

4. What was the good result of what happened in 1986?

The countries along the Rhine realized that they should work together to clean it up and keep it clean.

5. How often is the water at various points in the Rhine extracted and checked?

Every six minutes, 24 hours a day.

Speaking Tasks

Pair Work

Debating — Arguments for or against the view that economic development is more

important than environmental protection

A Sample

Economic development and environmental protection are two important but competing issues facing the world today. Do you think economic development is more important than environmental protection or vice versa? Express and defend your views from the perspectives given in the card below.

Topic:Is economic development more important than environmental protection?

Perspectives:

1.From the perspective of a manufacturer (positive)

2. From the perspective of an environmentalist (negative)

Possible Arguments (for reference)

From the perspective of a manufacturer (positive)

In my opinion, economic development is more important than environmental protection. First of all, poverty is still a serious problem at present in many parts of the world. According to a recent World Bank report, 1.4 billion people in developing countries are still living in extreme poverty, which means one in every four people in the developing world does not have enough to meet their basic needs. In order to reduce poverty and to provide for an ever-growing population, we have to make economic development our priority. It is a more urgent task. Only when people‘s basic needs are met can they have the luxury to think of environmental protection.

Secondly, economic development will enable us to take a better care of the environment in the long run. This is because people‘s awareness of environmental issues is linked with their living standard. As society gets more affluent, people‘s desire for a better environment increases. And thanks to economic development they now have the financial means to deal with environmental problems. For example, the development of alternative energy resources such as solar and wind power will eventually put an end to our dependence on fossil fuels which are the primary cause of many environmental problems we are facing today.

To sum up, I think economic development is more important than environmental protection at present. Economic development is essential to reducing poverty and improving people‘s lives. It also fuels the development of technology, which will enable us to better protect the environment.

From the perspective of an environmentalist (negative)

I think protecting the environment is more important than economic development. First of all, there is a trade-off between economic development and environmental protection. The more economic activities we carry out, the more stress we place on the environment. Industrialization in many parts of the world, with its focus on development, has already caused serious global environmental problems. The earth‘s natural resources are diminishing at an alarming rate and air and water pollution is taking its toll on people‘s health. Economic development is not the end, but the means to improve people‘s lives. If we pursue economic development at the cost of the environment, it defeats the purpose of development.

On the other hand, environmental problems will in turn hurt economic development. For example, global warming, which results from the emission of greenhouse gases, is causing climate change throughout the world. The environment is the foundation for economic development, but it cannot support uncontrolled development. If we want to have long-term economic growth, we have to put environmental protection before economic development.

To conclude, a healthy environment is the precondition for our well-being and a healthy economy. To ensure a healthy environment, we have to make environmental protection our priority and develop the economy within the ecological means of our planet.

Now use the above sample as a model and discuss the following topic. You can refer to the notes provided below for ideas and vocabulary. You are also welcome to contribute ideas of your own. The following notes offer the major divisions as argument and counter-argument.

Topic: Is economic development more important than environmental protection in developing countries?

Perspectives:

1. From the perspective of a businessman (positive)

2. From the perspective of a college student (negative)

Some Ideas for Reference

The Argument (positive)

1.Economic development is a sure way to fight poverty, to feed the ever-increasing population

and to provide jobs for people.

2.Environmental protection is our long-term goal. Environmental protection is very costly and

it can wait until we can afford it.

3.Strict environmental policies may hurt the economy, causing a lot of people to lose their jobs.

4.Economic development will provide solution to environmental problems.

5.Economic development will improve people‘s living standards. As a result, people will

become more environmentally conscious and more willing to contribute to saving the environment.

6.With a strong economy there will be more money available to finance environmental projects.

(e.g. clean up rivers, establish natural reserves, find new ways of producing energy: nuclear

energy, solar and wind power, biofuels, etc.)

7.Economic development may cause certain damage to the environment at first, but may

benefit the environment in the long run.

8.The answer to environmental protection is not to restrict development, but to increase it.

The Counter-argument (negative)

1.Uncontrolled economic development damages the environment. It is the main cause of air and

water pollution and global warming.

2.To develop economy at the cost of the environment is short-sighted. It may seem beneficial at

first, but will be harmful later.

3.Uncontrolled economic development runs contrary to the aim of development, which is to

raise the people‘s living standard.

4.Environmental problems hurt the economy. (e.g. air and water pollution raises health-care

cost; acid rain leads to crop failures, causing losses to farmers, etc.)

5.The ―develop now, clean up later‖ approach is wrong. Some damage is permanent. When an

animal species becomes extinct, it‘s gone forever.

6.Natural resources are not limitless.

7.Environmental protection must be given priority in order to have long-term sustainable

economic growth.

8.We must pursue development in a sustainable way so as to preserve the earth for future

generations.

Part C

Test Your Listening

A Passage

Listen to the passage and choose the right answers to the questions you hear.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

a. How to protect the environment.

b. People‘s growing awareness of the importance of recycling.

c. The importance of the three Rs to a cleaner environment.

d. What the three Rs mean.

2. What should we do to reduce waste when we go shopping?

a. Not to buy things in small quantities.

b. Not to buy things without making a plan in advance.

c. Buy things which are much cheaper.

d. Buy things packed in small containers.

3. Why should we buy durable goods according to the passage?

a. They are of high quality.

b. They can be reused for a long time.

c. They can save us a little more money.

d. They can help save the environment in the long run.

4. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

a. Recycling is most important among the three Rs.

b. Canvas bags are ideal for shopping because they are most durable.

c. Throwing things away is what causes pollution to the environment.

d. Reducing is the best way to save the environment.

Script:

For a cleaner environment it‘s necessary for us to keep in mind the three Rs. They are: reduce, reuse, and recycle.

Reducing is the best way to protect the environment. However, if you can‘t reduce something, reuse it. And if you can‘t reuse it, you can recycle it.

Reducing waste means shopping with the environment in mind. Consider the environmental impact of each product before you buy it. Remember to make a list of what you need before you go shopping; this will reduce impulse buying. Buy in bulk, which means buying in large quantities and not packed. It‘s much cheaper and eliminates small containers and excess packaging. Avoid buying things that can‘t be recycled.

Second, learning to reuse is easy after you make a little practice. For example, you can reuse shopping bags. Buy canvas bags and use them when you shop. Buy durable, high-quality goods for a longer life. Although durable goods may cost a little more at first, they will save you money and help save the environment in the long run. Before throwing anything away, think about how each item can be reused.

The last of the three Rs that we must keep in mind is recycling. Recycling means collecting, processing, marketing, and ultimately reusing materials that were once thrown away. Check the

yellow pages or the Internet to find information about local recycling programs in your community.

