实验二十七 浮游动物和底栖动物的水质监测

实验二十七 浮游动物和底栖动物的水质监测 附录Ⅰ 常见水生浮游动物检索

1．原生动物

原生动物亚界包括7个门，在淡水中营自由生活的种类主要属于肉鞭门和纤毛门。

原生动物亚界门和纲检索表

1．营养期以伪足或鞭毛为行动工具肉鞭门Sarcomastigophora 2 ································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································营养期间以纤毛为行动工具纤毛门Ciliophora 5

2．营养期以鞭毛为行动工具鞭毛亚门Mastiophora 3 营养期间以伪足为行动工具肉足亚门Sarcodina 4

3．有绿的色素体，但也有无色的植鞭纲Phytomastigophorea 决不会有绿的色素体动鞭纲Zoomastigophorea

4．伪足叶状、指状或丝状，无轴丝根足总纲Rhizopoda 伪足呈辐射状，有轴丝辐足总纲Actinopoda

5．胞口位于顶端、亚顶端或中腹部，无口旁纤毛动基片纲Kinetofragminophorea 胞口常位于腹面或靠近前端，口部纤毛系统有口旁纤毛膜 6

6．口部纤毛系统由右边的口侧膜和左边少量的复合小器（小膜、咽膜、多毛基索） 组成寡膜纲Oligohymenophorea 口部纤毛系统由许多在口腔或围口小区中的小膜组成的口围带（AZM ）多膜纲Polyhymenophorea

2．轮虫

轮虫动物属轮虫动物门（Rotifera ），约 2000 多种。体长一般在10～500μ，最小仅4μ，最大4 mm 。轮虫（图27-2）体型多样，以长圆形居多。身体多分为头、躯干和尾三部分。头部较宽，其上长有由1～2圈纤毛组成的头冠，能帮助虫体在水中游泳和集食。轮虫虫体透明度高，在消化系统的咽内能清楚地看到一套左右不断开闭的、由角质膜硬化形成的7块咀嚼板组成的复杂结构，称之为咀嚼器，其主要作用是将摄入食物颗粒捣碎。这种咀嚼器为本门动物所特有，其结构在种内稳定，种间差异十分显著。躯干部末端背侧是肛门（泄殖孔），肛门之后就是尾部（又称作足），其功能是起舵的作用。尾的末端常长有1～4个活动趾，用以更好地爬行或抓持。

图27-2 轮虫身体构造模式图

（a）雌体；（b）雄体

1.棒状突起；

2.纤毛环；

3.背触毛；

4.眼点；

5.原肾管；

6.咀嚼器；

7.砧板；

8.卵巢；

9.背甲；

10.膀胱；11.泄殖腔；12.尾部；13.趾；14.吸着腺；15.排泄孔；16.肠；17.侧触手；

18.卵黄腺；19.胃；20.消化腺；21.肌肉；22.脑；23.精巢；24.阴茎

头冠（图27-3）和咀嚼器的形态、尾部有无和长短、趾的多少等，是区分轮虫动

物门不同亚目、科、属的重要鉴别特征。

图27-3 轮虫头冠的类型

（a）旋轮虫头冠；（b）须足轮虫头冠；（c）、（d）猪吻轮虫头冠的腹面与侧面观；

（e）晶囊轮虫头冠；（f）巨腕轮虫头冠；（g）聚花轮虫头冠；（h）胶鞘轮虫头冠。

在轮虫动物门的4个亚目中，蛭态亚目的大多数种类分布于陆地和酸沼的苔藓植物上，但也有不少种类经常出现于一般的淡水水体中。单巢目中游泳亚目包括的科、属、种最多，其中最主要的是臂尾科、椎轮科和鼠轮科，腔轮科也有不少种类是淡水水体或生活污水中经常见到的，特别喜栖于草丛或腐殖质较多的水体环境中。簇轮亚目营固着、浮游或底栖爬行生活。胶鞘亚目多数种类营固着生活。

轮虫动物门重要科属（水生）检索表

1．卵巢左右各一、成对；咀嚼器枝型；无侧触手；纵长的身体蠕形，“假体腔”能象

套筒式的伸缩；从未发现雄体双巢目Digononta 蛭态亚目Bdelloidea 4 ··································································································································································································································································································································································································································

·····································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································卵巢只有一个，不成对；咀嚼器呈各种不同型式，但绝不是枝型；一般都有侧触手的存在；身体虽能伸缩变动，但绝不象套筒式；不少种类已发现有雄体单巢目Monogononta 2

2. 如果有足一定有趾和足腺；头冠非巨腕轮虫型或胶鞘轮虫型

游泳亚目Ploima 8 虽有足但末端绝无趾；自由游动的种类，足的末端有一圈纤毛；足腺两个以上3

3．咀嚼器槌枝型；头冠系巨腕轮虫型或聚花轮虫型（图27-3f ，g ）簇轮亚目Flosculariacea 15 咀嚼器钩型；头冠系胶鞘轮虫型（图27-3h ）胶鞘亚目Collothecacea 胶鞘轮科Collothecidae 17

