英语语言学教程 胡壮麟 术语大集合
胡壮麟《语言学教程》术语表作者：宋联
最近学习英语语言学才发现术语乃是影响读书速度的一个重要因素，所以我在读的过程中整理了一些术语，希望对学习英语语言学的人能够有所帮助。
第一章
phonology音系学
grammar语法学
morphology形态学
syntax句法学
lexicology词汇学
general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学
anthropology人类学
stylistics文体学
signifier能指
signified所指
morphs形素
morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列
sub-structure低层结构
super-structure上层结构
open syllable开音节
closed syllable闭音节
checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级
level层次
ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论
sing-song theory唱歌说
yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说
pooh-pooh theory感叹说
ta-ta theory模仿说
animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说
Prague school布拉格学派
Bilateral opposition双边对立
Mutilateral opposition多边对立
Proportional opposition部分对立
Isolated opposition孤立对立
Private opposition表缺对立
Graded opposition渐次对立
Equipollent opposition均等对立
Neutralizable opposition可中立对立
Constant opposition恒定对立
Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法
Meaning potential意义潜势
Conversational implicature会话含义
Deictics指示词
Presupposition预设
Speech acts言语行为
Discourse analysis话语分析
Contetualism语境论
Phatic communion寒暄交谈
Metalanguage原语言
Applied linguistics应用语言学
Nominalism唯名学派
Psychosomatics身学
第二章
trachea/windpipe气管
tip舌尖
blade舌叶/舌面
front舌前部
center舌中部
top舌顶
back舌后部
dorsum舌背
root舌跟
pharynx喉/咽腔
laryngeals喉音
laryngealization喉化音
vocal cords声带
vocal tract声腔
initiator启动部分
pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制
glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制
velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制
Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音
Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音
Breath state呼吸状态
Voice state带音状态
Whisper state耳语状态
Closed state封闭状态
Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨
Dorsum舌背
Ejective呼气音
Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音
Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段
Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental复音段Synthetic language综合型语言Diacritic mark附加符号
Broad transcription宽式标音Narrow transcription窄式标音Orthoepy正音法
Orthography正字法Etymology词源
Active articulator积极发音器官
Movable speech organ能动发音器官Passive articulator消极发音器官Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官Lateral边音
Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音
Central approximant中央无摩擦延续音Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音Unilateral consonant单边辅音
Bilateral consonant双边辅音
Non-lateral非边音
Trill [r]颤音trilled consonant颤辅音rolle d consonant滚辅音
Labal-velar唇化软腭音
Interdental齿间音
Post-dental后齿音
Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音
Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音
Palato-alveolar后齿龈音
Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音
Dorso-palatal舌背腭音
Pre-palatal前腭音
Post-palatal后腭音
Velarization软腭音化
Voicing浊音化
Devoicing清音化
Pure vowel纯元音
Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization单元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong闭二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong宽二合元音Phonetic similarity语音相似性Free variant自由变体
Free variation自由变异Contiguous assimilation临近同化Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation顺同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音
Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音
Weak stress弱重音
Stress group重音群
Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress对比重音Lexical stress词汇重音
Word stress词重音
Lexical tone词汇声调
Nuclear tone核心声调
Tonetics声调学
Intonation contour语调升降曲线
Tone units声调单位
Intonology语调学
Multilevel phonology多层次音系学Monosyllabic word多音节词Polysyllabic word单音节次
Maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则
第三章词汇
liaison连音
contracted form缩写形式
frequency count词频统计
a unit of vocabulary词汇单位
a lexical item词条
a lexeme词位
hierarchy层次性
lexicogrammar词汇语法
morpheme语素
nonomorphemic words单语素词polymorphemic words多语素词relative uninterruptibility相对连续性
a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words 可变词invariable words不变词
paradigm聚合体
grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词
lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词