Part D

Time to Talk

Look at these pictures and describe them one by one. If possible, try also to find something relevant to talk about.

Hints:

1. A: sandstorm, Beijing, wear masks, become quite an annoyance (烦恼,可厌之事), attack

several times a year, can‘t see far

B: trees have been cut down, according to some statistics (数据), the world forests are disappearing at a faster pace, the main reason, sandstorms, take action, save our forests and protect our environment

2.windmills (风车), human smart inventions, don‘t use fuel and don‘t cause pollution, can

generate electricity, to drive machines, irrigate fields, grind wheat into flour, think of more ways to use the solar energy, to protect our environment, make the world a clean place to live in

3.beach, blue sky, water, green hills, bottom of the picture, something black, oil which leaked

from a broken oil vessel (油轮), oil spill (漏油事件), man-made disaster, to animals, live in the sea, on the seashore

Demo:

1. A: The picture on the top shows a sandstorm attacking the city of Beijing. People have to

wear masks to keep the sand from their faces. In recent years, sandstorms have become quite an annoyance for China, attacking places like Beijing and other northern areas several times a year. When a sandstorm comes, the sky turns yellow and you can‘t see very far.

B: The picture below shows that a tree has been cut down. According to some statistics, the world forests are disappearing at a faster pace. This is the main reason for the appearance of sandstorms. So if we want to get rid of sandstorms, we should take action to save our forests and protect our environment.

2. This is a picture of windmills. They are one of the human smart inventions. They don‘t

use fuel and they don‘t cause pollution. They can generate electricity to drive the machines, to irrigate the fields, and to grind wheat into flour. Nowadays, we use too much gas and coal.

Maybe we should think of more ways to use the solar energy or wind to generate power for

our activities. It‘s our duty to protect our environment and make the world a clean place to live in.

3.This picture shows a beach —blue sky, blue sea water, white waves and green

mountains in the background. But if you take a closer look at the bottom of the picture, you‘ll find that the beach is covered with something black. It‘s oil, which leaked from a broken oil vessel. This is called an ―oil spill‖. An oil spill is a man-made disaster. It‘s a disaster to the animals living in the sea and on the seashore.

Movie Time

Word Bank

endanger v.濒临危险

evolution n.进化

natural selection 自然选择,物竞天择

bizarre a.奇怪的

organism n.生命体

beetle n.甲虫

bubble n.水泡

aqualung n.水中呼吸器

rhinoceros n.犀牛

adapt v.改变以适应环境

Script:

Today, planet Earth is dominated by humans. There are over 6 billion of us. But what would happen to the planet, if there were no people? Just imagine that people were to disappear from this world. Many familiar animals: the big cats, the bears and the wolves, already endangered, already under threat from us, will disappear in a few thousand years. The planet, and the survivors, will carry on without us and evolution, natural selection, will create new and bizarre life. These future worlds, millions of years from now, are populated by strange creatures. But they are not just fantasy. These worlds are experiments in the imagination of some of today‘s top scientists, based on what they know about the world now.

―When we look around the world right now, we see a huge number of very different things, organisms you would never in your wildest dreams invent, organisms you couldn‘t possibly imagine could make their lives that way. And beetles that live off tiny bubble aqualungs under water, or the rhinoceros. Imagine the rhinoceros, if you didn‘t know they existed, would you have drawn one?‖

But how could scientists predict the future course of evolution?

―From studying the past, we can see certain trends in animals and animal evolution and we can say that, in the future, certain things are going to result because of circumstances developing in a certain way.‖

―So there are a whole series of ?rules‘ as it were,of how life has evolved, how life has changed and adapted through time, that we can test by taking our understanding of the present day and looking back into the past. It is no great leap of faith, then, to turn around and go in the other

direction, to the future. To go forward and create some of the organisms which are unusual, imaginative, but possible.‖

Exercise A

The following statements summarize respectively each speaker’s main points. Fill in the blanks according to what you hear from the video clip.

Narrator Now planet Earth is dominated by people. Sometimes, we may wonder: what would happen to the planet, if (1) ______________________? According to

scientists, when that happened, the world would be full of (2)

______________________.

Scientist 1 When we look around the world, we see (3) _____________________, organisms you would never imagine even in your wildest dreams, like beetles underneath

water or rhinoceros.

Scientist 2 We can predict the future by (4) ____________________.

Scientist 3 In the natural world, whether in the past or in the future, there is a series of rules of (5) ________________.

Keys for reference:

(1)there were no people

(2)new, strange, bizarre creatures

(3) a huge number of very different things

(4)studying the past and its trends

(5)how life has evolved, how life has changed and developed

Exercise B

Answer the following questions.

Questions:

1. What is the relationship between humans and animals on this planet?

2. What kind of animals had once dominated this world in history?

3. Who would dominate the world in the future, humans or a new species of animal?

Hints:

1.There should be a harmonious relationship between humans and animals. It‘s our duty to

protect all species of animals on this planet.

2.Dinosaurs once dominated the world and then suddenly died out about 60 million years ago.

3.The most intelligent species of animals would dominate this planet in the future.

Unit 9 The Single Currency

Part A

Pre-listening Task

Questions for Discussion

1.How important is the national currency to a country?

2.How many countries are there in the European Union? Could you name some of them?

3.When did some EU countries say goodbye to their old national currencies?

4.Which countries in the European Union have adopted the euro as their national currency?

Why?

5.What is the euro? What did political leaders hope to achieve by creating the euro?

Demo:

4. Which countries in the European Union have adopted the euro as their national currency? Why?

The euro is a new currency adopted by 16 out of the 27 member states of the European Union, which are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Malta, Spain, Slovenia and Slovakia. Britain hasn‘t adopted it so far for some reasons.

Adopting the euro as the single currency is hoped to bring Europeans closer together and make life easier for the people in Europe. It is also hoped that the launching of the euro will give a strong boost to trade and economy within the euro zone.

Additional Question for Discussion

What does the euro mean to Europe?

Demo:

To many people, the euro is the single currency that makes Europe more united and powerful, and gives it a stronger competitive advantage in the international market. On a practical level, the euro helps make life easier for people who travel in Europ ean countries. They don‘t need to change money every time they cross a borderline. But for some reasons, Britain has not adopted the euro yet, which causes a lot of inconveniences for people from Britain and from other European countries to travel within Europe.

Language Focus

Here are some sentences and structures that you may find useful in discussing the above questions.

● A national currency is a symbol of a country / an essential part of a country‘s economy.

●The stability of a national currency guarantees the stability of the country.

