Metallic charge stripes in cuprates

a r X i v :c o n d -m a t /0308214v 1 [c o n d -m a t .s u p r -c o n ] 11 A u g 2003

J.M.Tranquada

Physics Department,Brookhaven National Laboratory,Upton,NY 11973-5000,USA

1.Introduction

It is currently fashionable to consider phases that compete with superconductivity in the cuprates.These may be invoked to explain the pseudogap,or to char-acterize the state within a vortex core.Charge and spin stripes represent a speci?c type of order that has been experimentally observed to compete with super-conductivity [1,2],to be pinned by vortices [3,4],and to be pinned by Zn impurities [5].

It has been speculated that dynamic stripes may un-derly the superconducting state,and,indeed,a plau-sible mechanism for superconductivity based on stripe correlations has been proposed [6,7].In this paper,I review some of the evidence from cuprates in the 214family that dynamic stripes exist and are metallic.The cause of stripe pinning and anomalies in the pinned state are also discussed.

2.Evidence for the stripe-liquid phase

While ordered charge stripes can coexist with super-conductivity [1],stripe order is bad for superconduc-tivity [2].If stripes are to have a positive relevance to superconductivity in the cuprates,then they must be able to exist in a dynamic form.It has recently been

shown that the insulating diagonal stripes of the lay-ered nickelates can melt into a liquid phase [8].The continuous evolution of the magnetic correlations from the ordered state to the disordered state provides di-rect evidence for dynamic charge stripes.

To obtain similar evidence for dynamic stripes in cuprates,inelastic neutron scattering experiments have been performed on La 1.875Ba 0.125CuO 4.Fujita et al.[9]have successfully grown a single crystal of this composition.The structure transforms from the low-temperature-orthorhombic (LTO)phase,common to La 2?x Sr x CuO 4,to the low-temperature-tetragonal (LTT)phase on cooling through 60K.Superlattice peaks characteristic of charge and spin stripe order appear below ～50K [9,10].

At 30K,well within the stripe-ordered regime,the inelastic measurements reveal,in ω-Q space,magnetic excitations rising steeply out of the superlattice posi-tions (the measurements extend up to 12meV)[10].The scattering is fairly sharp in Q ,and the intensity,corrected for the Bose factor,is independent of ex-citation energy,consistent with what one would ex-pect for Q -integrated spin waves.On warming through the stripe melting transition and into the LTO phase,the magnetic excitations evolve continuously.At 65K,the scattering peaks measured at a given energy have shifted to a slightly smaller splitting from the antiferro-magnetic wave vecter,they have broadened in Q width,

Preprint submitted to Physica C Proceedings

2February 2008

and there is a loss of low-energy weight in the Bose-factor-corrected intensity.(Similar results have been obtained on La1.48Nd0.4Sr0.12CuO4by Ito et al.[11].) The incommensurate magnetic excitations in the LTO phase are clearly connected with the magnetic order in the LTT phase.Given that the spin order is tied to charge-stripe order,it follows that the mag-netic excitations in the disordered state provide direct evidence for dynamic charge stripes.The similarity of the spin correlations observed in La1.875Ba0.125CuO4 with those found in La2?x Sr x CuO4[12,13]strongly indicates that dynamic stripes are a common feature of the214cuprates.

3.Stripe pinning mechanism

Kivelson,Fradkin,and Emery[14]have proposed that dynamic stripes may be thought of in terms of an electronic liquid-crystal model.Within this model, each charge stripe is modeled as a one-dimensional electron gas,and there is a competition between in-stabilites towards charge-density-wave(CDW)corre-lations and superconductivity within the stripes.Fluc-tuations of the stripes favor two-dimensional supercon-ductivity,but pinning of straight,parallel stripes would lead to CDW order.

