2020年高考英语二轮复习考点学与练专题14 阅读理解(讲)(含解析)

专题14 阅读理解

高中英语教学大纲明确规定“侧重提高阅读能力”，这为我们的备考指明了方向。分析近几年的高考英语试题，我们不难看出，阅读理解是高考试题中难度最大，区分度最高的题型，自始至终占据着主导地位。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能，它不仅考查对语篇的整体把握能力，而且考查快速捕捉信息、准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力。不仅要准确理解文章表层的意思，还要通过表层去推理、判断。除此之外，还涉及非语言因素，如：对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等。

Ⅰ.阅读理解题策略

一、先看题干，带着问题读文章。

即先看试题，再读文章。阅读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。

二、速读全文，了解大意知主题。

近几年的高考阅读速度大约是每分钟40词左右。必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。速读全文对于主旨大意题的解决尤其有效，能快速抓住主干，确定好答案。

三、详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。

文章绝不是互不相干的句子的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；议论文则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。

四、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。

深层理解主要包括归纳概括题(中心思想，加标题等)和推理判断题，是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想像，随意揣测；读者要对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：conclude，infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。

五、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。

猜词是应用英语阅读的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词法，语法，定义，同位语，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。

Ⅱ.阅读理解常见问题及原因分析

问题一：已经找对了题干与原文对应处，为何还做错？

原因：

①精确定位：要看清真正的问题，即用信息词定位之后，要看清句子逻辑关系，弄清意思。

②学会看选项的方法：

a．找最贴近原文意思的选项；

b．去除选项间的相同信息，专门关注区别点；

c．分清褒贬；

d．分清程度大小，强烈关注选项中表内容的单词；

e．看清范围，分清是整体还是局部。

高频考点一正确选项特征

在阅读理解的备考过程中，明确阅读理解常设选项的特征是快速准确锁定答案的关键。高考英语阅读理解的正确选项一般通过以下途径设置：

关键词直接复现：直接复现类可从问题中找到关键词，以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧迅速定位即可。此类题目较为简单，考查频率不高。

对原文关键词进行同义转换、正话反说和细节概括：此类题目需对原文信息进行准确理解并简单推理，观察词义、词性及语态的变化。这是命题人常用的设题方式，复习时应掌握英语的多种表达法。

一、同义转述

从近几年的高考题来看，细节理解题不仅数量有所增加，而且难度也稍有加大，主要表现为题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一致。命题人一般会对文章细节加以转述来考查考生准确理解细节的能力。转述的主要方式有以下三种：

1．同义词转化：把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，设为正确选项。

2．词性或语态等的变化：把原文中的词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，用另一种表达转述原文信息。

3．语言简化概括：把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化或概括成为正确答案。

例1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to

make it to market in the near future.

30．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?

A．It’ll be environment-friendly.

B．It’ll reach consumers soon.

C．It’ll be made of plastics.

D．It’ll help speed up typing.

【答案】B

【解析】细节理解题。根据上段中的最后一句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知，该研究团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，故选B。

二、正话反说

正话反说是阅读理解题目中的一个难点，通常有以下几个高频考向：

1．It looks/sounds like/as if类：表示看/听起来好像是，实际上并不是。

2．虚拟语气句：用虚拟语气来表述与事实相反的情况，让读者推断事实内容。

3．让步论述：先假设作者的观点反面成立，从而引出一系列荒谬的、不合理的结果，倒过来证明作者观点的正确性。

4．反问句。

例2.(2019·北京卷)The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don’t know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it’s not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you’re hearing is actually real.

38．How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?

A．Panicked.B．Confused.

C．Embarrassed. D．Disappointed.

【答案】D

【解析】推理判断题。根据上段中的“By the time these ‘solutions’(解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.”可知，等到这些“解决方案”被广泛使用时，不法分子就会转向更聪明的手段；由此可推知作者对自动语音电话问题的解决方案感到很失望，D项意为“失望的”，故选D。

3. 理解概括

阅读理解除了考查考生对细节信息的准确理解外，还要求考生通过思维分析将信息进行归纳概括，使之系统化、条理化。

例3.(2019·浙江卷)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素)．

The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.

Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源)．But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.

The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪)．

Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.

30．What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?

B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon

C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?