●The European Union consists of 27 countries. They are Britain, France, Germany, Italy,

Spain, etc.

●Some EU countries said goodbye to their old national currencies at midnight, Dec. 31st,

2001.

●The euro began circulating in some EU countries on January 1st, 2002.

●The euro is the single currency originally adopted by 12 countries of the European Union,

namely France, Germany, Greece, Austria, Belgium, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.

●The euro has now been adopted by 16 of the 27 EU member states.

●It is hoped that the launching of the euro will give a strong boost to trade within the euro

zone.

●The purpose of launching the single currency is to make Europe stronger / more powerful /

more united / more competitive in the international market.

●Hopefully, people will get attached to the euro as they were to their old currencies.

●Some European leaders think the euro will boost economy.

●Most European leaders believe that adopting the euro can fuel competition and hold back

inflation.

●Adopting the euro can make it easier for shoppers and companies to compare prices across

Europe.

●Having euros in their pockets will bring Europeans closer together / make life easier for

tourists and businessmen who travel a lot.

Part B

Listening Tasks

Passage 1

The Launching of the Euro

Word Bank

launch v. to make available to the public 将……投放市场

euro n. the official money of most countries in the European Union 欧元currency n. the particular type of money in use in a country 货币

switchover n. a complete change 转换

stability n. the state of being steady 稳定

bind v. to tie together 使结合

chancellor n. head of government in some European countries (德国、奥地利等的)总理

champion v. to support strongly 拥护,提倡

usher in to mark the beginning of 宣告……的到来

stay out not to join the others in doing sth. 不参与

EU Commission 欧盟委员会

Helmut Kohl former German chancellor 科尔(德国前总理)

Francois Mitterrand late French president 密特朗(法国前总统,已故)

Belgium 比利时

Script:

As firework displays ushered in the euro from Paris to Athens, Rome to Madrid, curiosity drove Europeans to cash machines at midnight December 31, 2001 for the first look at the brightly colored new notes. More than 300 million Europeans began changing their old currencies for the

euro in the most ambitious currency changeover in history. To prepare for the large demand, banks across the euro zone disabled 200,000 ATMs in the afternoon, changing software and loading them with euro notes. Altogether 15 billion banknotes and 52 billion coins — worth 646 billion euros, or $568 billion — have been produced for the switchover.

Knowing how people can be attached to their national currencies, architects of the euro expressed hope that it would help realize dreams of a united Europe.

Across the continent, officials welcomed the euro as a sign of economic stability — a new symbol to bind 12 nations on a continent at the heart of two world wars.

―We will become a greater Europe with the euro,‖ EU Commission President said in Vienna, shortly after he used the new currency to buy flowers for his wife. ―We shall become stronger, wealthier.‖

His view was shared by Helmut Kohl, the former German chancellor, who with the late French leader Francois Mitterrand had championed the single currency to bring peace and security to Europe. Kohl wrote in a newspaper, ―A vision is becoming a reality. For me, the common currency in Europe fulfills a dream. It means there is no turning back from the path toward unification of our continent.‖

The original nations that adopted the euro were: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Those staying out are Britain, Sweden and Denmark.

Language and Culture Notes

1. Background information

The euro is a new currency adopted by 16 out of the 27 member states of the European Union, which are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain.

Technically, the euro came into being on Jan.1, 1999, when exchange rates between the countries of the so-called ―euro zone‖ were fixed. But euro cash came i nto circulation for the first time on Jan.1, 2002. From then on, store prices, bills and wages are all expressed in euros only and the old currencies like the French franc and the German mark ceased to exist.

Chief designers of the euro included Helmut Kohl, former German chancellor and Francois Mitterrand, former French president. They hoped that the euro would boost the European economy by cutting exchange costs to make it easier and cheaper to do business within the Union. They also expected that the euro would fuel competition and hold back inflation by making it easier for shoppers and companies to compare prices across the continent. Adopting the euro as the single currency is hoped to bring Europeans closer together and make life easier for the general public. Since its launch, the euro has seen ups and downs in the international money market but it is becoming more and more stable and will become a major international currency to rival the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen.

2. disabled … ATMs

caused ATMs to be not in use so that they could change the software of the machines to make them fit for the euro

3. EU

the abbreviated form of ―European Union‖, which consists of 27 member countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom

4. Helmut Kohl

(1930 –) former German chancellor (1982 – 1998), one of the chief architects in the 1990s of the creation of the euro and a strong supporter of a united Europe

5. Francois Mitterrand

(1916 – 1996) French statesman and president (1981 – 1995). He was the only president of France to complete two terms in office. Seriously ill with cancer, he retired at the end of his second term in 1995. Like Kohl, he was also a chief designer of the euro.

6. A vision is becoming a reality.

A dream is being realized.

7. there is no turning back from the path toward unification of our continent

we cannot undo what we have done and we must continue to move toward our goal of building a unified Europe. The statement shows Kohl‘s strong determination to unify the wh ole of Europe.

Exercise 1

Listen to the recording and choose the right answers to the questions you hear.

1. What does the passage mainly tell us?

a. Europeans have a favorable opinion of the euro.

b. How European leaders and the general public welcomed the coming of the euro.

c. How curious European people were about the new money.

d. What important roles the euro would play in boosting Europe‘s economy.

2. What can be said about the passage?

a. It is a story.

b. It is a news report.

c. It is an essay.

d. It is a short biography.

3. What can be inferred from the passage?

a. Politicians, rather than the common people, benefit from the creation of the euro.

b. A single currency in Europe will lead to a single country on the continent.

c. The euro will eventually be adopted by all the countries in Europe.

d. The creation of the new currency is an important event to the Europeans.

Exercise 2

Listen to the recording again and supply the missing information.

1. At midnight, Dec. 31, 2001, Europeans couldn‘t wait to have a look at the new notes / new currency — the euro.

2. Over 300 million Europeans began changing their old currencies for the euro. Altogether 15 billion banknotes and 52 billion coins — worth 646 billion euros or 568 billion U.S. dollars —have been produced for the switchover.

3. The EU Commission President said in Vienna, ―We will become a greater Europe with the euro. We shall become stronger, wealthier.‖

4. Helmut Kohl and Francois Mitterrand had championed the single currency to bring peace and security to Europe.

Passage 2

Britain’s Reaction to the Single Currency

Word Bank

turnstile n. a gate that spins around and only lets one person at a time go through an

entrance (入口处的)旋转栅门

facility n. equipment installed to perform a particular service 设施

initially ad. at the beginning 起初

primarily ad. mainly 主要地

transaction n. (a piece of) business 交易,业务

designate v. to choose for a particular purpose 指定

sovereignty n. complete power to govern 主权

retail outlet a store that sells goods to customers, usu. in small quantities 零售商店

on a limited basis kept within a particular range 有限度地

cash register a machine in a store that records sales and has a drawer into which money is put 收银机

opinion poll an attempt to find out the general opinion about sth., esp. about a political

matter, by questioning a number of people chosen at random 民意调查Tony Blair former British Prime Minister 布莱尔(英国前首相)

Script:

Buckingham Palace and other royal residences open to the public do not accept euros at their gift shops and entry turnstiles.