Hasselmann,Castro Neto,and Morais Smith[15] have analyzed a model for the coupling between longi-tudinal charge dynamics with transverse?uctuations for a single stripe.They?nd that a zig-zag transverse lattice potential can induce a4k F CDW state within the stripe.Such a transverse potential occurs within the CuO2planes of the LTT phase due to the modu-lations of the positions of the in-plane oxygens along the c axis.Thus,one might expect static stripe order in the LTT phase to be correlated with the appearance of a CDW gap in the optical conductivity.(4k F CDWs within charge stripes have also been considered by Za-anen and Ole′s[16].)

Dumm et al.[17]have measured the in-plane optical conductivity in stripe ordered La1.275Nd0.6Sr0.125CuO4 vs.temperature.(Related results have been re-ported by Tajima et al.[18].)Down to32K the results look very similar to those for superconducting La1.875Sr0.125CuO4,but at5K one observes a peak at?nite frequency(～8meV).Although Dumm et al.[17]have interpreted this feature in terms of local-ization e?ects,it also appears qualitatively consistent with CDW behavior.4.Evidence that stripes are metallic

It has been argued above that stripe correlations are common among the214cuprates.One expects the existence of stripe correlations to have a strong im-pact on the electronic excitations[19].Thus,it follows that characterizations of the electronic properties of La2?x Sr x CuO4should re?ect the nature of dynamic stripes.

The in-plane optical conductivity observed for La2?x Sr x CuO4[17,18,20]looks quite similar,in both frequency and temperature dependence,to that mea-sured on cuprates with higher superconducting transi-tion temperatures[21].Angle-resolved photoemission measurements on La2?x Sr x CuO4[22]reveal a distri-bution of spectral weight near the Fermi surface that is very similar to that measured on optimally-doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ[23].In particular,spectral weight is found near the“nodal”point even in stripe-ordered La1.4?x Nd0.6Sr x CuO4[22].

The existence of metallic properties in La2?x Sr x CuO4 indicates that the dynamic charge stripes must be metallic.The fact that the electronic response of this material is essentially the same as that of other cuprates,together with the idea that stripes should in?uence the electronic properties,suggests that stripe correlations(or a related form of instantaneous charge inhomogeneity)could be ubiquitous in the supercon-ducing cuprates.Further evidence for stripe correla-tions in a variety of cuprates is reviewed in[19].

5.Mid-gap states associated with stripes Theoretical analyses of cuprates have predicted that the dopant-induced states associated with stripes(or more general forms of charge inhomogeneity)should appear within the charge-transfer gap of the parent in-sulator[24,25,26].Such a concept should also apply to the diagonal charge stripes found in La2?x Sr x NiO4+δ; indeed,the schematic density of states shown in Fig.1 has been used recently to explain the mid-infrared peaks observed in optical conductivity[27].The mid-gap states in the nickelates are empty at low tempera-ture[28],so that these materials are insulating.

In contrast to the nickelates,one expects that or-dered vertical stripes in the cuprates should be pre-cisely1

Density of States

E n e r g y

Fig.1.Schematic diagram of the electronic density of states associated with charge stripes in La 2?x Sr x NiO 4+δ[27].

reconcile this “normal”behavior with the existence of dynamic stripes,it is necessary to take account of the shift of the incommensurability with temperature measured by inelastic neutron scattering [10,11].The incommensurability is proportional to the density of stripes.If the density of stripes changes while the net density of holes associated with stripes remains un-changed,then the electron (or hole)?lling of the stripes will change.Any deviation from the precise 1

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美国签证提交简历中英文样板---Sample-Resume-(使馆提供)

姓名(拼音和汉字): 性别: 出生日期: 出生地: 家庭住址: 单位地址: 家庭电话: 工作电话: 手机号码: 电子邮箱: 教育背景–请分别列出您取得的所有学位，从最高学位写起。月，年—月，年大学名称学位和专业论文标题/研究焦点（只对硕士和博士学位）工作经历–请列举您的所有工作经历。月，年—月，年单位名称地址职位或职称工作职责所获奖项及加入哪些团体组织（如果适用）出版物—请列出您发表的所有出版物标题、合作者和年份（如果适用）