4．胃和肠填满了大块的合同细胞，中间没有胃腔或肠腔的空隙；食物入胃后在合同

细胞的原生质内形成许多“小弹丸” 宿轮科Habrotrochidae 宿轮属Habrotrocha 胃和肠虽也由合同细胞所组成，但中间皆有消化腔的存在；食物进入消化腔后，不会形成“小弹丸” 5

5．头冠上具有两个很突出显著的轮盘（图27-3a ），爬行时两个轮盘完全缩入体内；

游泳活泼，不只限于滑翔式一种动作旋轮科Philodinidae 6 头冠上没有两个轮盘，仅在头冠前端形成一盘网；爬行时盘网不会缩入体内；游泳时只能做滑翔式的动作盘网轮科Adinetidae

6．身体较长，足部伸得更长；皮层相当光滑，多数有眼点；胎生或卵生7

身体较短，足显著更短；皮层相当粗糙，长有肋条、乳状小凸起、或棘刺；有眼点粗颈轮属Macrotrachela

7．多数有眼点，一对眼点位于背触手前面吻的部分；足较长，末端有趾3个；胎生

轮虫属Rotaria 如有眼点，一对眼点位于背触手后面的脑部；足不很长，末端有趾3～4个；卵生旋轮属Philodina

8．咀嚼器梳型柔轮科Lindiidae 咀嚼器非梳型9

9．咀嚼器槌型或亚槌型10 咀嚼器非槌型或亚槌型11

10．头冠纤毛很发达，口和口围呈漏斗状臂尾科 Brachioindae

头冠纤毛不发达，口和口围非漏斗状腔轮科 Lecanidae

11．咀嚼器杖型12

咀嚼器砧型；头冠晶囊轮虫型（图27-3e ）晶囊轮科Asplanchnidae

12．身体较纵长；足位于身体的最后端13

身体较短宽；足位于身体腹面14

13．趾基无附趾椎轮科 Notommatidae

···········································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································

····················································································································································································趾基具附趾腹尾轮科 Gastropodidae

14．杖型咀嚼器左右总是很不对称鼠轮科Trichocercidae 杖型咀嚼器左右总是对称的疣毛轮科Synchaetidae

15．成年个体营固着生活，至少足部被胶质或管室所围裹或掩蔽着，只有若干形成群

体的种类营自由生活16 成年个体自由生活，不会形成群体；无足或有足，足无任何物质围裹或掩蔽；无趾，只有一圈纤毛镜轮科Testudinellidae

16．头冠系巨腕轮虫型（图27-3f ）；左右两侧原肾管的前端总有一横的原肾管互相联

络簇轮科Flosculariidae 头冠系聚花轮虫型（图27-3g ），左右两侧原肾管的前端并无横的原肾管互相联络聚花轮科 Conochilidae

17．头部漏斗状，具头冠；均有胶鞘18

头部仍为漏斗状，但毫无冠饰的存在；足退化而移向腹面中央，变成一吸盘；无胶鞘箱轮属Cupelopagis

18．漏斗状头冠的边缘伸出5个很细长的、触手状的臂；成体总是固着生活花环轮属Stephanoceros 漏斗状头冠的边缘具有1～7个突出的裂片，没有触手状的臂；成体少数种类营浮游生活胶鞘轮属Colotheca

3. 枝角类

枝角类指节肢动物门、甲壳纲、鳃足亚纲、双甲目、枝角亚目的动物，通称水溞，俗称红虫或鱼虫（图27-4）。它区别于其他甲壳动物的显著特征为：躯体包被于两壳瓣中，体不分节（薄皮溞例外）；头部具一个大复眼；第二触角强大为双肢型；后腹部结构、功能复杂，胸肢4～6对，兼具滤食和呼吸功能。

枝角类大多生活于淡水，仅少数产于海洋，一般营浮游生活，是水体浮游动物的主要组分。枝角类个体不大（体长0.2～10 mm ，一般1～3 mm ），运动速度缓慢，营养丰富，是水产经济动物苗期的重要天然饵料。

图27-4 枝角类模式图

1.颈沟；2吻；3.头盔；4.壳弧；5.腹突；6.尾刚毛；7.后腹部；8.尾爪；9.肛刺；10.壳刺；11.孕育囊中的夏卵；

2.第一触角；1

3.第二触角；1

4.大颚；1

5.上唇；1

6.胸肢；1

7.脑；1

8.视神经节；1

9.复眼；20.动眼肌；

21.单眼；22.食道；23.中肠；24.直肠；25.盲囊；26.心脏；27.颚腺；28.卵巢；29.生殖孔

淡水枝角类分科检索表

1．体长大，不侧扁；具6对近乎圆柱形的游泳肢，其外肢完全退化；冬卵间接发育，

先孵出后期无节幼体单足部Haplopoda 仅1科薄皮溞科Leptodoridae ······························································································································································································································································································································································································································································································