closed-class words封闭类词
opened-class words开放类词
word class词类
particles小品词
pro-form代词形式
pro-adjective(so)代形容词
pro-verb(do/did)代副词
pro-adverb(so)代动词
pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词
determiners限定词
predeterminers前置限定词
central determiners中置限定词
post determiners后置限定词
ordinal number序数词
cardinal number基数词
morpheme词素
morphology形态学
free morpheme自由词素
bound morpheme黏着词素
root词根
affix词缀
stem词干
root morpheme词根语素
prefix前缀
infix中缀
suffix后缀
bound root morpheme黏着词根词素inflectional affix屈折词缀
derivational affix派生词缀
inflectional morphemes屈折语素derivational morphemes派生语素
word-formation构词
compound复合词
endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词
nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词
adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词
verbal compound动词性复合词synthetic compound综合性复合词derivation派生词
morpheme语素
phoneme音位
morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemic structure语素结构phonological structure音素结构monosyllabic单音节
polysyllabic多音节phonological conditioned音位的限制
morphological conditioned形态的限制
coinage/invention新创词语
blending混成法
abbreviation缩写法
acronym首字母缩写法
back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法
analogical creation类比构词法
borrowing借词法
loanword借词
loanblend混合借词
loanshift转移借词
loan translation翻译借词
loss脱落
addition添加
metathesis换位
assimilation同化
contact assimilation接触性同化
contiguous assimilation临近性同化
theory of least effort省力理论
non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化
distant assimilation远距离同化
morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化
morphological change形态变化
syntactical change句法变化
finite element有定成分
semantic change语义变化
multisemous多种意义
broadening词义扩大
narrowing词义缩小
meaning shift词义转移
class shift词性变换
folk etymology俗词源
orthographic change拼写的变化
conversion变换/变码
domain范围/领域
meaning shift意义转移
split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)
calque仿造词语
clipping截断法
metanalysis再分化
finiteness定式
proximate(this)近指代词
obviative(that)远指代词
non-productivity/unproductive非多产性
semiotics符号学
paradigmatic relations聚合关系
associative relations联想关系
syntagmatic relations组合关系
sequential relations序列关系
logogram语标
register语域
passive vocabulary消极词汇
lexis/vocabulary词汇表第四章句法
number数
gender性
case格
nominative主格
vocative呼格
accusative兵格
genitive属格
dative与格
ablative离格
tense 时
aspect体
perfective完成体
imperfective未完成体
concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系
the governor支配者
the governed被支配者
signified能指
signifier所指
syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词
the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analys is for short)直接成分分析法
linear structure线性结构
hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体
constituent成分
substituability替换性
labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构
exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现
the declarative陈述句
the interrogative疑问句
dative movement与格移位
morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则
affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化
object-deletion宾语删除
subject-deletion主语删除
categories语类
lexicon词库
temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制
standard theory标准理论
trace theory语迹理论
the same index带同标志government管辖
binding约束
a rule system规则系统
a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for sh ort)成分统制
plain English普通英语
anaphor照应语
pronominal指代语
r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化
reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语
local domain局部语域
binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角
CS(computational system)计算系统Merger合并
move移动
theme主位
rheme述位
empty subject空主语
objective order客观顺序
subjective order主观顺序
actual sentence division实义句子切分法
functional sentence perspective 功能句子观
communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力
bipartition二分法
tripartite classification三分法
representative function表达功能
expressive function表情功能
appellative/vocative function称呼功能
conative function意欲功能
poetic function诗学功能
ideational function概念功能
interpersonal function人际功能
textual function语篇功能
transitivity及物性
actor动作者
mood system语气系统
the finite verbal operator限定部分
residue剩余部分
indicative直陈语气