出国经历—请列举您到访过的所有国家及到访时间国家（年）例如：美国（2002，2003）；加拿大（2008，2009）同行人–请写出和您一起赴美的所有同行人姓名及与您的关系

Name (in pinyin and Chinese): Gender: Date of Birth: Place of Birth: Home Address: Business Address: Home Phone: Work Phone: Mobile Phone: E-mail: Education – please list all degrees attained, beginning with the most recent Month, Year – Month, Year University Name Degree and Major Thesis Topic/Research Focus (for masters and phd degrees) Work Experience – please list all work experience Month, Year – Month, Year Employer Location Position or Title Duties Awards and Group Memberships – if any

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《对外汉语教学入门》笔记周小兵主编教程文件

《对外汉语教学入门》笔记周小兵主编

美国签证需要用到的个人简历模板(中英文)

美国签证需要用到的个人简历模板（中英文）这个模板是沈阳美领馆提供的简历模板，针对非移民签证申请人如果需要写个人简历的话，大家可以参考一下： Nonimmigrant Visa Resume T emplate Name: Date and country of birth: Gender: Name and date of birth of spouse: (if applicable) Names and dates of birth of children: (if applicable) Address and Contact information: Education List here all universities and higher education institutions you have attended, starting with the most recent. You should include the following information: Name of university Dates of study Degree level Degree major and minors Area of research Title of thesis Work experience List here all paid and voluntary work you have performed and positions held, starting with the most recent. You should include the following information: Name of company, organization or institutions Job titles Dates of jobs Detailed area of responsibility, research interests, project descriptions and applications of research Expertise in special software, machinery op equipment Awards and patents Have you received/won any awards related to your research or work at university or at work? Please list these. Do you hold any patents? List name, patent number and year registered.

汉语拼音初学者使用资料

一、字母表 A a Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff GɡHh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz 二、声母表 b（玻）p（坡）m（摸）f（佛）d（得）t（特）n（讷）l （勒） ɡ（哥）k（科）h（喝）j（基）q（欺）x（希） zh（知）ch（蚩）sh（诗）r（日）z（资）c（雌）s（思） i（衣）u（乌）三、韵母表 I（衣）u（乌）ü（迂） a（啊）ia（呀）u a（蛙） o（喔）uo（窝） e（鹅）ie（耶）eü（约） a i（哀）u a i（歪） ei（诶）uei（威） a o（熬）i a o（腰） ou（欧）iou（忧） a n（安）i a n（烟）u a n（弯）üa n（冤） en（恩）in（因）uen（温）ün（晕） a nɡ（昂）i a nɡ（央）u a nɡ（汪） enɡ（亨的韵母）inɡ（英）uenɡ（翁） onɡ（轰的韵母）ionɡ（雍） (1) "知、蚩、诗、日、资、雌、思”等字的韵母用i。 (2) 韵母ㄦ写成er，用做韵尾的时候写成r。 (3) 韵母ie单用的时候写成ê。 (4) i 行的韵母，前面没有声母的时候，写成yi（衣），ya（呀），ye（耶），yao（腰），you（忧），yan（烟），yin（因），yanɡ（央），yinɡ（英），yonɡ（雍）。u 行的韵母，前面没有声母的时候，写成wu（乌），wa（蛙），wo（窝），wai（歪），wei（威），wan（弯），wen（温），wanɡ（汪），wenɡ（翁）ü行的韵母跟声母j,q,x拼的时候，写成ju（居），qu（区），xu（虚），ü上两点也省略；但是跟声母l,n拼的时候，仍然写成lü（吕），nü（女）。 (5)iou,uei,uen前面加声母的时候，写成iu,ui,un，例如niu（牛），ɡui（归），lun（论）。 (6)注意前鼻音和后鼻音发音的区别，具体方法请多做发音练习。