·····································································································体较短，多少侧扁；具5～6对叶片状的胸肢或4对近乎圆柱形的游泳肢，其外肢不退化；冬卵直接发育，不孵出后期无节幼体真枝角部Eucladocera 2

2．躯干部与胸肢全为壳瓣所包被 3

躯干部和胸肢均裸出于壳瓣之外大眼溞总科Polyphemoidea 3（同钩足族 Onychopoda ）9

3．胸肢6对，同形，均呈叶片状仙达溞总科Sidoidea （同栉足族Ctenopoda ）4

胸肢5～6对，前两对呈执握状，其余呈叶片状盘肠溞总科Chiydoroidea （同异足族Anomopoda ）5

4．第2触角不论性别均为双肢型，具游泳刚毛多根仙达溞科Sidiae

雌溞第2触角单肢型，只有游泳刚毛3根；雄溞双肢型，共有游泳刚毛5根（我国尚未发现）单肢溞科Holopedidae

5．第2触角内、外肢均为3节；肠管盘曲，其后部大多有一个盲囊盘肠溞科Chydoridae 第2触角外肢4节（除基合溞属 Bosminopsis 为3节外），内肢3节；肠管大多不盘曲，其后部无盲囊 (6)

6．第1触角呈吻状尖突，不能活动；嗅毛位于靠近第1触角基部的前侧象鼻溞科 Bosminidae ··················

·································································································································································································································································································································································

···························································································································································································································26.第2胸足；27.第3胸足；28.第4胸节；29.生殖孔；30.尾叉；31.外缘尾叉刚毛

第1触角不呈吻状尖突；嗅毛位于第1触角的末端7

7．壳弧非常发达；雌溞的第1触角短小，不能活动溞科Daphniidae

壳弧不发达或缺少；雌雄两性的第1触角长而能动8

8．后腹部上肛刺的周缘有羽状毛，最末一个肛刺分叉裸腹溞科Moinidae

后腹部上肛刺的周缘无羽状毛，也不分叉粗毛溞科Macrothricidae

9．尾突短，最长也比尾刚毛短；腹部短而尖（海产）圆囊溞科Podonidae

尾突长，显然超过尾刚毛；腹部较长，圆柱形或圆形10

10．尾突比尾刚毛稍长；无尾爪；第1游泳肢比第2游泳肢稍长大眼溞科Polyphemidae 尾突比尾刚毛长得多；有尾爪；第1游泳肢显著长于第2游泳肢长棘溞科Cercopagidae

4. 桡足类

桡足类隶属节肢动物门、甲壳纲、桡足亚纲。一般营浮游生活，分布很广。体长不超过3 mm ，身体纵长，分节明显，由16～17个体节组成，由于愈合，一般不超过11节（图27-5）。体节分较宽的头胸部和较狭的腹部。淡水桡足类大多数种类为一般幼鱼和某些经济鱼类的直接或间接的摄食对象。也常被作为水体污染程度的指示生物。

图27-5 桡足类模式图

1.感觉棒；

2.前器官；

3.额角；

4.上唇；

5.下唇；

6.头节；

7.第1胸节；

8.第2胸节；

9.第3胸节；10.第4胸节；11.第5胸节；12.第5胸足；13.生殖节；14.第2腹节；

15.第3腹节；16.尾节；17.内缘尾叉刚毛；18.末端尾叉刚毛；19.第1触角；

20.第2触角；21.大颚；22.第1小颚；23.第2小颚；24.颚足；25.第1胸足；

淡水桡足类分目、科检索表

1．头胸部与腹部之间通常无短，最多8节··················

···························································································· arpacticoida 3 头胸部呈圆筒状或卵圆形，较腹部为宽，分界明显；雌·············································································································2．头之间有一活动关节；雌性第1触角很长，其末端通常可接近或超过

1·························· Calanoida 12 性第1触角最多··················································································································至退化·······································································································无颚猛水蚤超科Agnatha 拟蠕猛水蚤科D ’Arcithompsoniidae

4．颚足分3～4节，末节·············································科 Achirota 叶颚猛水蚤科Viguierellidae 颚足2节，少数为3节，末节····················································································爪颚猛水蚤超科Chirognatha 5

5．第1胸足呈捕捉型......................................................................................................，内肢末节无爪状刺.. (10)

末端具粗壮的爪状刺································端具粗壮的爪状刺；第1触角6～9节，第2触角外

Harpacticidae 足内肢较外肢发达，末端具粗壮的爪状刺；第1触角1··························································8．第明显的捕捉型，末节末端具一弯形3Diosaccide

斗形·····················异足猛7，第2触角外1形一般并不特别细长···························································································11．第21节··············································短角猛水蚤科Cletodidae 3节·······································大泳型，外肢第2节的内····················胸刺水蚤科明显的分界；雌性第1触角很猛水蚤目H 性第1触角至少8节，大2