The new currency was launched in 12 European Union countries on January 1st, 2002, but Britain was not one of them.

A Buckingham Palace spokeswoman said the decision not to accept the euro was purely a business one and not a political statement. The retail outlets at the official residences have never accepted any other currencies. It is simply because as ver y small retail outlets, they don‘t have the facilities for changing currencies.

However, many retail outlets in Britain have prepared to accept the new currency since millions of tourists are expected to visit the country every year. In 2002 alone, visitors from the euro zone were estimated to spend more than 6.55 billion euros in Britain.

Major department stores Debenhams and Marks & Spencer and a big electronics retailer accept euros, but only on a limited basis initially.

Twenty-nine of Marks & Spencer stores, primarily those in tourist locations, have at least one cash register on each floor to process euro transactions. Its other stores have at least one designated area — either a register or a customer service desk — where the currency is accepted. Products are not priced in euros, however, and change is given in British money.

The British Prime Minister Tony Blair said Britain will only join the single currency if economic conditions are right. A series of recent opinion polls show many Britons oppose the euro and see it as against Britain‘s sovereignty.

Language and Culture Notes

1. Buckingham Palace

the official residence of the British royal family in London

2. Debenhams

a large department store in Britain, dating back to 1778. At present it has 96 branch stores across the UK and the Republic of Ireland.

3. Marks & Spencer

one of Britain‘s leading retailers of clothing, foods, household appliances, etc., with over 300 stores in the UK and another 150 stores worldwide located in 30 countries. Its first store in Shanghai opened in 2008.

4.Tony Blair

(1953 – ) British prime minister (1997 – 2007). An Oxford educated lawyer, Blair joined the Labour Party in 1975 and won a seat in Parliament in 1983, where he immediately expressed his reformist views. He was elected leader of the Labour Party in 1994 and in 1997 became the British prime minister. His youthful, energetic speaking style won him popularity among the British people. However, his popularity began to wane drastically when he dragged Britain into the Iraq War. In 2006 his approval rate dropped to 23%. He left office in 2007, after experiencing the extremes of being both the most popular and the least popular Labour Prime Minister since World War Ⅱ.

Exercise 1

Listen to the passage and choose the right answers to the questions you hear.

1. What does the passage mainly tell us?

a. Britain‘s decision to accept euros.

b. Britain‘s decision not to accept euros.

c. The reasons why Britons don‘t accept euros.

d. Preparations made by British businesses to accept euros on a limited basis.

2. What can we infer from the passage?

a. Economic conditions are better in Britain than in other European countries.

b. Major department stores in Britain are more eager to use euros than small retail outlets.

c. Many British people view their currency as a symbol of national sovereignty.

d. Britain won‘t accept euros until there are enough facilities for changing currencies.

3. What is the speaker‘s attitude toward Britain‘s decision not to join the single curre ncy?

a. Positive.

b. Negative.

c. Neutral.

d. Critical.

Exercise 2

Listen again and write down answers to the following questions.

1. When will Britain adopt the euro according to Tony Blair?

When economic conditions are right.

2. What do the recent opinion polls in Britain show?

The polls show that many Britons oppose the euro and see it as harming Britain‘s sovereignty.

3. Why don‘t the gift stores at Buckingham Palace accept the euro according to a Buckingham Palace spokeswoman?

Because as very small retail outlets they don‘t have the facilities for changing currencies.

4. How much money were visitors from the euro zone estimated to spend in Britain in 2002? More than 6.55 billion euros.

英语语法的五种基本句型

教学目标: 1.让学生掌握英语学习中的五种基本句型; 2.学会分辨句子属于哪种句型; 3.懂得使用不同的句型造句; 教学重点与难点: 1.五种句型的分析与理解; 2.句型4(主+动+宾+补)与句型5(主+动+宾+宾)的掌握与比较; 教学方法: 1.ppt演示; 课堂练习: 一、下列的句子属于哪种类型 1. The sun rises 2. She is walking along the lake. 3. I like this book very much. 4. That man seems kind 5. He bought his sister a piano. 6. She kept us waiting for over three hours. 7. Let me give you a hand. 8. We tried to make her happy. 二、请说出五个句子,并说出属于哪种句型 家庭作业: 1.每个句型各举出3个句子 2.翻译句子

导入主题:我们现在能用英语写简单的作文,也可以用英语进行简单的交流与沟通,可是大家知道英语中有多少种基本句型吗?那这些句型分别是什么? (让学生自由思考、讨论,引出今天的课题,英语学习中的五种基本句型)1.Subject (主语) +Verb (谓语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状语。如: He laughed. John has read widely. He lives in London. 2. Subject(主语) +Verb (谓语) +Object (宾语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语。如: Our team beat all the others. 3. Subject (主语) +Link. V(系动词) +Predicate(表语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见的系动词有:be(是),become(成为),get(变得),turn(变得),grow(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎),keep(保持),stay(保持)等。如: The rose smells sweet. 4. Subject(主语)+Verb (动词)+Object (宾语)+Complement(补语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。如: We must keep our school clean. They made him their monitor. 5. Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+Indirect object(间接宾语)+Direct object (直接宾语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介词for或to。可跟双宾语的动词 有:answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,pay,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell, write等。如: Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua? 【注】S=Subject(主语). V=Verb(谓语动词). P=Predicative(表语). O=Object(宾语).

