Micheal's Translation

Micheal's Translation
Micheal's Translation

It is a common phenomenon that the two phases (gas and liquid) coexist together in the thermal engineering, nuclear engineering, etc. The bubble behavoir has a great influence on the characteristics of pressure drop, resistance and heat transfer of the two-phase flow. In order to enhance the ability of heat transfer, velocity and reduce the deposition of dirt, the nuclear equipment develops towards miniaturization and integration. The flow channels become smaller and smaller and it is common that the bubble moves sticking to the wall in the narrow rectangular channel. The wall influences the bubble’s motion and what’s more, it influences the flow characterristics in the narrow rectangular channel. Hence, it is necessary to study the behavior of adhesion bubble’s motion.

The bubble is studied by using theoretical analysis, experimental observation based on the high-speed photography technology, numerical simulation and their combinations. Experiments and theoretical analysis can help us find out the stress of bubble, the rising speed relations of bubble and the shape change of rising bubble, etc. The flow characteristics of bubble can be described by using the non-dimensional number, such as: Mo, Eo, We, Re, etc[2]. Bhaga studied the upward movement of the bubble in the viscous liquid systematically. He got the bubble’s phase diagram between the shape of bubble, rising velocity and three non-dimensional numbers (Re, Mo, Eo).

得到了描述气泡形状及终端上升速度与3个参数(Re、Mo、Eo)之

间关系的气泡相图。

徐炯[9] studied the characteristics of bubble’s movement in static water by using the high-speed camera. 鞠花[10]studied the characteristics of the bubble’s rising movement along the inclined wall in static water by using the high-speed camera.

Dijkhuizen used Front Tracking method to study the rising force of single bubble and did some special model experiments and numerical simulation.

Dijkhuizen等[13]采用Front Tracking方法对作用在单个气泡的上升力进行了专门的模型实验和数值模拟研究.

陈斌[17,18]developed the direct simulation method based on the Front Tracking method to study the single rising bubble’s motion characteristics that was off-wall, near to the vertical-wall and inclined-wall respectivly in static water, which got a good simulation result.

陈斌[17,18]发展了基于Front Tracking的直接数值模拟方法用于研究静止水中单个上升气泡分别在远离壁面、竖直壁面附近以及倾斜壁面上的运动特性,得到了较好的模拟计算结果。

Rabha[20] studied the single and 群bubble’s rising characteristics in 剪切液体and how the buoyancy influences the bubble’s motion in high-viscocity and low-viscocity fluid in numerical simulation method. Rabha等[20]对单个气泡和群气泡在剪切液体中的上升运动特性以及浮力在高黏性液体和低黏性液体中对气泡运动的影响作用进行了数

值模拟研究。

何丹[21] and李彦鹏[22]used the Level-Set method to simulate the bubble’s rising movement under the consideration of buoyancy, study how the initial shape of bubble influences the shape change and rising velocity and the bubble’s progress of growth in different fluids which have different viscosity.

何丹等[21]和李彦鹏等[22]采用Level-Set方法数值模拟了浮力作用下单个气泡的上升运动,探讨了气泡的初始形状对气泡的形状变化和上升速度的影响以及在不同黏性液体中气泡的生长过程。Nowadays, the study of bubble has reached a rather high level, however, there are still some controversies about the characteristics of the adhesion bubble’s motion in narrow rectangular channels. In this paper, firstly, the simulation method is verified and modified through experiment’s results till these two reach a good agreement. Secondly, the calculation amount is reduced by simplifing the model. Finally, choosing the simulation method which is verified, the VOF model is selected to study the characteristics of adhes ion bubble’s slading motion on the effect of the dimensions of bubble and flow channels, system pressure, surface tension and viscosity of fluid in rectangular channels.