多数分节更多胸部与腹部尾叉的末端；雄性第右触角变成执握肢哲水蚤目 头胸部的第4、5胸节间有一活动关节；雌为17节，较头胸部为

·································Cyclopoida 16

短；雄性第1触角左右均形成执握肢剑水蚤目3．颚足较发达 4

颚足消失甚·······························呈片状，并具刚毛···································································

叶颚猛水蚤超末端具可动的爪状刺 (6)

第1胸足呈游泳型6．第1胸足呈明显的捕捉型，内肢或外肢7

······················································································第1胸足呈不明显的捕捉型8

7．第1胸足外肢较内肢发达，末····················································································肢2节猛水蚤科第1胸5～7节，第2触角外Laophontidae

肢消失或仅具节老丰猛水蚤科1胸足内肢呈不的爪状刺及长短刚毛各一；

1········································9 卵囊个；雄性第胸足内肢形成交接器或与雌性相似 第1胸足内肢与捕捉型不同处在于末节为可动关节，末端无明显的爪状刺；卵囊

2································两个；雄性第胸足内肢形成交接器双囊猛水蚤科9．雌性生殖区呈横长形，排出管短小·····································阿玛猛水蚤科Ameiridae 雌性生殖区呈十字形，排出管长漏水蚤科Canthocaptidae

1610．身体细长呈圆柱形；第触角～节肢仅1节；大颚须1节；第

2413～胸足短小，内肢节；第5胸足仅节；雄性第胸足内、外肢形成交接器···············································································苗条猛水蚤科Parastenocaridae 体11

触角外肢很小，仅 第2触角外肢发达，分2～吉猛水蚤科 Tachidiidae

512．雌性第对胸足具羽状刚毛，游后角向后延伸成一粗壮的

棘状刺；雄性第5对胸足通常亦是游泳型Centropagidae

雌、雄个体的第5对胸足均非游泳型 (13)

雌性第5对胸足单肢型，无内肢···········································································14 13． 或2节；雄性第5对胸足左右不同型，外肢第2节的外侧有1侧刺，末端14．状··········································································15．共分4节；雄性第5左胸足第2基节的内侧································伪镖水蚤科Pseudiaptomid 足第2基节无刀片状突出············································突起，附2～3根刚毛…………·············································长腹剑水蚤科Oithonid 栖动物检索

科属检索表

蛭蚓属Branchiobdella

2

殖；体节明显，有钩状刚毛；体常呈微红色或红色···························1体节不明显；体内常有绿色或黄绿色油滴·········································雌性第5胸足双肢型，内肢不发达，1左

足较短小，末端有钳板和钳刺；右足强大，有一长钩状刺··············································································镖水蚤科Diaptomidae 雄性第5胸足的节较长，弯成曲膝状；外肢与内肢（或第2基节内缘的突出物）

相对而成钳..宽水蚤科 Temoridae 雄性第5胸足的结构不如上所述 (15)

雌性第5对胸足有一长刀片状突出物

······················································ae 雌性第5对胸足退化，仅分两节，第2节的末端有一强大的锥状刺；雄性第5胸

·········纺锤水蚤科 Acartiidae

16．大颚须甚为发达，分节较多 (17)

大颚须不甚发达，退化成一剑水蚤科Cyclopidae

17．第2触角3节........................ae 第2触角4节.....................................................................镖剑水蚤科Cyclopinidae 附录Ⅱ 常见底1. 水栖寡毛类（Oligochaeta ）常见1．寄生在淡水虾鳃上.........................蛭蚓科Branchiobdellidae 自由生活.....................................................................................................................2．多行无性生殖.. (3)

不行无性生 1

3．身体略扁平，···························································体虫科Aeolosomatidae 体虫属Aeolosom ··（仙女虫科Naididae ）4

4．背部无刚毛......................毛腹虫属 C ................................................................................................................. .....................................头鳃虫属 Branchiodrilus （已知长江流域普遍分布）盘内. (7)

7．鳃盘伸长成二条盘杆····················尾盘虫属 Dero （广泛分布在清洁水体中）通常有短吻········· a 身体不扁平，体节明显；体内不具油滴···························haetogaster （国内广泛分布，多在池沼中）

背部有刚毛 (5)

5．有鳃，鳃细长成丝状或粗大呈指状，或叶片状 (6)

无鳃············8 6．鳃细长，位于身体背侧面····························································································

········ 鳃粗短，位于体后端一个鳃····················管盘虫属 Aulophorus （广泛分布种类）

鳃盘不伸长，圆形或微凹........... 8．背部刚毛第2节开始，.......................................吻盲虫属Pristina 背部刚毛第5、6节开始.. (9)

9．口前叶伸长成长吻···························ia （全国分布）

······················杆吻虫属 Stylar ··························································································1有感觉乳突·····························着，无感觉乳突·····················仙女虫属 Nais （多不耐有机污染对，位于第Ⅺ节·······带丝蚓科（颤蚓科Tubificidae ）12