Hey Jude 歌词流程图及英文歌词与翻译

Hey Jude, don't make it bad. 嘿！Jude，不要这样沮丧 Take a sad song and make it better 唱首悲伤的歌曲让事情好转Remember to let her into your heart 将她牢记在心底 Then you can start to make it better. 然后开始让事情好转 Hey Jude, don't be afraid 嘿Jude，不要害怕 You were made to go out and get her. 你生来就是要得到她 The minute you let her under your skin, 在你将她放在心上的时候

Then you begin to make it better. 你就开始做的更好 And anytime you feel the pain, 无论何时，当你感到痛苦 hey Jude, refrain, 嘿Jude 停下来 Don't carry the world upon your shoulders. 不要把全世界都扛在你肩膀上 For well you know that it's a fool who plays it cool 你应该很清楚谁耍酷谁就是笨蛋 By making his world a little colder. 这会使他世界更加冰冷 Hey Jude don't let me down 嘿Jude 不要让我失望 You have found her, now go and get her. 你已遇见她现在去赢的她芳心 Remember to let her into your heart, 记住将她牢记在你心中 Then you can start to make it better. 然后你就可以开始做的更好 So let it out and let it in, hey Jude, begin, 所以遇事要拿得起放得下嘿！jude ，振作起来 You're waiting for someone to perform with. 你一直期待的那个和你一起表演的人 And don't you know that it's just you, hey Jude, you''ll do 你不知道那个人就是你自己吗？嘿jude 你办得到的The movement you need is on your shoulder 下一步该怎么做就全看你自己 Hey Jude, don't make it bad. 嘿Jude 不要这样消沉 Take a sad song and make it better 唱首伤感的歌曲会使你振作一些 Remember to let her under your skin 记得心中常怀有她 Then you'll begin to make it better 然后你就会使它变得更好 Better better better better better better, Oh. 更好、更好、更好、更好、更好 Na na na, na na na na, na na na

美国英文简介-An Introduction to U.S.

The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific. At 3.79 million square miles and with over 310 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The

对外汉语教学入门考试整理

第一章绪论一、对外汉语教学的3个含义 1.教学： a)定义：“教师将知识、技能传授给学生的过程。” b)过程：总体设计、教材编写、教学实施、测试 c)教学类别和模式也属于教学范围。 2.学科 a)作为一个学科，对外汉语教学不仅包括教学，而且包括跟教学密切相关的理论研究和系统研究。 b)作为一个交叉学科，对外汉语教学至少涉及四个方面：语言层面、心理层面、教育层面和技术层面。 3.事业 a)对外汉语教学是国家、民族的事业。 b)任务：加快孔子学院建设；加强师资队伍建设；大力推进教材编写和发行体制创新；构建全球汉语网络平台；改革与创新汉语考试。二、第一语言和本族语的关系 1.第一语言：孩子最早习得的语言，也就是从父母或周围他人那里自然习得的语言。 2.母语：传统上指本国或本民族的语言。 3.本族语：本民族的语言。三、习得理论包含哪几个方面 1.强化论： a)理论依据：行为主义的刺激反应论 b)代表人物：【美】斯金纳 c)内容：儿童学习说话就是对环境或成人话语作出合适的反应，反应正确就会得到奖励，使之受到强化并形成语言习惯。无法解释语言习得的复杂情形。 2.传递论 a)理论依据：行为主义的刺激反应论 b)代表人物：【美】奥斯古德 c)内容：内在刺激产生的内部反应可以用来解释语言媒介如何表现不在眼前发生的事，以及根本没有发生的事。无法解释语言习得的复杂情形。 3.内在论 a)理论依据：心灵主义 b)代表人物：【美】乔姆斯基 c)内容：儿童天生具有语言习得机制，使其能对所接触的语料进行处理。当儿童发现了语言的深层结构并将之转换为表层结构的规则时，就可以创造性的应用语言了。 4.认知论 a)理论依据： b)代表人物：【瑞士】皮亚杰 c)内容：儿童的语言发展，就是天生能力和客观经验相互作用的结果。儿童的认知活动和语言活动相互促进。四、国内汉语教学类别 1.汉语预备教学：为准备在中国高等院校学习某些专业的外国留学生进行的汉语教学。完成学习时一般要求参加汉语水平考试（HSK）。 2.汉语进修教学：不以获取文凭为目的的汉语教学，主要目标是提高汉语语言能力和汉语交际能力。 3.汉语言本科教学：培养适应现代国际社会需要、具备良好综合素质、全面发展的汉语专门人才。