D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California

【答案】A

【解析】标题归纳题。根据全文可知，文章主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了其原因。因此A项能很好地概括全文。故选A。

高频考点二干扰项特征

高考英语阅读理解的错误选项就是命题人用以干扰考生思维的陷阱。高考英语中，由于词汇量的限制，挑选的文章不能过难。命题人就在问题和干扰项上做文章，使考生即使能基本读懂文章，也不能轻松做对题目。现在的干扰项不仅语言复杂，而且欺骗性强，两个语言水平相当、对文章理解程度相差不大的考生会因为对干扰项的辨别能力不同，而影响答题的准确率。为了提高辨别错误和干扰信息的能力，有必要分析干扰项的种种特征，使考生在命题人设置的种种陷阱前，做到胸有成竹。

一、偷梁换柱

干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。

例1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·D片段)During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.

32．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?

A．Unkind.B．Lonely.

C．Generous. D．Cool.

【答案】C

【解析】推理判断题。根据上段的第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.”可知，作者在小学时乐于分享。unkind“不友好的”，lonely“孤独的”，generous“慷慨的，大方的”，cool“酷的”，故选C。

二、张冠李戴

干扰项表述的内容在原文里可以找到信息依据，但与题干所问的动作发出者不一致。不注意动作主语的差异，张冠李戴，极易造成误选。

例2.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)

The Audience

Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan, about Queen Elizabeth Ⅱof the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs. Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld, 236 W．45th St.212-239-6200.) 2．Who is the director of The Audience?

A．Helen Mirren. B．Peter Morgan.

C．Dylan Baker. D．Stephen Daldry.

【答案】D

【解析】细节理解题。题干问的是“谁执导了The Audience？”。根据该部分中的“Stephen Daldry directs.”可知答案。

三、绝对化表达

干扰项中出现如all, none, everyone, each, everything, impossible 等绝对化的表达，一般不符合客观事实和原文信息。

例3.(2019·江苏卷)Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up internet centres in rural villages. I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.

62．The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________．

A．take people’s essential needs into account

B．make their programmes attractive to people

C．ensure that each child gets financial support

D．provide more affordable internet facilities

【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。根据上段中的“The question，however，is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and...in rural villages.”可知，作者想通过事例说明捐赠者应该考虑人们的基本需求，而不要片面地认为有了高科技产品，受赠者的生活水平就会产生巨大飞跃。故选A。

四、颠倒逻辑

干扰项中出现语义逻辑的混乱，即原文中出现的是A引起B, 而选项中是B引起A，考生可能看到了文中出现过的词语，没有细研究其逻辑意义，从而造成误选。

例4.(2019·江苏卷)It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions.

However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.

61．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________．

A．a lack of confidence in technology

B．a slow progress in technology

C．a conflict or public opinions

D．a waste of limited resources

【答案】D

【解析】细节理解题。根据上段中的“However，they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.”可知，对新技术影响的误判导致了对稀缺资源的误用，故选D。

【高考题型解读】

题型一、主旨大意题

1．主旨大意题常分为两类：(1)选出文章最佳标题；(2)概括文章或段落大意。

2．主旨大意题主要考查对文章进行概括或总结的能力，它要求在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心思想，体会作者的写作意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、论点及作者的情感倾向。研读近几年高考阅读理解，可以发现对主旨大意类的考查占有相当重要的地位。

【方法技巧】主旨大意题的三种思路：

①寻找主题句，确定文章大意。在许多情况下，尤其是在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。

主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾(或在开头结尾同时出现首尾呼应的主题句)，因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨概括类试题多采用浏览法，即浏览文章的首段和尾段的首句或尾句或每段的首句或尾句，重点搜索主题信息。

②抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找各段落中心句的基础上。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，不能仅依据只言片语或某一段落，而应该观察全文的结构安排，理解文章浓墨重笔的“重心”，考虑文章的材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么，分析故事情节围绕什么发展，最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。

③抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心。不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句隐含在段落中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，继而概括出段落的主题，推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。

例1、(2019·江苏卷·D)The 65-year-old Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early Alzheimer’s(阿尔兹海默症). He was losing his memory.

A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician in his family.

Music was his true passion, though he had never performed outside the family.

Melissa, his daughter, felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell asleep each night when she was young. She thought about hiring a professional pianist to work with her father.