文化差异对翻译的影响(精简)

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Unit 9 How to Grow Old 课文翻译

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Unit 1 A Class Act 课文翻译

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论中西文化差异对翻译的影响开题报告(中文)

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文化差异与翻译

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Thechaser追逐者中英对照

The Chaser John Collier Alan Auste n, as n ervous as a kitte n, went up certa in dark and creaky stairs in the n eighborhood of Pell Street , and peered about for a long time on the dim landing before he found the n ame he wan ted writte n obscurely on one of the doors. He pushed ope n this door, as he had bee n told to do, and found himself in a tiny room, which contained no furn iture but a pla in kitche n table, a rock in g-chair, and an ordinary chair. On one of the dirty buff-colored walls were a couple of shelves, containing in all perhaps a doze n bottles and jars. An old man sat in the rock in g-chair, read ing a n ewspaper. Ala n, without a word, handed him the card he had been given. 人Sit down, Mr. Austen, said the old man very politely. 人I am glad to make your acqua intance. 人Is it true, asked Alan, 人that you have a certain mixture that has ! er ! quite extraordinary effects? 人My dear sir, replied the old man, 人my stock in trade is not very large ! I don …t deal in laxatives and teething mixtures ! but such as it is, it is varied. I think nothing I sell has effects which could be precisely described as ordin ary. 人Well, the fact is ! began Alan. 人Here, for example, interrupted the old man, reaching for a bottle from the shelf. 人Here is a liquid as colorless as water, almost tasteless, quite imperceptible in coffee, wine, or any other beverage. It is also quite imperceptible to any known method of autopsy. 人Do you mean it is a poison? cried Alan, very much horrified. 人Call it a glove-cleaner if you like, said the old man indifferently. 人Maybe it will clean gloves. I have never tried. One might call it a life-cleaner. Lives need cleaning sometimes. 人I want nothing of that sort, said Alan. 人Probably it is just as well, said the old man. 人Do you know the price of this? For one teaspoonful, which is sufficient, I ask five thousa nd dollars. Never less. Not a penny less. 人I hope all your mixtures are not as expensive, said Alan apprehe nsively. 人Oh dear, no, said the old man. 人It would be no good charg ing that sort of price for a love poti on, for example. Young people who n eed a love poti on very seldom have five thousa nd dollars. Otherwise they would not n eed a love poti on. 人I am glad to hear that, said Alan. 人I look at it like this, said the old man. 人Please a customer with one article, and he will come back whe n he n eeds another. Even if it is more costly. He will save up for it, if n ecessary. 人So, said Alan, 人you really do sell love potions? 人If I did not sell love potions, said the old man, reaching for another bottle, 人I should not have mentioned the other matter to you. It is only whe n one is in a positi on to oblige that one can afford to be so con fide ntial. 人And these potions, said Alan. 人They are not just ! just ! er ! 人Oh, no, said the old man. 人Their effects are permanent, and exte nd far bey ond casual impulse. But they in clude it. Boun tifully, in siste ntly. Everlast in gly. 人Dear me! said Alan, attempting a look of scientific detachme nt. "How very in teresti ng! 人But consider the spiritual side, said the old man.