imperative祈使语气
mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）
relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）
verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）
existential process生存过程
第四章句法
number数
gender性case格
nominative主格
vocative呼格
accusative兵格
genitive属格
dative与格
ablative离格
tense 时
aspect体
perfective完成体
imperfective未完成体
concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系
the governor支配者
the governed被支配者
signified能指
signifier所指
syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词
the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analys is for short)直接成分分析法
linear structure线性结构
hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体
constituent成分
substituability替换性
labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构
exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现
the declarative陈述句
the interrogative疑问句
dative movement与格移位
morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则
affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化
object-deletion宾语删除
subject-deletion主语删除
categories语类
lexicon词库
temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制
standard theory标准理论
trace theory语迹理论
the same index带同标志
government管辖
binding约束
a rule system规则系统
a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for sh ort)成分统制
plain English普通英语
anaphor照应语
pronominal指代语
r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化
reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语
local domain局部语域
binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角
CS(computational system)计算系统=deriv ational procedure推导系统
Merger合并
move移动
theme主位
rheme述位
empty subject空主语
objective order客观顺序
subjective order主观顺序
actual sentence division实义句子切分法
functional sentence perspective 功能句子观
communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法
tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能
appellative/vocative function称呼功能
conative function意欲功能
poetic function诗学功能
ideational function概念功能
interpersonal function人际功能
textual function语篇功能
transitivity及物性
actor动作者
mood system语气系统
the finite verbal operator限定部分
residue剩余部分
indicative直陈语气
imperative祈使语气
mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）
relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）
verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）
existential process生存过程
empiricism经验主义（洛克，白板说）
rationalism 理性主义（笛卡尔）
mentalism心灵主义
new empiricism新经验主义(Bloomfield)
priori先天综合判断（康德Kant）
Cartesian linguistics笛卡尔语言学派
Syntactic structure (SS)早期转换句法时期
Standard theory (ST)标准理论时期Extended Standard theory (EST)扩展的
标准理论
Revised Standard theory(REST)扩展的休正标准理论
The theory of government and binding (GB theory)管辖和约束理论时期（管约论）Minimalist program (MP)最简方案时期Structural description结构描写式Performance system应用系统
Modular theory模块理论
Spell-out拼写
Language faculty语言机制/官能
Mental organ心智器官
Knowledge of language 语言知识Meaning potential 意义潜势
Context culture 文化语境
Field语场
Tenor语旨
Mode语式
pivot words轴心词
mental construct心理构念
theoretical cognitive psychology理论认知心理学
psychological faculty心理官能
autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主(arb itrariness任意性,systemacity系统性, self-containedness自足性)
typological functionalism类型学功能主义
extreme functionalism极端的功能主义
external functionalism外部功能主义
integrative functionalism一体化功能注主义
exceptional case marking例外格标记
specifier标定成分
fall-category maximal projection全语类的最大投射
two-segment category两节语类
complement domain补足语区域
minimal domain最小区域
internal domain内部区域
checking domain检验区域
sisterhood姐妹关系
minimizing chain link最小语链联结
representational system表达系统
strict cyclic principle严格的层级条件
structure-preserving principle结构保存原则
C-commanding condition成分统领条件
articulatory-perceptual system发音-听音系统
conceptual-intentional system概念-意旨系统
interface conditions中介条件
full-interpretation完全解释原则
procrastination逻辑形式操作优先原则
greed句法操作自利原则
the shortest linkage principle最短联接原则
the shortest movement principle最短移位原则primary complement/modifier(referential NP)一级补语位/修饰语位(定指名词短语)
secondary complement(non- referential NP) 二级补语位(非定指名词短语)
empty category principle空范畴原则
aspect checking特征验证
aspect feature基本体貌特征
ASPP is functional projection .ASPP 是功能投射.