Naomi, Melissa’s best friend and a talented pianist, got to know about this and showed willingness to help.

“Why do this？” Steve wondered.

“Because she cares，” Melissa said.

Steve nodded, tears in eye.

Naomi drove to the Goodwin home. She told Steve she’d love to hear him play. Steve moved to the piano and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently placed his fingers on the keys.

Naomi put a small recorder near the piano. Starts and stops and mistakes. Long pauses, heart sinking. But Steve pressed on, playing for the first time in his life for a stranger.

“It was beautiful，” Naomi said after listening to the recording. “The music was worth saving.”

Her responsibility, her privilege, would be to rescue it. The music was sill in Steve Goodwin. It was hidden in rooms with doors about to be locked.

Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together. He’d move his fingers clumsily on the piano, and then she’d take his place. He struggled to explain what he heard in his head.He stood by the piano, eyes closed, listening for the first time to his own work being played by someone else.

Steve and Naomi spoke in musical code: lines, beats, intervals, moving from the root to end a song in a new key. Steve heard it. All of it. He just couldn’t play it.

Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the belief he could write one last song. One day, Naomi received an email. Attached was a recording, a recording of loss and love, of the fight. Steve called it “Melancholy Flower.”

Naomi heard multiple stops and starts. Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called him “honey” and encouraged him. The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was quitting. Joni praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.

Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve’s favorite, and most personal, songs. With Naomi’s help, the Goodwin family found a sound engineer to record Naomi playing Steve’s songs. Joni thought that would be the end. But it wasn’t.

In the months leading up to the 2016 Oregon Repertory Singers Christmas concert, Naomi told the director she had a special one in mind: “Melancholy Flower.”

She told the director about her project with Steve. The director agreed to add it to the playing list. But Naomi would have to ask Steve’s permission. He considered it an honor.

After the concert, Naomi told the family that Steve’s music was beautiful and professional. It needed to be shared in public.

The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert. By the day of the show, more than 300 people had said they would attend.

By then, Steve was having a hard time remembering the names of some of his friends. He knew the path his life was now taking. He told his family he was at peace.

Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded by his family. The house lights faded. Naomi took the stage. Her fingers. His heart.

【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文，叙述了Steve在家人、朋友的帮助下与病魔赛跑及众人努力拯救可能失传的“独家音乐”的感人故事。

65．Why did Melissa want to save her father’s music?

A．His music could stop his disease from worsening.

B．She wanted to please her dying old father.

C．His music deserved to be preserved in the family.

D．She wanted to make her father a professional.

【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段可知，父亲Steve是一位钢琴爱好者，是家里唯一一位音乐家，再根据第三段中的“felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell asleep each night when she was young”可知，父亲Steve的音乐陪伴了Melissa的成长，因此Melissa觉得它对于这个家庭来说有着特别的意义，值得被保存，故本题答案为C。

66．After hearing Steve’s playing, Naomi ________．

A．refused to make a comment on it

B．was deeply impressed by his music

C．decided to free Steve from suffering

D．regretted offering help to her friend

【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第十段“‘It was beautiful，’Naomi said after listening to the recording.‘The music was worth saving.’”可知，听完他的演奏之后，Naomi对他的音乐很是赞赏，故本题答案为B。

67．How can the process of Steve’s recording be described?

A．It was slow but productive.

B．It was beneficial to his health.

C．It was tiresome for Naomi.

D．It was vital for Naomi’s career.

【答案】A【解析】细节理解题。根据第十二段中的“Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together. He’d move his fingers clumsily on the piano, and then she’d take his place.”及第十四段中的“Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the belief he could write one last song.”可知，音乐的录制过程缓慢，但是有成效，故本题答案为A。

68．Before Steve finished “Melancholy Flower，” his wife Joni ________．

A．thought the music talent of Steve was exhausted

B．didn’t expect the damage the disease brought about

C．didn’t fully realize the value of her husband’s music

D．brought her husband’s music career to perfection

【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据第十五段中的“Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called him‘honey’ and encouraged him.The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was quitting. Joni praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.”可知，在Steve进行音乐创作时，他泄气过，甚至说过要放弃，而他的妻子Joni仍然鼓励他和表扬他，并称这会是他的“签名之作”。由signature一般表示“(文件结尾的)签名”可推知，Joni认为这会是她丈夫最后的创作，她之前并没有想到丈夫的音乐会有被公开演奏的一天。再结合下文中Steve的音乐在音乐会上被演奏并得到认可及其对Steve的影响的内容可知，Joni之前并没有完全认识到Steve的音乐的价值或其积极作用。故本题答案为C。

69．How did Steve feel at the concert held in downtown Portland?