翻译漫谈

汉英“动物文化”拾趣 许多动物的名称,除了代表动物本身外,还具有一定的文化内涵。由于汉英两个民族历史文化、民情风俗和思维方式的不同,形成了独特的动物文化。 世界上任何语言都是植根于特定的文化背景之中,反映着特定的文化内容。在语言这一大千世界里,有很多有趣的现象,值得人们探讨和研究。其中之一就是语言与动物的不解之缘。许多动物的名称,除了代表动物本身外,还具有一定的文化内涵。 1. 狗和dog 在汉民族传统心理中,狗是一种下贱的动物,常用来比喻卑鄙丑恶的人,引起“卑贱、恶劣”等联想,如“狗头军师”专指在背后出坏主意的人;“狗眼看人低”指为人势利、瞧不起一般人;“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”比喻坏人嘴里说不出好话;“狗皮膏药”是骗人的假货;“狗腿子”、“走狗”指恶势力、坏人的帮凶;“狗尾续貂”指以坏续好,前后不相称。 dog在英语民族里却是一种爱畜、宠物,常当作“人类忠诚的朋友”。英语谚语里有“love me,love my dog”,译成中文是“爱屋及乌”。英语说“a lucky dog”相当于汉语的“幸运儿”。汉语的“老狗”是骂人的话,而英语的“old dog”往往指“年事已高的人”或“经验丰富的人”(相当于old hand),类似于汉语的“不听老人言,吃亏在眼前”中的“老人言”、“老马识途”中的“老马”。“gay dog”指快乐的人,“top dog”指胜利者。 2.鱼和fish 汉语里的“鱼”,民族文化意义也不少,“鱼”表示坏人,如“鱼龙混杂”,指坏人和好人混在一起;表示受宰割,如“人为刀俎,我为鱼肉”;表示关系十分亲密的“鱼水情”,比喻得到对自己很适合的环境的“如鱼得水”;利用“余、鱼”的谐音,产生“年年有余”的吉祥用语。 英语中包含fish的短语和习语相当丰富,并赋予fish丰富的不同于汉语的民族文化意义,例如:fish表示“(特殊的)人”、“家伙”;a big fish指“大人物、大亨”;a dull fish指“迟钝汉”;a poor fish 是“倒霉的人”;a cool fish为“无耻之徒”;a cold fish喻“冷漠的人”;a loose fish为“放荡鬼”。 3.龙和dragon “龙”在中国历史上是一个图腾形象,在神话传说中,它是一种能兴云降雨的神异动物,在古代人们的心中,是有灵气的吉祥物。古人曾有“山不在高,有仙则名;水不在深,有龙则灵”的名句。由于“龙”蕴涵权威、力量、才华、吉祥等褒义的语义,因此,中国人以“龙的传人”自豪,龙也成了中华民族的象征。汉语中含有龙的成语也应有尽有,如:龙争虎斗、龙飞凤舞、车水马龙、乘龙快婿等。 而在英美等西方国家,dragon是硕大、恐怖的古怪野兽,满嘴喷火,凶狠残暴,与“邪恶”同义,深为英语民族厌恶。这是因为《圣经》上把dragon看作是罪恶的象征,与上帝作对的恶魔撒旦被称为“the great dragon”,口语中也常用龙来比喻母夜叉、凶狠的人。美国好莱坞曾拍了一部名为Dragon lady的影片,电影中的女主人公就是一个母夜叉式的凶狠人物。现在英美报刊把“亚洲四小龙”译为“亚洲四小虎”(four Asian tigers)。中国的龙通常译为Chinese dragon,以示不同于西方的dragon。 4.蝙蝠和bat 在汉语中因为“蝠”与“福”谐音,蝙蝠便成了吉祥健康的象征。蝙蝠和桃组成的谐音图案意为“福寿双全”,蝙蝠和鹿组成“福禄双全”,蝙蝠和鱼构成的图案谐音取其“富裕”之意,表明人们对美好生活的憧憬。根据民间传说,蝙蝠活到一千年会变成白色,头朝下吊在树干上。如果吃了这种蝙蝠的肉,就会长寿。红蝙蝠是大吉大利的象征,因为“红蝠”与“洪福”谐音。 在英美文化中,“bat”则是一个丑陋、凶恶的吸血动物形象,如as blind as a bat(有眼无珠),have bats in the belfry(异想天开)。在欧洲的民间传说中,蝙蝠是一种邪恶的动物,总是与罪恶和黑暗联系在一起,特别是vampire bat(吸血蝠),提起来就令人恐惧。如果说某人batty,意思是他(她)有些反常。 5.兔子和hare 兔子的形象在中国人心目中是敏捷的象征,中国人说“穿兔子鞋”(东北方言,表示跑得快);古诗中就有“静如处子,动若脱兔”的句子。