hey,jude含义解析

Hey Jude The Beatles

?这首歌就是英国的难忘今宵！！！伦敦奥运会的压轴歌曲，我觉得很适合大合唱由麦卡特尼创作的，鼓励列农的儿子朱利安勇敢面对现实，在约翰列侬离婚后希望朱利安不要消沉其实这首歌的原名是Hey Julian，后来改为Hey Jules, 最终变成Hey Jude

?《Hey Jude》是Paul McCartney（保罗·麦卡特尼，The Beatles（披头士乐队，又称甲壳虫乐队）成员之一）为一个五岁的孩子写下的一首歌。这个男孩叫Julian，是John Lennon（约翰·列侬）与前妻Cynthia 的儿子。1968年夏天，John Lennon开始和Yoko Ono（小野洋子）同居了，他与前妻Cynthia的婚姻也到了崩溃的边缘

?Paul一直非常喜爱John Lennon的儿子Julian，他担心大人之间的婚姻变故会对一个小孩子带来心理上的阴影。（不过，当时Paul也正和相恋5年的未婚妻Jane Asher分手，开始与Linda Eastman 的感情）他曾说：“我总是为父母离异的孩子感到难过。大人们也许没什么，但是孩子……”同时，他也想要安慰一下Cynthia。于是有一天，他去了Cynthia的家里，还给她带了一枝红玫瑰，开玩笑的对她说：“Cyn，你说咱俩结婚怎么样？”说完两人同时大笑起来，Cynthia从他的玩笑中感受到了温暖和关心。

?Paul在车里为Julian写下了这首Hey Jude （Hey，Julian），可当时的Julian并不知道。直到二十年后，Julian才明白这首歌是写给自己的。他一直很喜爱爸爸的这个朋友，像一个叔叔一样的Paul。John Lennon也非常喜爱这一首歌。自从第一次听到，他就觉得，“噢，这首歌是写给我的！”Paul 说“Hey，John！去吧，离开我们和Yoko在一起吧。”他似乎又在说：“Hey，John！不要离开！来自：”https://www.360docs.net/doc/dd6305522.html,/view/965993.htm

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HI jude

《Hey Jude》歌词中英文... Hey jude, don't make it bad 嗨，jude，不要如此消沉 Take a sad song and make it better 唱一首感伤的歌，振作一些 Remember to let her into your heart 记得要真心爱她 Then you can start to make it better 生活会开始好起来 Hey jude, don't be afraid 嗨，jude，不要害怕 You were made to go out and get her 去追她，留住他 The minute you let her under your skin 当你深爱上她的那一刻 Then you begin to make it better 生活变得美好起来 And anytime you feel the pain, hey jude, refrain 嗨，jude，不管何时你感到痛苦，要忍耐 Don't carry the world upon your shoulders 别把整个世界压在心头 For well you know that it's a fool who plays it cool 你知道愚蠢的人总是装做什么都不在乎 By making his world a little colder 把他的世界伪装得有些冷酷 Hey jude, don't let me down 嗨，jude，不要让我失望 You have found her, now go and get her 既然找到所爱的人，就要勇敢追求 Remember to let her into your heart 记住要真心爱她 Then you can start to make it better

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中英双语歌词 Hey Jude, don't make it bad. 嘿 Jude 不要这样消沉 Take a sad song and make it better. 唱首伤感的歌曲会使你振作一些Remember to let her into your heart, 记住要永远爱她 Then you can start to make it better. 开始新的生活 Hey Jude, don't be afraid. 嘿 Jude 不要担心 You were made to go out and get her. 去追她，留下她