12．有鳃，位于身体末端背腹面··········刚毛··············································································································叉长，叉间有细齿··································颤蚓属 Tubi 物质丰富的淤泥中，富营养化水体中数量尤多，广泛分布） 远端扩大为桨状····）

15．蚓属 Limnodrilus

（重有机污染水体中习见种··················································································16．eurum

，体表不附有精夹··········································单孔蚓属 Monopylephor 检索表

··································

（腹足纲Gastropoda ）2 Lamellibranchia ）8

2．有厣，动物用鳃呼吸，个别种类用肺呼吸·················（前 ······················································································圆锥形······································································黑螺科Melaniida 右触角比左触角短而膨大，变为交接器官··················································································伸出两个

突出物，似触角..............................................................................口前叶不伸长 0

10．体表有杂物附着，癞皮虫属 Slavina （全国分布）

体表无杂物附）

11．刚毛每束两根；受精囊孔3～6或稍后··········································

··················································Lumbriculidae 带丝蚓属Lumbriculus 刚毛数每束不定；受精囊孔1对，位于第Ⅹ节···························尾鳃蚓属 Brasnchiura （广泛分布）

无鳃 (13)

13．有发状刚毛，无阴茎鞘 (14)

无发状15

14．发状刚毛长；针状刚毛两fex

（生活在有机发状刚毛短，略弯曲；针状刚毛远端叉长，或·····································································管水蚓属Aulodrilus （广泛分布，中污水体中较多有阴茎鞘··················································································水丝类，常有很高的密度，其他水体亦有分布）

无阴茎鞘 (16)

无受精囊，体表附有精夹·················································盘丝蚓属 Bothrion 有受精囊us

2．常见淡水软体动物分科1．具明显的头部；足发达位于身体的腹面；有一个完整的贝壳·······························································································无明显的头部；足呈斧状；具有左右两扇贝壳···········（瓣鳃纲鳃亚纲Prosobranchia ）3

无厣，动物用肺呼吸·························································（肺螺亚纲Pulmonata ）7

3．贝壳多为大型或中等大小..........................................................................................4 贝壳多为小型.. (6)

4．外形一般呈陀螺形或圆锥形 5

外形呈塔形或 e

5．生活于水中，用鳃呼吸；雄性·

···································田螺科Viviparidae 生活于水中或水线上，用肺呼吸；雄性右触角不形成交接器官；吻前端·····瓶螺科Pilaidae

6．外形呈卵圆形或圆锥形，有鳃·····················································螺科Hydrobiidae

外形呈圆锥形，无Assimineidae

鳃和真正触角············································拟沼螺科或圆锥形······························椎实7．贝壳呈螺旋形旋转，外形呈耳状螺科Lymnaeidae

贝壳旋转在一个平面上，外形呈··扁蜷螺科Planorbidae

盘状····································小···························（异柱目Anisomyar ··（真瓣鳃目Eulamellibranchia ）9

9．贝壳形状多变化，铰合部具拟主齿或侧齿Margaritanid 外鳃叶中发育··················································、右两壳相等，两端开口；铰合部仅具················截蛏科Solecurtid 12．······································································································齿；侧齿光滑···························································································球3. 水生昆虫检索表

（1）水生昆虫分目检索表

1．有翅.............................................................................................................................2 无翅或仅具翅芽.. (3)

质，左右两翅在正中线相连成一直线；咀嚼式口器.....................................................................................................鞘翅目Coleoptera （成虫）口器，倒折在身体腹面...............................................................................半翅目3．无翅芽....................................................................，向后折转而置于前足基部中间，形成罩形下唇.......................................................................................................................蜻蜓目Odonata （稚虫） (5)

5．尾毛2～3条；腹部具叶状气管鳃···························蜉蝣目·································8．前闭壳肌较小或完全消失，后闭壳肌大；足···································

..............................................................ia ）贻贝科Mytilidae 前、后闭壳肌大小略相等；足发达....................或无齿；发生期经过钩介幼虫阶段 (10)

贝壳呈三角形、卵圆形、长圆柱形；发生期不经过钩介幼虫阶段 (11)

10．贝壳呈椭圆形，铰合部仅具主齿或略明显的侧齿；钩介幼虫无钩，卵在4个鳃叶

中受精发育··········································································珍珠蚌科ae 铰合部变化大，或者具有拟主齿、侧齿，或仅具侧齿、或无齿；钩介幼虫有钩状

物，卵仅在···············蚌科Unionidae

11．贝壳呈三角形、卵圆形等，铰合部具有主齿及侧齿 (12)

贝壳圆柱形，壳质薄弱，左主齿，无侧齿·····················································································ae 贝壳呈三角形，壳质坚硬；每一贝壳上具有2～2枚主齿；侧齿呈锯齿状···········

··蚬科Corbiculidae 贝壳小型，壳质薄弱，外形呈卵圆形；右壳上有3枚主齿，左壳有2枚主蚬科Sphaeriidae

2．前翅革............................. 前翅前部革质，后部膜质，左右两翅在后部重叠；刺吸式Hemiptera （成虫和若虫） 有翅芽. (4)