中西方文化差异对翻译的影响的分析

中西方文化差异对翻译的影响的分析 摘要:翻译与文化有着密可不分的联系。文化的共性使翻译成为可能,但其语言文化的个性又给翻译活动设置了障碍。由于民族历史、社会制度、生活习惯等方面的差别,我国汉族文化与英、美等西方文化之间存在很大差异,这种差异造成思维方式不同,具体体现在汉、英两种语言上的表现包括词语理解与运用、词义内涵、联想意义及句式结构的不同等方面。为此,分析其理论原理,通过引用例句做进一步的探讨,并就某些方面提出相应的解决方法,是十分必要的。而且在当今全球化竞争日益激烈的形势下,如何把中英文翻译地更准确更贴近两种语言文化氛围,这是值得广大英语学习人士共同讨论一番的。 关键词:文化差异全球化翻译 正文:翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容、信息和风格忠实、流畅、艺术地再现出来的实践活动。美国翻译理论家奈特指出:“所谓翻译,就是指从语言到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。”翻译作为语际交际, 不仅仅是语言的转换过程, 而且也是文化移植的过程。在很大程度, 它与文化因素、背景知识有很大的关系。王佐良曾说:“翻译的最大困难是两种文化的不同。”吕淑湘也说, 翻译家必须是一个杂家。“杂”就是指知识要广博。可见,解决好翻译中的文化差异问题,了解背景知识是保证译作成功的关键。文化在人类社会扮演着一个非常重要的角色.文化是一个社会物质文明与精神文明的总和。而语言是文化的载体,语言是文化的一面镜子.语言甚至是文化的一部分,特定的文化背景产生特定的语言。换句话说语言的学习过程也就是了解一种文化的过程。翻译作为语际交际, 不仅仅是语言的转换过程, 而且也是文化移植的过程[1 ]。在很大程度, 它与文化因素、背景知识有很大的关系。王佐良曾说:“翻译的最大困难是两种文化的不同。”吕淑湘也说, 翻译家必须是一个杂家。“杂”就是指知识要广博。可见,解决好翻译中的文化差异问题,了解背景知识是保证译作成功的关键。英语翻译不能脱离文化的教学。随着全球经济、政治和科技的一体化,多元文化并存势在必行,文化在各国交流与往来中变得极为重要。受其影响,文化成为文学翻译作品中的一个重要因素。在今天的社会中,翻译已不再仅仅被看作是语言符号的转换,而被看作是一种跨文化交际的行为。翻译成为了一种文化模式的转换。人们用“intercultural communication(跨文化交际) ”、“intercultural cooperation ( 跨文化合作) ”、“acculturation(文化交融) ”等一系列术语来替代“翻译”(郭建中,2000 , P277) 。因此,怎样更加准确、恰如其分地处理文学翻译中的文化差异是创造完美翻译作品的关键。。语词的翻译要求译者在广泛地、准确地了解他国文化中的观念、信仰、习俗、价值标准等方面的同时,忠实传达本国文化的价值与灵魂,才能真正做到不同文化间的交流。从事英语翻译要注意文化信息的传递,在实际工作中,文化信息有时很难传递到译入语中,结果对等的标准就不能完全做到。一般来说,文化差异对翻译的影响有如下几个方面: 一.传统文化的不同对翻译的影响:列如一外国游客在中国旅游,由于饮食和天气等缘故,导致身体不适,去医院看医生,医生给出的诊断结果是:由于吃多了辣制食物,出现上火。这时问题就出现了,到底怎样把“上火”这个词翻译成外国游人容易理解且易于接受的词语呢?一般如果对于中国人来说“上火”一词,是在熟悉不过了,然而对于一个初来乍到的外国人你仅仅说一个“hot”,他们该怎样去理解呢?所以当然在英文当中也有不少的此类的与文化有很大关联的词语,譬如,meet one’s w aterloo (一败涂地),对于学习英语的我们来说,如果你不懂语言出处的相关历史,我们很难翻译出它的真正意思,其实这句话