日语一级、二级语法汇总(一)

日语一级、二级语法汇总(一) 一、心情的强调、强制 二、时点、场面 三、时间的同时性、时间的先后关系 四、原因、理由 五、经过、结束 六、逆说、假定条件 七、逆接、让步 八、假定条件、确定条件 九、否定、部分否定 十、强调 十一、倾向、状态、样子 十二、判断的立场、评价的视点 十三、基准 十四、起点、终点、界限、范围 十五、不可能、可能、困难、容易 十六、目的、手段、媒介 十七、进行、相关关系 十八、附带、非附带 十九、关联、对应 二十、无关系、无视、例外 二十一、话题 二十二、例示 二十三、动作的对象 二十四、主张、断定 二十五、感叹、愿望 二十六、传闻、推量 二十七、劝诱、注意、禁止 二十八、限定 二十九、非限定、附加 三十、比较、最上级、对比 一、心情的强调、强制 (1)心情的强调 1~てしかたがない(特别,……得不得了) 2~てしようがない(特别,……得不得了) 3~てたまらない(特别,……得不得了) 4~てならない(特别,……得不得了) 5~てやまない(……不已,永远,衷心……) 6~かぎりだ(极其,尤其,很,非常) 7~といったらない(难以形容,……之极,……得不得了)

8~といったらありやしない(难以形容,……之极,……得不得了) (2)强制 1~ないわけにわいかない(不能不,不可以不,必须) 2~ざるをえない(不能不,不可以不,必须) 3~ないでわいられない(不能不,不可以不,必须) 4~ずにわいられない(不能不,不可以不,必须) 5~ないでわすまない(不能不,不可以不,必须) 6~ずにわすまない(不能不,不可以不,必须) 7~ないでわおかない(不会不,必然) 8~ずにわおかない(不会不,必然) 9~をきんじえない(不禁,禁不住) 10~を余儀なくされる(不得已,没办法,只能,被迫) 11~を余儀なくさせる(不得已,没办法,只能,被迫) 二、时点、场面 1~折(に)折の(时值,正赶上) 2~際(に)(时候,时机) 3~に際して(当……之际,在……的时候) 4~に当たって(当……之际,在……的时候) 5~たところだ(刚刚) ~ているところだ(正在) ~ところだ(正要) 6~かけだかけるかけの(做一半,没做完,快……了) 7~うちに(在……之内,趁……时候) ~ないうちに(还没……的时候,趁还没……的时候) 8~間に間は(……之间,趁……时候) 9~最中に(正在) 10~中に中は中だ(在……,正在……) 11~において(在……地点,在……时间,在……方面) 12~にあって(处于……情况下) 三、时间的同时性、时间的先后关系 (1)时间的同时性 1、动词连用形(五段动词第二连用形)たとたんに(刚一……) 2、用言终止形+かと思うと/かと思えば(原以为) 用言终止形+かと思ったら(我还以为……呢) 动词连用形(五段动词词第二连用)+た(か)思ったら/たか思うと(刚一……就……)3、动词连用形(五段动词第二连用形)动词连体形+た(か)~ないかのうちに(刚……,还没……时) 动词连用形(五段动词第二连用形)动词连体形+た(か)~ないかに (刚……,还没……时) 4、动词连用形(第一连用形)+次第(……随即,立刻,马上)

英语常用口语及语法句型

常用口语: 1. I’m not myself!我烦透了! 2. Don’t bother me!别烦我! 3. Give me five more minutes, please. 再给我五分钟时间,好吗? 4. How did you sleep? 你睡的怎么样? 5. Don’t hog the bathroom! 别占着卫生间了! 6. Don’t hog the shower! 别占着浴室了! 7. Don’t hog my girlfriend! 别缠着我的女朋友了! 8. Get outta there! 快出来! 9. I will treat you. 我请客。 10. What are you in the mood for? 你想吃什么? 11. Who is gonna drive? / Who’s driving? 谁来开车? 12. You know what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗? 13. Could you run that by me again?

你能再说一遍吗? 14. So what you are trying to say is... 那么,你想说的是…… 15. Whadja do last night? 昨晚你干嘛去了? Whadja=What did you 16. Didja have a good time? 玩的开心吗? didja=did you 17. Where wouldja like to go tonight? 今晚你想上哪儿? Wouldja=Would you 18. I am running late. 我要迟到了。 19. I’ve gotta get outta here. 我得离开这儿了。 20. I’ve gotta catch the bus. 我要去赶公共汽车了。 21. gotta=got to wanna=want to gonna=going to 22. Yo—taxi! 嗨,出租车! 23. Where to ? (你)要去哪儿?

国际日语3级语法总结(word版)

日语能力三级语法汇总 1)~は~より~です 表示比较,谓语是形容词或形容动词 ~比~ 2)~は~ほど~くない/ではない 助词ほど是以某一事例来表示状态,性质的。谓语用形容词或形容动词的否定形式 ~不如~ 3)AよりBのほうが~です 助词より接在比较的对象后面。谓语上形容词或形容动词 ~比~更~ 4)AとBとでは、どちらが~ですか/AとBとどつらが~ですか 表示询问A,B相比较时的句型 A和B哪个~ 5)~(の中)では、何がいちばん~ですか 在~里,哪个最~ 6)AとBとCとでは(どれ/どこ/いつ/どの)~がいちばん~ですか

~和~和~,哪个/什么地方/什么时候/那种,最~ 7)~のあいで/あとで~する 表示一个动作完成后再做另一个动作,或稍后进行某一动作~之后/稍后再~ 8)~たあとで ~之后 9)~たり、~たりする 1、表示在许多动作中,列举1、2例说明 又~又~,一会~一会~ 2、表示举出一例,以示还有其他类似的情况 ~之类的 10)~ほうがいい 表示劝说或建议 还是~为好 表示建议或劝诱 ~吗? 12)だから/ですから

表示原因或理由 所以~ 13)けれども/けれど/だが/しかし 表示逆态连接 虽然~但是~,可是~ 14)~かもしれまい 表示说话人的推测 也许~ 15)く(に)なる/く(に)する く(に)なる 表示自然或客观的变化 变的~,会变~ く(に)する 表示主观作用于某事物而使其发生变化把~弄成~,使~成为~ 16)~さ/~み 使形容词或形容动词名词化

17)ください 一般用于请或要求对方做某事 请给我~ 18)て型 略 19)ばかり 1、表示数量次数特别多 尽~,只~ 2、表示反复连续做某事,几乎不做其他事 尽~,光~ 3、表示大概的数量 ~左右 20)动词连用型て+から/动词过去式た+あとで表示一个动作之后,在进行另一个动作 表示对某种动作的尝试 ~以下,~看 22)~てしまう

全国公共英语三级常见语法

第一节动词的时态 一、一般现在时: 1、由when、as soon as、the minute、the moment、till、until等引起的时间状语从句,以及由if、unless、provided that等引起的条件状语从句常常用一般现在时态表示将来的动作,而主句则用 一般将来时态。 例:They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they finish their exams. 2、当表示普遍的真理或者众所周知的客观事实,常常用一般现在时态。例:The earth is round. 地球是圆的。 二、一般过去时:区分三个短语的用法: 1、used to do sth:过去常常做某事。 2、be/get used to doing sth:习惯做某事。 3、be used to do sth:被用于做某事。 三、一般将来时: 1、be to+动词原形:表示安排或计划好了的动作。例:The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 2、be about to+动词原形:表示即将发生的动作。例:The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将 开始。 3、一些表示动作趋势,如开始、终结,以及一些表示动作方向,如往来的动词,常常用现在进行 时态表示按照安排将于将来发生的事情,这类动词常见的有如:start,go,leave,come,arrive等。例:We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。 四、进行时态: 重点区分when和while引起的时间状语的用法。 When表示时间上的点,在考试中其引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“这时?”,主句多用进行时态;while引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“正当……时”,该从句用进行时态。例:One of the guards was sleeping when the general came in, which made him very angry. I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis. 五、现在完成时:

日语一级分类语法精简版

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補充: -になり 接続:動詞連用形+になり 意味:-したまま、ずっと(変わりない) 9-にして 接続:①最小限の時間名詞、時間副詞+にして 意味:ごく-時間のうち、ごく--時間で(短い時間を強調する)文語で書き言葉 接続:②数量名詞(多くは年齢名詞)+にしてはじめて?ようやく 意味:--になってあらためて-。文語で書き言葉 10-や?や否や 接続:動詞基本形(現在時)+や/や否や 意味:-するとすぐ、-たとたん。古い表現で、書き言葉 説明:後の事は、前の事に反応して起こる予想外の出来事が多い 11 を限りに 接続:時間名詞+を限りに 意味:-を最後にして、これから-。 今まで続いていた事が今後はもう続かなくなることを表す 補充: 接続:名詞(声?力)+を限りに 意味:-を限界まで、慣用語として使う 译文:(大声呼喊,极尽全力) 12-を皮切りに 接続:名詞を皮切りに(して)?かわきりとして 意味:--からはじまって、その後次々に— 説明:(-をきっかけに?-を契機に)は、(-をはじめとして)という意味もあるが、後の文が一回だけで、連続的に起こる事柄ではない 13—を以って 接続:時間、数量名詞+を以って、もちまして 意味:(で)に相当する、事柄の開始や終了の区切り、物事を判断する基準を表す時に使うのは多い 補充:

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一级语法:日语语法汇总练习

1、彼が最後の言葉を言い()拍手が起こった。 ①、終わったそばから②、終わるか終わらないかのうちに③、終わるかと思ったら④、終わる次第 2、定員に()、申し込みを締め切らせていただきます。 ①、なる次第②、なり次第 ③、なった次第④、なった次第で 3、()次の料理がどんどん運ばれて、ゆっくり味わえなかった。 ①、食べるそばから②、食べた上で ③、食べるが早いか④、食べてしまうなり 4、あの子たち、今けんかしていた()、もう仲良く遊んでいるね。 ①、かしないかのうちに②、が早いか ③、かと思って 5 、デパートが開店する()、主婦たちが、バーゲン会場に殺到した。 ①そばから②かと思ったら ③とたんに④が早いか 6 、彼女は彼に離婚暦があることを()結婚を決意。 ①承知上で②承知の上で ③承知する上で④承知の上から 7 、新作映画の公開()、出演者の記者会見が行われた。 ①に先立ち②が早いか ③次第④の上で 8、 119 番の通報が入る()、救急車は出動した。 ①次第②とたんに ③や否や④が最後 9、彼はとてもいい人よ。でも結婚()ちょっと頼りない気がするわ。 ①、に際しては②、にあっては ③、3、と思ったら④、となると 10、勉強しようと()ところに『勉強しろ』と言われると頭にくる。 ①、思う②、思わない ③、3、思っている④、思って 11、お忙しい()わざわざ来ていただきまして、ありがとうございます。 ①、ところを②、ところに ③、3、ところが④、ところで

12、勤め始めたら、自由な時間が尐なくなるから、今()遊んでおこう。 ①、のうちに②、の最中に ③、3、に際して④、のところ 答案 2214 4213 4311 1 、彼の転勤()、盛大な送別会が催された。 ①、以来②、次第 ③、をきかっけに④、に際して 2 、娘が誕生()、我が家には笑いが絶えない。 ①、するうちに②、に際して ③、して以来④、の最中 3 、年頭()、新たな気持ちで出社した。 ①、となると②、にあたって ③、のうちに④、以来 4 、情報が氾濫する時代()、必要なもの選択するのは難しい。 ①、にあって②、の最中 ③、以来④、となると 5 、一人暮らしを始めてから()、まともな食事をしたことがない。 ①きっかけに②というもの ③以来④契機に 6 、単身赴任の父は、一週間()、洗濯物を持って家に帰ってくる。 ①おきに②以来に ③たびに④の最中に 7 、5年()会った母はずいぶんと老けていて、何だか涙が出てきた。 ①以来に②ごとに ③おきに④ぶりに

日语一级语法

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(同時に) 彼は、講義が終わるか終わらないかのうちに、教室を飛び出していった。 9、~が早いか(N1) 動詞ル形 (同時に) 運転手は、信号の色が変わるが早いか、車を発車させた。 10、~に先立って 名詞 ある物事の前に 競技の開始に先立って、選手の紹介をいたします。 時 (~の間)(~のとき) 1、~以来 動詞て形/名詞 ~してからずっと(継続) 監督が代わって以来、一度も優勝していない。 2、~うちに 動詞ル形?ナ?形?名詞の その期間の間(継続) ぼくが日本にいるうちに、ぜひ遊びに出てください。 雨が降らないうちに、帰ろう。 3、~最中(に) 動詞テ?ル形/名詞の ちょうどその時に(~が起こる) 行動や状態が盛んである時に コンピューターを使っている最中に、停電したら大変だ。 4、~ところに 動詞テ?ル形 ちょうどその時に(~が起こる) 悪いこと 物事や状態が変化、変更する時 風呂に入っているところに、電話が掛かってきた。 ようやく意見がまとまったところへ、思わぬじゃまが入った。 5、~ところを(N1) ①動詞テ?ル形/タ形 後項は(見る、見つける、発見する、呼び止める、捕まえる、襲う、助ける) こっそりタバコを吸っているところを、先生に見つかった。 人々がぐっすり寝込んだところを突然の揺れが襲った。

高中英语常用语法及句型汇总

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5.subject(主语)+verb(动词)+object(宾语)+complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语+补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等;或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。 ●常见的动词有:tell,ask,advise,help,want,wouldlike,order,force,allow等。 ●注意:动词have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时,不带to。独立主格结构 【二】高中英语的短语有哪些 1.Ask for……求助向……要……(直接接想要的东西)eg:askyouformybook 2.Ask sb for sth.向某人什么 3.Ask sb.to do sth.询问某人某事 4.Ask sb.not to do sth.叫某人不要做某事 5.At the age of在……岁时 6.At the beginning of………的起初;……的开始 7.At the end of+地点/+时间最后;尽头;末尾 8.At this time of year在每年的这个时候补:at least至少 9.be/feel confident of sth./that clause+从句感觉/对什么有信心,自信 10.be+doing表:1现在进行时2将来时 11.be able to(+v.原)=can(+v.原)能够……