A．He felt concerned about his illness.

B．He sensed a responsibility for music.

C．He regained his faith in music.

D．He got into a state of quiet.

【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后两段的内容尤其是倒数第二段中的“He told his family he was at peace.”可知，在音乐会上，他心情很平静。故本题答案为D。

70．What can be a suitable title for the passage?

A．The Kindness of Friends

B．The Power of Music

C．The Making of a Musician

D．The V alue of Determination

【答案】B【解析】标题归纳题。音乐让Steve在家人、朋友的帮助下展开了一场与病魔赛跑的接力赛，因此The Power of Music适合作文章的标题。

题型二、细节理解题

1．此类题型一般分两种情况；直接事实题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常见的类型有对号入座题、是非判断题、语意转换题、表格理解题等)以及间接事实题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换)。

2．细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。有些问题，考生可以直接从文中找到明确的答案，但有些则需要在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理，如计算、排序、判断、比较等。

【技巧归纳】

做事实细节题最基本也最常用的方法是题干定位法。一般在原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可确定答案。此类题通常用一些疑问词来提问，或是判断正误。

【特别提醒】细节理解题的三个步骤：

①浏览全文，了解信息。快速通读全文，大致了解不同信息间的差异，为解决问题做好信息储备。

②抓关键词，快速寻读。根据题目要求，从题干中抓住关键性词语，以此为线索，通过略读和寻读的方法快速而准确地在文章中寻找与此问题相关的信息，找到后仔细阅读，反复品味，认真比较选项和文中细节，在准确理解该细节的前提下，排除干扰项，从而确定答案。

③回读信息，验证答案。确定答案后，必须回读原文，再一次根据原文中的信息对选项进行验证。

总之，对于细节理解题，我们要恰当地运用略读、查读等技巧，在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。

例2.(2019·江苏卷·A)Whatever your age or interests, Buxton has something to see or do to make your visit truly memorable.

High_energy

If you desire physical activities, you can choose activities from swimming to horse riding. Explore the heights with Go Ape, the high wire forest adventure course, or journey beneath the earth at Poole’s Cavern. And don’t forget: we are surrounded by a natural playground just perfect for walking, caving, climbing and cycling.

High_minded

Buxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and you’ll find much to suit all tastes with art, music, opera and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre and Green Man Gallery. There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become involved, including workshops and events.

Keeping_the_kids_happy

Children love the small train and playgrounds in the Pavilion Gardens and there’s plenty more to explore at the

Buxton Museum. There’s a new indoor play centre, plus the special events and workshops, and others during school holiday periods.

【解题导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了巴克斯顿(Buxton)令人难忘的景点及活动。

56．If you want to take an underground journey, which place is the best choice?

A．Poole’s Cavern.

B．Pavilion Gardens.

C．Buxton Museum.

D．Green Man Gallery.

【答案】A【解析】细节理解题。根据High_energy部分中的“Explore the heights with Go Ape, the high wire forest adventure course, or journey beneath the earth at Poole’s Cavern.”可知，如果你想进行地下之旅，可选择Poole’s Cavern。

57．Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre is special because it offers ________.

A．rides in small trains

B．courses in modern arts

C．artistic and cultural activities

D．basic courses in horse riding

【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据High_minded部分中的“Buxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and you’ll find much to suit all tastes...There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become involved”可知，Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre很特别的原因是它提供多种文化艺术活动。

题型三、词义猜测题

1．词义猜测题的常见形式：

(1)直接对某个陌生的词汇进行理解；

(2)对文中的某个代词确认指代的对象；

(3)对多义词或短语进行文中含义的精确定义；

(4)对英语中特有的表达、格言、谚语等进行直接的或解释性的描述。

2．词义猜测题是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解和处理生词的能力，它包括对词、词组和句意的理解。词义猜测不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面。