文化差异与翻译之间的联系

浅谈文化差异与翻译之间的联系 我们都知道语言是一个国家文化的重要表现形式,而翻译则是将不同语言不同文 化联系在一起的桥梁。就是说文化差异都翻译是有着非常大的影响。接下来就随着英 语翻译公司一起来了解文化差异与翻译之间的联系。 历史文化差异与翻译 不同民族有不同的历史,也就形成了不同的历史文化,最终有了不同的文化内涵,形成的语言。比如,John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game…这 句话里面就包含了两个极具民族特色的典故和习语:to eat no fish 和 to play game。 对不了解英国这些历史文化的人就不能正确了解,容易翻错,错误理解为“他一向不 吃鱼而且经常玩游戏。”其实不然,to eat no fish出自一个典故,指英国伊丽莎白女 王时代,耶稣教徒为了表示对政府忠诚,拒绝遵守反政府的罗马天主教徒在星期五只 吃鱼的习惯,因此,to eat no fish是“忠诚”的意思。而to play game和 to play fair (规规矩矩地比赛)同义。因此,这句话正确翻译是“约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又正直。”像这类历史典故还有非常多,作为译员要做的就是多多了解源语言的历史文化,注意源语言与目的语之间历史文化的差异。 地域文化差异与翻译 不同的地理位置和自然环境,不同的民族创造了不同的文化。比如中国自古是以 农业为主,在亚洲大陆生存和繁衍,人们的生活与土地、农业密切相关。而英国是一 个岛国,其航海业在历史上就处于世界领先地位。因此,英汉民族在同一个含义会用 不同的词语表达。如:汉语会用“跟牛喝水似的”来形容大口大口喝水,英语则用“drink like fish”。 民俗文化差异与翻译 目标语与源语言民族有着不同的文化传统、民族习俗习惯、生活方式、价值观和 道德观等,这些差异导致了中英民族对相同或相似的事物持截然不同的态度。比如中 国人见面常用几句客套话:“你去哪儿?”“你吃过饭没有”等,这些话在中国文化 中并无多大深意,只不过是打招呼的一种。而西方人对这些话就会比较敏感。在比如,中国人十分喜爱猫,用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴,常有亲昵的成分。而西方文化中cat被 用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。 宗教文化差异与翻译

Unit7TheChaser课文翻译综合教程三

Unit 7 The Chaser John Henry Collier 1 Alan Austen, as nervous as a kitten, went up certain dark and creaky stairs in the neighborhood of Pell Street, and peered about for a long time on the dim hallway before he found the name he wanted written obscurely on one of the doors. 2 He pushed open this door, as he had been told to do, and found himself in a tiny room, which contained no furniture but a plain kitchen table, a rocking-chair, and an ordinary chair. On one of the dirty buff-coloured walls were a couple of shelves, containing in all perhaps a dozen bottles and jars. 3 An old man sat in the rocking-chair, reading a newspaper. Alan, without a word, handed him the card he had been given. “Sit down, Mr. Austen,” said the old man very politely. “I am glad to make your acquaintance.” 4 “Is it true,” asked Alan, “that you have a certain mixture that has … er … quite extraordinary effects?” 5 “My dear sir,” replied the old man, “my sto ck in trade is not very large — I don’t deal in laxatives and teething mixtures —but such as it is, it is varied. I think nothing I sell has effects which could be precisely described as ordinary.” 6 “Well, the fact is …” began Alan. 7 “Here, for example,” interrupted the old man, reaching for a bottle from the shelf. “Here is a liquid as colourless as water, almost tasteless, quite imperceptible in coffee, wine, or any other beverage. It is also quite imperceptible to any known method of autopsy.” 8 “Do you mean it is a poison?” cried Alan, very much horrified. 9 “Call it a glove-cleaner if you like,” said the old man indifferently. “Maybe it will clean gloves. I have never tried. One might call it a life-cleaner. Lives need cleaning sometimes.” 10 “I want nothing of that sort,” said Alan. 11 “Probably it is just as well,” said the old man. “Do you know the price of this? For one teaspoonful, which is sufficient, I ask five thousand dollars. Never less. Not a penny less.” 12 “I hope all your mixtures are not as expensive,” said Alan apprehensively.