(6)

4．下唇延长·

············ 口器刺吸式，下唇不形成罩形下唇·······································Ephemeroptera （稚虫）

尾毛2条；鳃呈丝状，主要在胸部翅目Plecoptera （稚虫） 节的足············································································································································································鞘翅

6．具细长而微弯的刺吸式口器··········································脉翅目Neuroptera （幼虫）

具咀嚼式口器 (7)

7．胸部无足···············································································双翅目Diptera （幼虫） 胸部有3对分8

8．腹部无足目Coleoptera （幼虫）

腹部有足 (9)

..................................................................................................足，在水草茎内生活或居于由草屑筑成的管........................................................................鳞翅目Lepidoptera （幼虫）巢筒中.............................................................................................................（2）蜉蝣目稚虫常见科检索表1．大颚超过头部，向前端突出.. (2)

大颚不超过头部；鳃呈叶状或丝状，集中成丛 3

························蜉蝣科Ephemerida ·························································花鳃3．具细毛（缘毛）·························································································································鳃丝组成；尾毛2～3条，等长（两条者可无缘毛）；

石面等物体上················扁蜉科Ecdyurida ··寡脉蜉科6．·········································栖泥水中或池沼水草间····7．8．······························································小裳蜉科Leptophlebiida 延长

的棘；若干种类腹面有吸盘；栖于急流石下····················1．体细长，腹末具3条细长的尾片（尾鳃，气管鳃）束翅亚目Zygoptera 2

体粗短，腹末具短刺·······························································差翅亚目Anisoptera 4

的口··9．腹部有5对巢中··································

················ 腹部仅最后一节具尾足，自由生活或居于由不同物质筑成的毛翅目Trichoptera （幼虫）

·······················································2．鳃扭转而掩盖腹部，大颚前端侧面观向上弯曲；虫体长筒形；足健壮，适掘泥生

活；常居污泥或污水中....................................... e 鳃在体的两侧垂直扩展，长形歧状有缘毛；足胫节延长呈扁针状盖于跗节上；生活于泥水石块之间........蜉科Potamanthidae 尾毛3根，中尾毛两侧有细毛，外侧两根尾毛仅内侧具细毛（缘毛）. (4)

尾毛3根，内外侧均 (7)

4．体扁平；眼在头部的背面 (5)

体不扁平；眼在头部的两侧，鳃叶状 6

5．体较短，头宽；鳃由薄片及腹部后几节不具侧突；常栖急流，匍匐 e 体流线形，头不超过体宽；鳃短小，第1对位于腹节下面，其他6对位于腹部两 侧；足扁化，前足内缘有缘毛·······································Oligoneuriellidae 鳃的前两对由两叶组成，后5对为成对的叶鳃；足小；最后几个腹节具延长的侧

棘；栖流水瀑布附近，分布广·····二尾蜉科 Siphlonuridae 前6对鳃由1大1小鳃叶构成，后1对为单叶；触角与足均长；最后几个腹节不具侧棘；栖于瀑布及河流，亦可········四节蜉科Baetidae 第2对鳃膨大，呈甲状，覆盖其余各鳃之上；第1对鳃为小棒状，位于腹部两侧；

腹后几节两侧具延长的棘；一般生活砂底或泥底水中···················细蜉科Caenidae 第2对鳃不特别大······································································································8 鳃7对，叶状或丝状，位于腹部两侧；尾毛3根，与体长几乎相等；触角长·······

······························· e 鳃5对，位于第3～7节背缘；尾毛3根且等长，光滑或有纤毛；腹末几节有····小蜉科Ephemerellidae

（3）蜻蜓目稚虫常见科检索表

·············2．大触角的第1节正常；下唇中片具深沟所形成的菱形··········河科Agriidae 大触角的第1节正常；···································3 下唇中片不具菱形的口·····················

3．下唇匙状，中片中央有浅沟；尾片为羽状分枝···················丝·············科Lestidae

下唇短，不呈匙状，中片中央无浅沟；尾片为树状分枝........科Coaenagrionida ...........................箭蜓宽....................................................................................................................................................................大蜓科Cordulegasterida (7)

7．下唇侧叶远缘具9个发达的锯齿··················································································蜻科Libelluliida e

4．触角4节；前足和中足跗节均为2节················科Gomphidae

触角7节；各足跗节均为3节 (5)

5．下唇扁平，不具刚毛；触角各节长大于···蜓科Aeschnidae

下唇匙状，通常具多数刚毛 (6)

6．下唇侧叶内缘具少数不规则的大齿，左右齿可互相嵌合，中叶顶端凹入··············

··············································· e 下唇侧叶无上述大齿，中叶三角形突出································································伪蜓科Corduliidae

下唇侧叶远缘不具发达的锯齿··············· e

（）

4翅目稚虫常见科检索表

1．气管鳃明显可见 (2)