【方法技巧】词义猜测题的三大突破

1．根据定义猜测词义。如果生词由定语从句、同位语(同位语前常有or，similarly，that is to say，in rather words，namely，or rather，say等)或同位语从句来定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容或引号中的内容加以解释，理解这些定义或解释就是在理解词义。

2．根据对比、比较关系猜测词义。在一个句子或段落中如有对两个事物或两种现象的对比性描述，我们可以从生词的对立面猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词语主要有：unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast等。表示对比关系的句子结构有：while引导的并列句。表示比较关系的词语主要有：similarly，like，just as，also，as well as等。

3．通过构词法猜测词义。生词的前缀、后缀、复合词的各部分，词性的变化都可以暗示出词义。

注意

①不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；

②不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。

例3. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)But he’s nervous. “I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “-ld，” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “...V ote for...me...” Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.

25．What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Improper pauses. B．Bad manners.

C．Spelling mistakes. D．Silly jokes.

【答案】A

【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章内容可知，老师借助竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己。文中Chris Palaez 的母语不是英语，他学英语才三年多，说话不流利，而且他在演讲时非常紧张，所以说话磕磕绊绊，故选A。

【举一反三】(2018·北京卷)A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.

49．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

A．Employed.B．Replaced.

C．Shared. D．Reduced.

【答案】A

【解析】词义猜测题。利用构词法解题。field常用作名词，表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，引申为“使用，应用”。根据上段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will

almost certainly”并结合下句中的“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。

【变式探究】(2019·北京卷)Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.

43．What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．Sensitive. B．Beneficial.

C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable.

【答案】A

【解析】词义猜测题。根据上段尾句“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth...but also nutrients.”可知，温度变化对phytoplankton有很大的影响；由此可推知phytoplankton对海洋的温度很敏感。故选A。

【举一反三】(2019·江苏卷·B)In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone before：he couldn’t find the park’s volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature—that’s what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn’t find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.

Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma(岩浆) piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is, however, a second less known type of volcano that doesn’t involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack, leaving behind a vast hole, the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but Christiansen couldn’t find the caldera anywhere.

Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone.

A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a

nice blow-up for one of the visitors’ centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera: almost the whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.

【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。20世纪60年代，Bob Christiansen在研究黄石国家公园的火山历史时，对一件以前从未困扰过任何人的事情感到困惑：他找不到公园里的火山。

58．What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone?

A．Its complicated geographical features.

B．Its ever-lasting influence on tourism.

C．The mysterious history of the park.

D．The exact location of the volcano.

【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that, oddly, had not troubled anyone before: he couldn’t find the park’s volcano”可知，Bob Christiansen对黄石国家公园的火山位置感到困惑。

59．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?

A．The shapes of volcanoes.

B．The impacts of volcanoes.

C．The activities of volcanoes.

D．The heights of volcanoes.

【答案】A【解析】段落大意题。根据第二段内容尤其是其中的“Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes of Fuji or Kilimanjaro”和“a second less known type of volcano that doesn’t involve mountain building...a vast hole”可知，该段主要讲两类火山的形状。

60．What does the underlined word “blow-up” in the last paragraph most probably mean?

A．Hot-air balloon.B．Digital camera.

C．Big photograph. D．Bird’s view.

【答案】C【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“NASA decided to...by taking paragraphs of Yellowstone”和本段中的“As soon as Christiansen saw the photos, he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera: almost the whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera.”可知，NASA拍摄了黄石国家公园的照片，Christiansen在照片上看到公园的全景。由此可推知，blow-up意为“放大的照片”。

题型四、推理判断题

1．推理判断题的考查形式通常为：

推断隐含含义；推断作者的观点和态度；推断写作目的和意图；推断文章的出处；推断文章中人物的性格态度等。

2．推理判断题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断的能力。

【方法技巧】推理判断题的五大技巧：

1．抓特定信息，逆向或正向推理。抓住某一段话中的关键信息，如关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。

2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断。做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文的基础上，整合与题目相关的信息，综合推理判断，确定最佳结论。

3．利用语境的褒贬性进行推断。几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，它反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好这一点，就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。

4．根据文章的结论推断作者的态度。作者的思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。

5．根据上下文的逻辑得出结论。逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。

例4.(2019·江苏卷·C)Who cares if people think wrongly that the internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?

It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.