漫谈余光中的翻译观

评说·作家与作品 / 2012/9SHORT STORY 漫谈余光中的翻译观 李明轩 余光中,1928年10月21日生于江苏南京,1949 年举家迁至台湾,是中国当代著名诗人、文学评论家,被梁实秋誉为学者当中的“诗文双绝”。除了诗文方面的造诣,曾在金陵大学外语系、台湾大学外语系以及美国受教的余光中,在中英文翻译方面也建树 颇丰,《梵高传》《不可儿戏》《老人与海》等都是余光中的译作代表,充分体现了余光中的翻译观。他的翻译思想别具一格,不但包含言物之情,而且还有着出众的文采,寓说理于情趣之中,其翻译的每篇作品都能感动读者。余光中从大学时代就开始尝试对西方文学作品的翻译,到目前为止已经翻译并出版了多达13个类型的翻译集。余光中翻译的文学作品具有信、实的特征,并将其作为翻译作品的第一要义,他主张一种形、义兼顾的翻译观,却不赞成以往的硬译或直译的翻译观。余光中认为,能够称得上文学作品,它的价值不在于其说什么,而在于如何说,这就对翻译家提出了更高的要求,因此,对非文学作品的翻译只要达意就行。余光中的这些翻译观对中国的翻译事业有着重要的指导意义。一、翻译的艺术性与变通 在《翻译研究》一书的序言中,余光中说,翻译是一门变通的艺术,是一种兼具科学性与灵活性的、非常难从事的艺术工作。余光中认为,翻译就像婚姻一样,两相妥协才能有所成就。因为翻译至少涉及两种文字、两种语言,但只有一个信息,要将原文的原貌、原意准确如实地转化为译文并不是件容易的事情。它要求译者同时具有驾驭两种语言文字的高超能力,此外还要对原文作者的写作背景、意图、风格有较为准确的理解和把握。在余光中看来,作为一门艺术,翻译不仅是对语言而言的,更是对思想、文化而言的。译者在进行这项集语言艺术、思想艺术、文化艺术为一体的工作时,应变通、机智、灵活地处理原文与译文的关系,最终的目的是要让译文在内容上和思想上都无限向原文靠拢。变通在余光中的翻译观中极为重要,是决定译文好坏成败的关键。在《变通的艺术》中,余光中说,英译中时既不能让西风压倒东风,也不能让东风压倒西风,既不能使翻译后的中文洋腔洋调,也不能使其油腔滑调。要做到这一点,东、西之间的相互妥协便成为几乎唯一的选择和两全之计。但应该妥协至何种程度,哪一方在什么时候、什么地方应做出较多的让步,却没有固定的规律,只能依靠译者自身的变通之术。这表明,翻译是一门变通的艺术,重点并不是翻译本身的变通,而是从事这项 工作的译者的变通。翻译所接触到的语言文字之间, 必然具有不同的文化背景、美感经验以及文字的音、 形、意、修辞、文法等方面的差别,因此,要做一个合格的、好的译者,必须以翻译所涉各种文字的逻辑层次、文法习惯等为依据,采取灵活变通的方式从事翻译工作。余光中进一步指出,所谓变通,并非要强调 “变” ,而一定是基于原文的“通”,也就是在通达中“传真” 。这就要求意译与直译相互结合,译意而不译文。余光中历来强调翻译应无限向原文原貌靠拢,在再造中传真,在变通中忠实。好的译文就有如原有灵魂的投胎重生,是一种灵魂内核不变的再造。翻译当中的再造,绝不是对原文原意的胡乱增减篡改,不能意译过度。翻译当中的传真,绝不是在勿改、勿删、勿增的误区下对原文保守地直译。所谓传真,是指原文文意真实地传达到译文中,而非简单地指原文文字的机械式传达。在《与王尔德拔河 记》中,余光中十分明确地说道:只顾表面文字, 不顾背后文义,只会让直译变成硬译和死译。看来 余光中并非是要用“译意不译文”的观点来反对直译,而是反对处处直译、过度直译或者高度直译。他翻译观中的变通艺术,就是要忠于原文又不拘泥于原文。尽管余光中从未在他的翻译观中提出“信” “达 ”“雅”的要求,但他的观念至少与严复所提出的翻译的“信 ”“达”要求相一致。余光中相信,适当的直译是翻译工作的基础,是以另一种语言文字形式传达原文作者思想意图的基本途径,但那种一句话对一句话、一个词对一个词、一个字对一个字的过度、高度直译,只会令原文被曲解,读者被误导,着实害人不浅。艺术理应是鲜活的,翻译的艺术性也在于于变通中令原文以另一种形式重生,那些公式化、教条化、精确主义的死译只能让原本鲜活的原文在翻译 之后立即失去生命,而这是余光中一贯反对和批判的。前文所提到的翻译变通大多涉及的是英译中的过程,如果是中译英,在余光中看来,变通的难度更大。因为中文有虚有实,虚实变化无常。特别是中文的诗词歌赋,实词常写虚,虚词常写实。这就给中译英的译者造成了不少障碍。如果要变通,必须先要仔细研究诗词歌赋的创作背景、作者的创作意图以及作者所属时代的语言习惯,再于研究之后 039

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