日语三级语法汇总

日语三级语法汇总 ——由蔚蓝日本网整理 更多资料下载:https://www.360docs.net/doc/df5746869.html,/ziliao/ 1)~は~より~です 表示比较,谓语是形容词或形容动词 ~比~ 2)~は~ほど~くない/ではない 助词ほど是以某一事例来表示状态,性质的。谓语用形容词或形容动词的否定形式~不如~ 3)AよりBのほうが~です 助词より接在比较的对象后面。谓语上形容词或形容动词 ~比~更~ 4)AとBとでは、どちらが~ですか/AとBとどつらが~ですか 表示询问A,B相比较时的句型 A和B哪个~ 5)~(の中)では、何がいちばん~ですか 在~里,哪个最~ 6)AとBとCとでは(どれ/どこ/いつ/どの)~がいちばん~ですか ~和~和~,哪个/什么地方/什么时候/那种,最~ 7)~のあいで/あとで~する 表示一个动作完成后再做另一个动作,或稍后进行某一动作 ~之后/稍后再~ 8)~たあとで ~之后 9)~たり、~たりする 1、表示在许多动作中,列举1、2例说明 又~又~,一会~一会~ 2、表示举出一例,以示还有其他类似的情况 ~之类的 10)~ほうがいい 表示劝说或建议 还是~为好 11)~ませんか 表示建议或劝诱 ~吗? 12)だから/ですから 表示原因或理由 所以~ 13)けれども/けれど/だが/しかし 表示逆态连接 虽然~但是~,可是~

14)~かもしれまい 表示说话人的推测 也许~ 15)く(に)なる/く(に)する く(に)なる 表示自然或客观的变化 变的~,会变~ く(に)する 表示主观作用于某事物而使其发生变化 把~弄成~,使~成为~ 16)~さ/~み 使形容词或形容动词名词化 17)ください 一般用于请或要求对方做某事 请给我~ 18)て型 略 19)ばかり 1、表示数量次数特别多 尽~,只~ 2、表示反复连续做某事,几乎不做其他事 尽~,光~ 3、表示大概的数量 ~左右 20)动词连用型て+から/动词过去式た+あとで 表示一个动作之后,在进行另一个动作 21)~てみる 表示对某种动作的尝试 ~以下,~看 22)~てしまう 表示完了尽了,或者表示意外无可挽回的遗憾心情 ~完了,~光了,~了 23)~ておく 表示预先作好某种准备,后者表示继续保持某种状态,放任不管~预先,让它~ 24)~てほしい/~てもらいたい 表示想请对方为我或我方做某事 请(你)~ 25)~てくる 1、表示主体在说话人的视线中,从远往近移动 ~过来 2、表示某种变化已经开始了 ~起来了 26)~ていく

[1] 英语语法:英语六大基本句型

英文六大基本句型 一、主系表 1、she is from America -------- where is she from ? 2、The teacher is beautiful ------ how is the teahcer? 3、The teacher is my mother --- who is the teacher? How are you ? ---- I am fine 主系表句型结构:主语+系动词(be)+表语。 主语一般由名词(代词)构成; 表语由介词短语、名词、形容词构成。 注意:一系动词be是连接主语和表语的桥梁,写出的句子不能少了be;/二明白主语和表语的词性,随着学习的深入,以后它变出不定式、动名词、分词等。 二、主谓宾 1、I love you 2、Farmers grow vegetables. 3、Children plant trees 主谓宾句型的结构:主语+谓语动词(do)+宾语。主语一般由名词(代词)构成;宾语由名词构成 注意一,动词do是连接主语和宾语的桥梁,写出的句子不能少了do二,主语和宾语的词性,随着学习的深入,以后它变出不定式、动名词、分词等。 三、主谓 1、Spring comes 2、The accident happened 3、She apologized to me again 4、The teacher listens to the music 主谓句型的结构:主语+谓语动词(do)。这个句子一般没有宾语,因为动词do是不及物动词,不能带宾语。如果非要带宾语,要在不及物动词的后面加介词,比如第3句,第4句的apologize to, listen to.应注意:动词do是不能带宾语的,这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,常见的有:appear, apologize,arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等,如果要带宾语,必须加介词,英语中的一些动词词组就是这么来的。词典中vi不及物动词必须加介词才能带宾语..vt及物动词 四、主谓宾补 1、He painted the wall white.他把墙漆成白色。 2、We found him an honest person.我们发现他是一个诚实的人。 3、She found the pen on the floor他发现那支笔在地上 主谓宾补句型结构:主语+谓语动词(do)+宾语+补语。相对于主谓宾,这个句子多出了一个补语,这是因为有些话光是主谓宾无法完整表达句子的意思。补语的形式,它可以是形容词,名词,介词短语。

日语一级语法

二二一、~を皮切りにして [见二一九] 二二二、~を禁じ得ない [体言]+を禁じ得ない/禁不住~;不禁~ 例:1、あの人がクラスーの成績ととったなんて、驚きを禁じえない。/听到他得了全班第一,禁不住大吃一惊. 2、交通事故で、一瞬間農地に独りぼっちになったなんて、まことに同情を禁じえない話だ。/听说他在交通事故中,一瞬间成了孤儿,不禁令人同情. 二二三、~をめぐって [见二零一] 二二四、~をめぐる [见二零一] 二二五、~をもって [体言]+をもって/以~ 例:1、非常な努力を持ってその行事を成功させた。/以非常的努力使该活动圆满成功. 2、ただいまの会長の挨拶を持って、シンポジウムはとどこおりなく終了いたしました。/以刚刚结束的会长的致辞,宣告了本次研讨会圆满结束. 二二六、~をものともせずに [体言]+をものともせずに/不当回事;不放在眼里;不顾 例:1、彼は不自由な体をものともせずに頑張りぬいた。/他不把身残当回事,奋斗到底 2、彼は火災をものともせずに子供を救い出した。/他不顾大火,把孩子救了出来 二二七、~を余儀なくさせる [体言]+を余儀なくさせる/不得不(让)~ 例:1、天気予報によると台風が近づいているので帰港を余儀なくさせた。/据天气预报台风已接近,不得不使船重回到原来港口. 2、試合の中途で大雨になったので中止を余儀なくさせた。/在比赛中间下起了大雨,不得不使其中止(比赛)

