自考英语语言学填空题
21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of verbal communication.
22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be
combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed productivity / creativity .
23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function
is _ metalingual function _.
24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work
has been called the yo-he-ho theory.
25. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
26. Modern linguistics is descriptive in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what
language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.
27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing.
28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic linguistic
study.
29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue refers to the abstract
linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s competence .
21. Consonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless, while all vowel sounds are
voiced .
22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are
brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing friction .
23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the tongue and the lips.
24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the
highest point in the mouth. A second element is the height to which that part of the tongue is raised.
25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without obstruction .
26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of
the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating minimal pairs .
27. In English there are a number of diphthongs , which are produced by moving from
one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
28. Co-articulation refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the
influence of their neighbors.
29. Phonemes is the smallest linguistic unit.
30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.
These movements have an effect on the air stream coming from the lungs. 21. An initialism is pronounced letter by letter, while an acronym is pronounced
as a word.
22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with vocabulary .
23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: solid , hyphenated and
open .
24. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme .
25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to close class, while
the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to open class.
26. Back-formation is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of
shortening.
27. Conversion is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its
inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.
28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the morpheme level.
29.A word formed by derivation is called a derivative , and a word formed by
compounding is called a compound .
30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: affix and bound root .
21. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a
predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
22. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number
of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
23. A subject may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes
the predicate.
24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says
something about the subject is grammatically called predicate .
25. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated
into the other.
26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an
embedded clause.
27. Major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are
constantly added.
28. Adjacency condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case
recipient should stay adjacent to each other.
29. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in
one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.
30. The theory of Case condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in
subject and object positions.
21. Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.
22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form
and what it refers to.
23. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it
deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
24. Words that are close in meaning are called Relational .
25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are
called homophones .
26. Relational opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship
between the two items.
27. Componential analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be
divided into meaning components.
28. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called
selectional restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
29. A(n) argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the
nominal element(s) in a sentence.
30. According to the naming theory of meaning, the words in a lan?guage are taken
to be labels of the objects they stand for.
21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community .
22. Speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or
group of speakers.
23. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal
variety of a language.
24. Language standardization is also called language planning .
25. Social variation gives rise to sociolects which are subdivisible into smaller speech
categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.
26. Stylistic variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum
from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.
27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or
official language of a country.
28. The standard language is a superposed socially prestigious dialect of language.
29. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or
vernacular languages.
30. A pidgin typically lacks in inflectional morphemes.
21. The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
22. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication,
it becomes an utterance .
23. The meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontexualized.
24. Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
25. Performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and
were not verifiable.
26. A(n) locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of
conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
27. A(n) illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the
act performed in saying something.
28. A(n) commissive is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.
29. A(n) expressive is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.
30. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of quantity , the
maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.
21. The Prague School practiced a special style of synchronic Linguistics.
22. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology
and the distinction between phonetics and phonology.
23. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in
Britain was J. R. Firth .
24. Halliday’s Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, and the theory
behind his Functional Grammar is systemic .
25. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) sociologically oriented functional linguistic
approach.
26. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be
defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of distribution .
27. In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known
as Bloomfieldian Age.
28. Descriptivism in language theories is characteristic of America.
29. The starting point of Chomsky’s TG grammar is his innateness hypothesis.
30. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a
hypothesis-maker , linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.
全国自考2016年10月00541《语言学概论》历年真题及答案
2016年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 语言学概论试卷(课程代码 00541) 第一部分选择题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题l分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡” 的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂或多涂均无分。 1.下面各项中，属于汉语北方方言的是 A.广州话 B.福州话 C.重庆话 D.上海话 2.汉语拼音字母b、p、m都是 A.舌尖音 B.唇齿音 C.正齿音 D.双唇音 3.下面各项属于自源文字的是 A.英文字母 B.甲骨文 C.腓尼基字母 D.希腊字母 4.儿童“以词代句语言”出现在 A.单词句阶段 B.语法句阶段 C.简单句阶段 D.复杂句阶段 5.“叶子岀水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙”一句采用的修辞手法是 A.比拟 B.仿写 C.夸张 D.比喻 6.下面各项中含有轻声音节的是 A.渐渐 B.妈妈 C.声声 D.人人 7.“在家休息”是一个 A.动宾词组 B.主谓词组 C.偏正词组 D.兼语词组 8.不同行业有自己的“行话“行话”属于 A.地域方言 B.社会方言 C.亲属语言 D.混合语言 9.“半两棉花——免弹（谈)”采用的方法是 A.转移欢关 B.语义汉关 C.语音双关 D.替代双关 10.下面各项属于语言符号特点的是 A.约定性 B.自然性 C.固定性 D.想象性 11.一种语言的共同语是在某一个方言的基础上形成的，这种方言叫 A.母方言 B.底层方言 C.基础方言 D.原始方言
12.谈话体属于 A.书面语体 B.宣传语体 C.文学语体 D.口语语体 13.唐太宗名李世民，唐代人便把“世”改为“代'把“民”改成“人”，这是为了 A.避讳 B.图吉利 C.讨口彩 D.自谦 14.中国历史上推行“书同文”措施的是 A.齐桓公 B.秦始皇 C.汉武帝 D.唐玄宗 15.汉语中“罗汉、菩萨、塔、阎罗”等词的出现，是因为 A.儒家学说的兴盛 B.道教的兴起 C.名教的影响 D.佛教的传入 16.“弟弟吃苹果”不能说成“苹果弟弟吃'这是受制于语言符号的 A.组合关系 B.聚合关系C联想关系 D.分类关系 17.音高取决于声波的 A.振幅 B.数量 C.长短 D.频率 18.“这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天”，这个句子是 A.反复句 B.顶真句 C.对偶句 D.回环句 19.中国叫“绥远、定远”之类名字的地方，往往当年 A.水草丰美 B.山川秀丽 C.曾发生战乱后被抚平 D.人口特别多 20.—个民族的全体或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言转而使用另一民族语言的现象叫 A.语言混合 B.语言转用 C.克里奥尔 D.双语现象 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂、多涂或少涂均无分。 21.下面关于语言和民族、国家关系的说法中，正确的有 A.—个民族只能说一种语言 B.—个民族可以说多种语言 C.一个国家只有一种语言 D.—个国家可以有多种语言 E.不同民族可以说同一种语言 22.下面各项中，属于元音的有 A.[a] B.[f] C. [l] D.[o] E.[p] 23.下面各项中属于发散思维的表现形式的有 A.音乐 B.舞蹈 C.绘画 D.推理 E.文学 24.下面各项中彼此有亲属关系的语言有 A.日语 B.葡萄牙语 C.老挝语 D.朝鲜语 E.英语 25.下面各项中，属于借词的有
英语语言学概论精选试题学生版
《英语语言学概论》精选试题1 1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic C. Animals also have language D. Language is arbitrary 2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language A. Symbolic B. Duality C. Productive D. Arbitrary 3. What is the most important function of language A. Interpersonal B. Phatic C. Informative D. Metalingual 4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Anonymous 5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue 6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it" is . A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies . A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B. the perception of sounds C. the combination of sounds D. the production of sounds 8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in . A. the place of articulation B. the obstruction of airstream C. the position of the tongue D. the shape of the lips 9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 10. Which studies the sound systems in a certain language A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 11. Minimal pairs are used to . A. find the distinctive features of a language B.find the phonemes of a language C. compare two words D. find the allophones of language 12. Usually, suprasegmental features include ___ ,length and pitch. A. phoneme B. speech sounds C. syllables D. stress 13. Which is an indispensable part of a syllable A. Coda B. Onset C. Stem D. Peak 三、判断
27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 4 Phonology
Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义： ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions（情况）: 1）the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2）the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3）the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（满足）the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布，互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1）contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on
(完整版)历年真题2014年10月自考英语(二)试题和标准答案
2014年10月高等教育自学考试英语（二）试卷 （课程代码00015） 本试卷满分100分，考试时间150分钟。 考生答题注意事项： 1．本卷所有试卷必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2．第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。 3．第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0.5毫M黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。 第一部分选择题 一、阅读判断（第1—10题，每题1分，共10分） 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题纸相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 The Stranger Who Changed My Life It was a sunny morning in the spring of 1966. I was driving a taxi, looking for a customer. While passing New York Hospital, I found a man running down the hospital steps, waving at me. I stopped. The man reached the taxi and jumped in. “The Airport, please,”he said. As always, I wondered about my passenger. Was this man a talker? After a few moments, he started saying, “How do you like driving a taxi?” “It’s OK” I said. “I make a living and meet interesting people sometimes.” “What do you do?” I asked. “I am a doctor at New York Hospital.” Many times during long rides, I’d developed a good relationship with my passengers and received very good advice from them. This time I decided to ask for his help. “Could I ask a favor of you?” He didn’t answer. “I have a son, 15, a good kid. He wants a job this summer. Is it possible that you get one for him?” He still wasn’t talking, and I was starting to feel foolish. Finally, he said, “Well, my students have a summer research project. Maybe he could join in. Have him send me his school record.” He left his address and paid me. It was the last time I ever saw him.
英语自考语言学填空题
1.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the detail of language have to be taught and learned. 2.Displacement means that language can be used to refer to thing which present or not present, real or imagined matter in the past, present or future or in far-away places. https://www.360docs.net/doc/d412733936.html,nguage is a system considering of two sets of structures, or two levels. https://www.360docs.net/doc/d412733936.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 5.Chomsky defined competence as the ideal speaker’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 7.Modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken from of language. 8.The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 9.Psycholinguistic relates the study of language to psychology. 10.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 11.Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing. 12.vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing 13.of all the speech organs , the tongue is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 14.when the obstruction is partial and the air if forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point ,the speech sound thus produced is a fricative in the production of
英语语言学概论复习
《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则：第一，理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二，以 各章的题目为统领，理解各章节下的具体内容。第三，动手书写和记忆重要内容，部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization
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