The minute you let her under your skin, 拥抱她的时候 Then you begin to make it better. 将开始新的生活 And anytime you feel the pain, 无论何时，当你感到痛苦的时候 hey Jude, refrain, 嘿 Jude 放松一下自己 Don't carry the world upon your shoulders. 不要去担负太多自己能力以外的事 For well you know that it's a fool who plays it cool 要知道扮酷是很愚蠢的 Hey Jude, don't make it bad. 嘿 Jude 不要这样消沉

Take a sad song and make it better. 唱首伤感的歌曲会使你振作一些Remember to let her into your heart, 记住要永远爱她 Then you can start to make it better. 开始新的生活 Hey Jude, don't be afraid. 嘿 Jude 不要担心 You were made to go out and get her. 去追她，留下她 The minute you let her under your skin, 拥抱她的时候 Then you begin to make it better. 将开始新的生活 And anytime you feel the pain,

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Nonimmigrant Visa Resume Name: Date and country of birth: Place of birth: Gender: Home address and contact information: Company address and contact information: Cell phone Number: Email Address: Name and date of birth of spouse: Name and date of birth of Child: Education Name of university: Date of Attendance: Degree level: Course of study: Work experience If more than one, list from the latest.

Name: Address: Job title: Dates of employment: Telephone No.: Supervisor’s Name: Responsibility: Travel Country, year, purpose Statement of Intent Proposed schedule: See attached Associate: 非移民签证简历姓名：出生日期和国家：出生地：性别：家庭地址和电话：公司地址和电话：手机号码：

电子邮箱：配偶姓名及出生日期：孩子姓名及出生日期：教育经历大学名称：在校时间：学位：专业：工作经验如果超过一家的工作经历，从最近的列明。公司名称：地址：职称：起至时间：电话：主管姓名：职责：

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美国签证提交简历中英文样板S a m p l e R e s u m e 使馆提供集团公司文件内部编码：（TTT-UUTT-MMYB-URTTY-ITTLTY-

国家（年）例如：美国（2002，2003）；加拿大（2008，2009）同行人–请写出和您一起赴美的所有同行人姓名及与您的关系

Name(inpinyinandChinese): Gender: DateofBirth: PlaceofBirth: HomeAddress: BusinessAddress: HomePhone: WorkPhone: MobilePhone: E-mail: Education–pleaselistalldegreesattained,beginningwiththemostrecent Month,Year–Month,YearUniversityName DegreeandMajor ThesisTopic/ResearchFocus(formastersandphddegrees) WorkExperience–pleaselistallworkexperience Month,Year–Month,YearEmployer Location PositionorTitle Duties AwardsandGroupMemberships–ifany Publications–pleaselistallpublications,ifany TravelHistory–pleaselistallcountriesyouhavevisited Example:U.S.（2002,2003)；Canada（2008,2009）

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英文简历美国签证需要用到的个人简历中英文

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ming, CHEN September Name: ming, CHEN Date and country of birth: September, 15，1954 China Gender: Male Name and date of birth of spouse: (if applicable) Ge, ZHANG Dec.14, 1962 Names and dates of birth of children: Che, CHEN, Aug.4, 1985 Address and Contact information: No. 302, Door 1, Bldg. 15, No. 2 Courtyard, North of Shangyang Road, Xigong District, Henan, 471000, China Education List here all universities and higher education institutions you have attended, starting with the most recent. You should include the following information: Name of university: 1993－1996 Henan University of Science and Technology 1977-1981 The PLA Information Engineering University Dates of study: Degree level: Degree major and minors: Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Area of research Title of thesis Work experience List here all paid and voluntary work you have performed and positions held, starting with the most recent. You should include the following information: Name of company, organization or institutions Luo Yang Zhong Ya IP Consultant and Service Centre Job titles Director

《汉语》基本词汇表及说明

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