crossing branch交叉分支
across the board extraction抽取跨界移动
principles-and-parameters framework原则与参数语法
head parameter中心语参数
logical form(LF)逻辑形式
phonetic form(PF)语音形式
spell-out拼读
phonological component音韵部分
overt component显性部分
covert component隐性部分
core computation核心运算
asymmetric c-command不对称成分统制
linear correspondence axiom线形对应定理
adjunction加接
determiner限定词
concatenate联结
linearization线性化
functional parameterization hypothesis功能参数设定假设
right-branching右向分支
X’(V,N,A,P)词项
X’’=XP=Xmax是X的二阶投射结构Y’’=指示语specifier
Z’’=补述语complement
IP=屈折短语inflection phrase XP=general phrase structure
C HL人类语言的运算系统=computational s ystem for human language
LCA线性对应定理=linear correspondence axiom
Xmin=X0=最小投射
胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is
语言学教程第四版第二章 胡壮麟 主编
Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books)
【免费下载】胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结
胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结 1.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.360docs.net/doc/db10669474.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.360docs.net/doc/db10669474.html,ying down rules for language use. 8.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 9.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 10.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 11.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication. 12.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language. 13.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies. 14.macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et https://www.360docs.net/doc/db10669474.html,petence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. 16.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation. https://www.360docs.net/doc/db10669474.html,ngue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. 18.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). 19.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds. 20.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 21.Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 22.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.
胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part12
Literary linguistics studies the language of literature. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. 9.1 Theoretical background
9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form 9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche 9.2.3 The analysis of literary language
9.3.1 Sound patterning 9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance Reverse rhyme Pararhyme Repitition
-Metre(Dimetre, Trimetre, Tetrametre, Hexametre, Heptametre, Octametre) -Foot (Iamb, Trochee, Anapest, Dactyl,Spondee, Pyrrhic) 9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound Couplets Quatrains Blank verse Sonnet 9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre 9.3.6 How to analyse poetry?
胡壮麟名词解释
胡壮麟《语言学教程》术语表 第一章 phonology音系学 grammar语法学 morphology形态学 syntax句法学 lexicology词汇学 general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistic s历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学 anthropology人类学 stylistics文体学 signif ier能指 signif ied所指 morphs形素 morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学 syntactic categori es句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列 sub-structure低层结构 super-structure上层结构 open syllable开音节 closed syllable闭音节 checked syllable成阻音节 rank 等级 level层次 ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论 sing-song theory唱歌说 yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说 pooh-pooh theory感叹说 ta-ta theory模仿说 animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说 Prague school布拉格学派 Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立 Private opposition表缺对立 Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-f unctional grammar系统功能语法 Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词 Presupposition预设 Speech acts言语行为 Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论 Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言 Applied linguistic s应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学 第二章trachea/windpipe气管 tip舌尖 blade舌叶/舌面 front舌前部 center舌中部 top舌顶 back舌后部 dorsum舌背 root舌跟 pharynx喉/咽腔 laryngeals喉音 laryngealization喉化音 vocal cords声带 vocal tract声腔 initiator启动部分 pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流 机制 glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流 机制 velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机 制 Adam’s apple喉结 Voiceless sound清音 Voiceless consonant请辅音 Voiced sound浊音 Voiced consonant浊辅音 Glottal stop喉塞音 Breath state呼吸状态 Voice state带音状态 Whisper state耳语状态 Closed state封闭状态 Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨 Dorsum舌背 Ejective呼气音 Glottalised stop喉塞音 Impossive内爆破音 Click/ingressive吸气音 Segmental phonology音段音系学 Segmental phonemes音段音位 Suprasegmental超音段 Non-segmental非音段 Plurisegmental复音段 Synthetic language综合型语言 Diacritic mark附加符号 Broad transcription宽式标音 Narrow transcription窄式标音 Orthoepy正音法 Orthography正字法 Etymology词源 Active articulator积极发音器官 Movable speech organ能动发音器官 Passive articulator消极发音器官 Immovable speech organ不能动发音 器官 Lateral边音 Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音 