The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution represented by the internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in “post-industrial society” has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业), with negative consequences for their economies.

Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer

or setting up internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.

In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world”. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on

cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.

Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under-valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.

【解题导语】对新科技作用的误判可能会误导人们对已有的技术的认识和使用，影响对社会的认知。

61．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________．

A．a lack of confidence in technology

B．a slow progress in technology

C．a conflict or public opinions

D．a waste of limited resources

【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“However，they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.”可知，对新技术影响的误判导致了对稀缺资源的误用。故选D。

62．The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________.

A．take people’s essential needs into account

B．make their programmes attractive to people

C．ensure that each child gets financial support

D．provide more affordable internet facilities

【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The question，however，is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and...in rural villages”可知，作者想通过事例说明捐赠者应该考虑人们的基本需求，而不要片面地认为有了高科技产品，受赠者的生活水平就会产生巨大飞跃。故选A。

63．What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?

A．Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.

B．Believing that the world has become borderless.

C．Ignoring the power of economic development.

D．Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.

【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段可知，随着通信和交通运输技术的发展，人们认为我们生活在一个“无国界的世界”，由此许多政府取消了一些必要的规则。故选B。

64．What can we learn from the passage?

A．People should be encouraged to make more donations.

B．Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.

C．Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.

D．Economic policies should follow technological trends.

【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据文章最后一段中的“However, our fascination...wrong directions.”可知，我们对最新技术的入迷，和对已经普遍存在的技术作用的低估会将我们引向错误的方向，即传统的技术在当今仍有着重要的作用。故选B。

专题05 阅读理解

I.应用文

1. 【2019·全国卷I，A】

Need a Job This Summer?

The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs. The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.

Not a student? Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills, find a job or start businesses all year round.

Jobs for Youth

If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible(符合条件)for this program. Which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.

Who is eligible: Youth 15-18 years old in select communities(社区).

Summer Company

Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.

Who is eligible: Students aged 15-29, returning to school in the fall.

Stewardship Youth Ranger Program

You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.

Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.

Summer Employment Opportunities(机会)

Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program, students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups.

Who is eligible: Students aged 15 or older. Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.

21. What is special about Summer Company?

A. It requires no training before employment.

B. It provides awards for running new businesses.

C. It allows one to work in the natural environment.

D. It offers more summer job opportunities.

22. What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?

A. 15-18.

B. 15-24.

C. 15-29.

D. 16-17.

23. Which program favors the disabled?

A. Jobs for Youth.

B. Summer Company.

C. Stewardship Youth Ranger Program.

D. Summer Employment Opportunities.

【语篇解读】本文为应用文。本文叙述了省政府及其合作伙伴提供了许多项目来帮助学生暑期在找到工作。

21.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据Summer Company部分中的“Summer Company provides students with ...awards of up to ＄3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses” 可知“Summer Company为学生提供高达3000美元的奖励，来开始和经营他们自己的暑期业务”。“start and run their own summer businesses”即“为开办新的业务”，这对应B项中的“runn new businesses”，二者是词义之间的转述关系。故选B。

22.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据Stewardship Youth Ranger Program部分中的第二段“Who is eligible:

Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.”可知“符合条件的学生：16岁或17岁的学生，但在今年12月31日之前未满18岁”。由此得出，这个项目要求年龄在16-17岁之间。分析选项可知D项符合题意，故选D。

23.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据Summer Employment Opportunities部分中的最后一段最后一句“Who is eligible: ...Some positions require students to be 15to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability”,可知Summer Employment Opportunities有些职位是给残疾人的。分析选项可知，D项符合题意，故选D。

2. 【2019·全国卷II，A】

My Favourite Books

Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.

Matilda

Roald Dahl

I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words. Matilda's battles with her cruel me parents and the bossy headmisres，Miss Trunchbull，are equally fumy and frightening，but they're also aspirational.

After Dark

Haruki Murakami

It’s about two sisters-Eri，a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping，and Mari, a young student . In trying to connect to her sister. Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse ”night people” who are hiding secrets.

Gone Girl

Gillian Fynn

There was a bit of me that didn't want to love this when everyone else on the planet did but the horror story is brilliant. There's tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust. It's a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what's going on is horribly enjoyable

The Stand

Stephen King

This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world's population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those let. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.