二二八、~を余儀なくされる [体言]+を余儀なくされる/不得不;无奈何;被迫~ 例:1、急に用事ができた、旅行は延期を余儀なくされた。/因为有了急事,旅行不得不延期 2、彼は例の事情で退職を余儀なくされた。/他由于众所周知的原因,被迫离职了 3、雨天のため、運動会は中止を余儀なくされた。/因为下雨,运动会不得不中止 二二九、~をよそに [体言]+をよそに/不顾~ 例:1、親の心配をよそにやりたいほうだいのことをしている。/不顾父母的担心,随心所欲 2、弟は勉強をよそに遊びまわっている。/弟弟不顾学习,净贪玩 二三零、~んがために(ための) [动词未然形]+んがため(或:~んがための;~んがために)/为了想~而~(サ变动词未然形要接"せ") 例:1、彼は議員にならんがため、あらゆる手を使っている。/他为了想当上议员,用尽了各种手段 2、勝たんがための策略だから、無理にしなくてもかまわない。/这是为了想取胜而定的策略,不必勉强. 3、これは自説の正しさを立証せんがために行う調査である。/这是为了证明自己意见的正确性而进行的调查. 二三一、~んばかりに(んばかりの) [动词未然形]+んばかりに(或:~んばかりの;~んばかりだ)/就要~;几乎要~;~似地~(サ变动词未然形要用"せ") 例:1、喜びのあまり今にも跳びあがらんばかりだ。/高兴得几乎要跳起来 2、妹は試験に失敗して、泣き出さんばかりにしおれている。/妹妹考试考得不好,几乎要哭出来似地样子很消沉 3、相手は殴らんばかりの勢いで飛びかかってきた。/对方像就要开打似地扑了过来 4、彼はその不幸な知らせを聞らせを聞いて卒倒せんばかりに悲しんだ。/他听到那不幸的消息,悲伤得几乎要昏倒了

成人英语三级考试英语语法常考句型(必背)资料

成人英语三级考试英语语法常考句型(必背)

成人英语三级考试:英语语法常考句型 (1)主语+不及物动词+现在分词/过去分词 说明:1.本句型中的谓语动词由不及物动词充当,分词作状语。 2.现在分词短语作状语时通常表示主语正在进行的另一个动作,起陪衬或修饰作用。 3.过去分词(短语)作状语时,主要修饰谓语动词,表示动作发生的背景与情况。 4.现在分词/过去分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子是一致的。 例:a)They sat facing each other.他们面对面地坐着。 b)He lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上享受阳光。 c)Frustrated, he went back to his home village.他大失所望,回到家乡去。 d)Supported by the people, our troops struck back with guns and grenades.在人民的支持下,我军以步枪和手榴弹进行了反击。 (2)主语+及物动词+动词不定式 说明:1.本句型中宾语由动词不定式充当。 2.本句型中的动词不定式可用被动式和完成式。 3.本句型中的动词不定式可在to前加not或never表示否定。 4.可接动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有:expect, hope, want, wish,apply, ask, manage, arrage, prepare, agree, promise, trouble, hilp,decline, choose, fail等。 例:a)He would admire to be a pilot.他喜欢当飞行员。

日本语1级语法

日本语1级语法总结1 1.~いかん 意味~がどのようであるか、~によって、~次第で/如何;因为…;根据…;要看…;取 决于 接続「名(-の)」+いかん 1.試験の結果いかんでは、卒業できないこともある。/根据考试的结果,也有不能毕业 的情况。 2.会社の発展は、社員の働きいかんにかかっている。/公司的发展取决于职员的努力情 况。 慣用「いかんともしがたい」<残念だがどうにもできない>/无可奈何?助けてやりたい気持ちはやまやまだが、私の力ではいかんともしがたい。/我 非常想帮助他,可是力不从心。 「いかんせん」<残念だが(どうにもしようがない)>/很遗憾(没有办法) ?新しいパソコンを購入したいのだが、いかんせん予算がない。/很想买台新电 脑,遗憾的是没有这笔预算。 注意主に改まった場面で用いられる。/主要在郑重场合下使用。 2.~いかんによらず、~いかんにかかわらず、~いかんを問わず 意味~がどのようであるかに関係なく/不管;不论 接続「名-の」+いかんによらず 1.理由のいかんによらず、殺人っは許されないことだ。/不管理由如何,杀人是不允许 的。 2.国民の賛意のいかんにかかわらず、その法案が国会で可決されるだろう。/不管国民 赞成与否,那个法案都将在国会上通过吧。 3.国籍のいかんを問わず、採用試験を受けることのできる自治体が増えている。/不论 国籍接受录用考试的自治团体增多了。 注意主に改まった場面で用いられる。/主要在郑重场合下使用。 3.~(よ)うが、~(よ)うと 意味~しても、~でも/无论;即使;不管

接続「動-意向形」 「い形-かろう」+が 「な形-だろう」 1.周囲がいかに反対しようが、自分でやると決めたことは最後までやりぬくつもりだ。 /无论周围如何反对,自己决定做的事情就打算做到底。 2.どんなに入院費は高かろうが、支払いざるを得ない。/不管住院费多高,也不得不支 付。 3.彼が政治家として有力だろうと、法を犯したからには逮捕されるのは当然のことだ。 /不管他作为政治家如何有力,既然触犯了法律,被捕是当然的。 練習1.选出适当用于置入各句中,并做出必要的句型变化。 ~いかん~いかんを問わず~(よ)うと 1.彼女は誰が訪ねて来、決してド?を開けなかった。 2.これが成功するかどうかは皆の努力だ。 3.理由の、暴力は良くない。 4.~(よ)うが~まいが、~(よ)うと~まいと 意味~しても~しなくても/无论是否…都 接続[動-意向形]+が+「動-辞書形」+まいが 同じ動詞を二度繰り返して使う。ⅡグループまたはⅢクループの動詞の場合は「まいが」の前には「ない形」も使われる。/同一动词重复使用两次,动词为一段动词或カ变、 サ变动词时,「まいが」前也可接「ない形」 1.雨が降ろうが降るまいが、私は出かけます。/无论下不下雨,我都要出去。2.昔の恋人が結婚しようとしまいと、今の私には関係ないことです。/不管以前的恋人 是否结婚,和现在的我都没有关系。 5.~(よ)うにも~ない 意味~しようとしてもできない、~したいのにできない/就是想…也不能 接続「動-意向形」+にも+「動-ない形」+ない 1.お金がなくて、新しいパソコンを買おうにも買えない。/没有钱,就是想买新电脑也

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