气管鳃不显著 (7)

··········································································································，而腹部具气管鳃···············································································或第1～3节腹面具气管鳃···························大石蝇科Pteronarcida ·························································································短尾石蝇科气管鳃··································································································生于各胸节之侧板；足密生························································石蝇科Perlidae （小部分）·························································································································短尾石蝇6．的附器状气管鳃··································

·············································································石蝇科Leptoperlidae

7．下颚须端部各节远细于基部各节·············································粗······································································短尾石蝇科Nemo ···············································································跗节之和；尾须光滑，与······································短尾石蝇科Nemouridae （数种）······黑石蝇科Capniidae

5）半翅目水栖种类常见科检索表

1．触角短于头长，隐于头部腹面凹陷中，从上方看不见；生活于水中....................2 2．胸部具气管鳃. (3)

胸部无气管鳃 6

3．腹部第1～2节 e

腹部无气管鳃 (4)

4．仅前胸腹面具气管鳃···································Nemouridae （部分）

胸部各节均具 5

5．3对丝状气管鳃分别着长毛·············································

··································· 3对管状气管鳃分别着生在各足基节的基部·················科Nemouridae （小部分）

第1～5或第1～6腹节两侧均着生1列成对······················原石蝇科Eustheniidae 肛门周围丛生细丝状气管鳃··················································长···········石蝇科Perlidae

下颚须端部各节与基部各节等 (8)

8．第2跗节短于第1跗节···············uridae （部分）

第2跗节不短于第1跗节 (9)

9．第3跗节不长于第1、2体躯等长······································

··········································· 第3跗节长于第1、2跗节总长之2倍·································（

触角长于或等于头长；生活于水面上 (6)

····················2．节；前足跗节1节，并膨大为铲状；无或具

，3或4节；前足跗节2或3节·3．部具网状翅脉········································4．行；触角第2节侧面具突起，各足跗节1

端的呼吸管短（有时不明显）；后足扁，有缘毛，Belostomatidae

5．体扁卵形；前足攫捕型，内侧有沟，基节着生于前胸的前缘；体圆筒形，背方显著隆起；前足游泳型，其基节6．眼或单眼退化，体细长···················································································································7．，与胸等长；触角如丝；爪着生于跗节末端·············metridae 体细长形，头长稍大于宽；前足爪不着生在跗节8．；头短而斜；臭腺发达；往往缺翅·······························································微黾（6）鞘翅目常见水栖种类分科检索表

鞘翅目（成虫）常见水栖种类分科检索表1．前足较中、后足长一倍；复眼分裂，酷似两对；体长m ；常在水面快速旋

中、后足长；复眼不分为两对··········································2．背面隆起，腹面平坦·····························科Hydrophilidae 触角不呈锤状，很长；下颚须短于触角；身体背腹面均隆3．在水边生活············melidae 趾分5节····················································································4．长，长度超过前4节总和；爪长；后足非游泳型，体2～6 mm ；生活

特长；爪普通................................................................喙短，藏于上唇下，不分节或分为2不明显的中胸盾片..........................................................划蝽科（水虫科）Corixidae 喙圆锥形，外露可动.. (3)

体后端具“刺”（管状附器———呼吸管）；前翅膜质 4

体后端无刺；前翅膜质部无网状翅脉 (5)

体后端呼吸管长；后足圆柱形，适于步节···················································································蝎蝽科（红娘华科）Nepidae 体后适于游泳······························································································································田鳖科后足与中足跗节2节

··············································································潜水蝽科（小判虫科）Naucoridae 着生于前胸后缘，游泳时腹面向上·······································································仰泳蝽科（松藻虫科）Notonectidae

无单 (7)

有单眼，体小形或中等大 (8)

体细长如丝，头长数倍于宽·

·················································································尺蝽科（丝黾科）Hydro 末端；中足与后足甚长，适于水面奔弛·································································································水黾科Gerridae

体躯强壮阔黾科Veliidae

体极细；头及胸下有口吻沟；无臭腺；缺翅脉蝽科Hebridae

4～7 m 转游泳...............................................................................................豉虫科Gyrinidae 前足不较. (2)

触角锤状、很短；下颚须长于触角；身体·

................................................................................................水龟虫起.. (3)

趾分4节，其中第3节分成两瓣（步行型）

，后足非游泳型；....................................................................................................叶甲科Chryso (4)

趾节末节特在水草上..........................................................................................泥甲科Dryopidae 趾节末节不.. (5)

5．伸越第1腹节的整个腹板，第1腹节腹板后部全部露

································································6．板片，将腹部前2节或3节的腹板掩盖；触角10节第1腹节隔开，不向后扩大，反而向前延伸；7．科Hygrobiidae 后足基节向前延伸长，基节间的后胸腹板呈楔状······················