Resonant共鸣音 Central approximant中央无摩擦延续 音 Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音 Unilateral consonant单边辅音 Bilateral consonant双边辅音 Non-lateral非边音 Trill [r]颤音trilled consonant颤辅音 rolled consonant滚辅音 Labal-velar唇化软腭音 Interdent al齿间音 Post-dental后齿音 Apico-alveol ar舌尖齿龈音 Dorso-alveol ar舌背齿龈音 Palato-alveolar后齿龈音 Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音 Dorso-palat al舌背腭音 Pre-palat al前腭音 Post-palatal后腭音 Velarization软腭音化 Voicing浊音化 Devoicing清音化 Pure vowel纯元音 Diphthong二合元音 Triphthong三合元音 Diphthongization二合元音化 Monophthongization单元音化 Centring diphthong央二合元音 Closing diphthong闭二合元音 Narrow diphthong窄二合元音 Wide diphthong宽二合元音 Phonetic similarity语音相似性 Free variant自由变体 Free variation自由变异 Contiguous assimilation临近同化 Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化 Regressive assimilation逆同化 Anticipatory assimilation先行同化 Progressive assimilation顺同化 Reciprocal assimilation互相同化 Coalescent assimilation融合同化 Partial assimilation部分同化 Epenthesis插音 Primary stress主重音 Secondary stress次重音 Weak stress弱重音 Stress group重音群 Sentence stress句子重音 Contrastive stress对比重音 Lexical stress词汇重音 Word stress词重音 Lexical tone词汇声调 Nuclear tone核心声调 Tonetics声调学 Intonation contour语调升降曲线 Tone units声调单位 Intonology语调学 Multilevel phonology多层次音系学 Monosyllabic word多音节词 Polysyllabic word单音节次 Maximal onset principle最大节首辅 音原则 第三章词汇 liaison连音 contract ed f orm缩写形式 frequency count词频统计 a unit of vocabulary词汇单位 a lexical item词条 a lexeme词位 hierarchy层次性 lexicogrammar词汇语法 morpheme语素 nonomorphemic words单语素词 polymorphemic words多语素词 relative uninterruptibility相对连续性 a minimum f ree f orm最小自由形式 the maximum f ree f orm最大自由形式 variable words 可变词 invariable words不变词 paradigm聚合体 grammatical words(function words)语 法词/功能词 lexical words(cont ent words)词汇词/ 实义词 closed-cl ass words封闭类词 opened-class words开放类词 word class词类 particles小品词 pro-f orm代词形式 pro-adjective(so)代形容词 pro-verb(do/did)代副词 pro-adverb(so)代动词 pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词 determiners限定词 predeterminers前置限定词 central determiners中置限定词 post determiners后置限定词 ordinal number序数词 cardinal number基数词 morpheme词素 morphology形态学 free morpheme自由词素 bound morpheme黏着词素 root词根 aff ix词缀 stem词干 root morpheme词根语素 pref ix前缀 inf ix中缀 suff ix后缀 bound root morpheme黏着词根词素 inf lectional aff ix屈折词缀 derivational aff ix派生词缀 inf lectional morphemes屈折语素 derivational morphemes派生语素 word-f ormation构词 compound复合词 endocentri c compound向心复合词 exocentri c compound离心复合词 nominal endocentric compound名词性 向心复合词 adjective endocentric compound形容 词性向心复合词 verbal compound动词性复合词 synthetic compound综合性复合词 derivation派生词 morpheme语素 phoneme音位
英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版).
英语语言学教程（胡壮麟版） Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1.What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, “shu” in Ch inese. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2.Design Features of Language. “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1)Arbitrariness: By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2)Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3)Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4)Displacement: “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5)Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6)Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3.Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1)Phatic function: The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2)Directive function: The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer
语言学重要知识点(胡壮麟版)
Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.eg.the dog barks wowwow in english but 汪汪汪in chinese.Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.eg.dog-woof(but not w-oo-f)Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Eg. An experiment of bee communication.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 3. Origin of language The bow-wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.The pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. The “yo-he-ho” theory As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 4.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings. 5. Main branches of linguistics ?Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. ?Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. ?Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes. ?Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. ?Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is concerned with both meanings of words as lexical items and levels of language below the word and above it. ?Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 6.Important distinctions in linguistics 1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive For example, ―Don’t say X.‖ is a prescriptive command; ―People don’t say X.‖ is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Lyons 2)Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. 3)Langue & parole langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). Saussure 4)Competence and performance According to Chomsky,a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence 7.consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede, or