1．足较长，6节；跗节明显，末端具～个可动爪 2

··················································2．跗节具两个爪····················豉虫科Gyrinida 3．···············································小头水甲科Haliplida 全或消失）·······························4．·······································5．，不显著，草食性················································叶甲科Chrysomelida ·············································水（7）毛翅目幼虫常见科检索表

1．体小型，一般为3 mm ，绝不超过··························

科Hydroptilidae 体大型或中等大；腹部正常···················································2．腹末臀足发达；一般不筑能携带的小巢································3．···多距石蛾科Polycentropodae 具分枝的气管鳃，如无，则第9腹节背面有骨片·······4．部具分枝的气管鳃··················chidae 第1胸节的背面硬化，第2与第3节背面 e

5．，第1、2对足爪大 体圆柱形；第3对足爪与第2对足爪长度相后足非游泳型，后足基节不出；生活在水草的上部分................................................................沼甲科Helodidae 后足游泳型；在水中生活.. (6)

后足基节向后扩大成很大的，

体长2~5 mm ·············································································小头水甲科Haliplidae 后足基节仅将触角11节···············7 后足基节向前延伸短，基节间的后胸腹板末端形成平截状的短片··························

·······································································································水甲··龙虱科Dytiscidae

鞘翅目（幼虫）常见水栖种类分科检索表12..................................................足短，5节；跗节与爪合并成爪状节. (4)

腹部明显10节；两侧有长的叶状鳃； e

腹部10节不明显；两侧不具鳃 (3)

腹部明显9节；跗节1个爪····· e

腹部明显8节 （第9节不完·······龙虱科Dytiscidae

触角超过胸部或等于胸长·························沼甲科Helodidae

触角明显短 (5)

大颚短而宽 e

大颚显著，肉食性····················龟虫科Hydrophilidae

5 mm ；腹部相当胀大，如袋状.................................................................................................小石蛾.. (2)

身体不具侧线，体节间缢深； 3

身体具侧线，体节间缢浅；腹末臀足不发达；能筑可携带的小巢········ 5 分枝的气管鳃，臀足管状，不具发达刚毛，胸足短·················································

(4)

3个胸节背方各具方形暗色的硬甲；胸足短；胸腹·

···································································网栖石蛾科（纹石蛾科）Hydropsy 为革质；第9腹节背面有不显著的硬 骨片；气管鳃有或无·····································原石蛾科（川石蛾科）Rhyacophilida 体扁平；第3对足爪短；巢筒为砂粒筑成，侧面突起为盾状

......................................................................盾巢石蛾科（细翅石蛾科）Molannidae 似. (6)

6．的大触角可围绕全身·················eptoceridae 气管鳃分布到腹部第8节····················································7．m ；小巢由长方形的碎块排成规则或螺旋形的直管，长

等大，一般为25～28 mm ；巢筒多样，由（8）双翅目（幼虫）常见水栖种类分科检索表1．头壳完整，硬化，头部与前胸游离或可缩入前胸 2

··················································12．右活动，适于咀嚼··································································胸；大颚上下活动································13．·······大蚊科Tipu1id 4．的呼吸管············································细腰蚊科Ptychopterida 5．············································································································································································································6．；大部分体节具长的侧突起；胸节和腹节约等宽·····················ratopogonidae 体断面圆形；体节无侧突起·····················································7．U 状弯曲············细蚊科Dixida ··摇蚊科8．质管··毛蠓科Psychodidae 体节背面无上述横带；体末节不形成管状··································9．··········································蚊科Culicida ）········································蚋10．······························水虻科11．食蚜气管鳃一般只分布于腹部前几节；触角很大，蛹·

..............................................................................................长角石蛾科L .. (7)

幼虫大型，长达30～40 m 50 mm ····································································巨石蛾科（石蛾科）Phryganeidae 幼虫中不规则的砂石、介壳、枝叶构成································································································沼石蛾科Limnephilidae

...................................................头壳不完整，膜质 (1)

头壳很发达；大颚左·3

头壳不很发达（仅背面硬化），常缩入前0

腹末有由6条辐射的叶状突起构成的呼吸盘··························ae

腹末无上述呼吸盘 (4)

体后端伸长成一个长 e

体后端无上述呼吸管 (5)

腹部具疣状附肢 (6)

腹部无疣状附肢8

稍扁，横断面卵形·

....................................................................................................蠓科Ce (7)

两对疣状足位于第1和第2节背面，体静止时作 e

前胸和肛节各具1对疣状足，体静止时不作U 状弯曲········Chironomidae

体节背面有若干狭窄的条状横带；体末形成一短的几丁··································

(9)

3个胸节愈合形成一个稍膨大的复合节····· e

胸节分节明显；体前具一个突起（原足科Simuliidae

体壁具碳酸钙结晶；无疣足·····················Stratiomyiidae

体壁无碳酸钙结晶；大多数体节有由若干疣状足形成的环带········虻科Tabanidae

腹末延长成一个可作套筒伸缩的长呼吸管，污水性················蝇科Syrphidae

腹末具分叉的较长呼吸管····························································水蝇科Ephydridae