高中英语语法问题

高中英语语法问题
高中英语语法问题

一、单选

1, Lessing is so poor that even five dollars ____a big sum to him.

A, is B, are C, add D, equal

2, It is not I but you who ____the first to run to the goal in that competition.

A, is B, was C, are d, is going to

3, Part of the books ____ arrived.

A, is B, have C, was D, has

4, ____to finish quickly.

A, No every student wants B, No every student want

C, Not every student wants B, Not every student want

5, Every means ____ been tried since then.

A, has B, have C, are D, is

6, The office staff ____ gathered to hear the speaker speak.

A, is B, are C, be D, will

7, The total number of articles published on cancer ____ amazing.

A, are B, is C, have been D, be

8, A large number of cars ____ parked in front of my house.

A, is B, are C, was D, has

9, There ____ in this room.

A, are too many rooms B, are too much room

C, are plenty of rooms C, is plenty of room

10, The wheel and axle ____ a rotating lever.

A, is B, was C, are D, were

11, Ignorance and negligence ____ this mistake.

A, cause B, have caused C, has caused D, are

12, Truth and honesty ____ always best policy.

A, are B, is C, have been D, become

13, No sulfur and no phosphorus(磷)____ present in this product.

A, are B, were C, will D, is

14, Every hour and every minute ____ important.

A, are B, were C, is D, will

二、改错:

15, What is (A)large and (B)what is small are (C is)only relative(D).

16, There have been (Ahas)little (B)change in the patient’s condition since (C)he was out of (D)danger.

17, Two of them (A)went out, the rest were doing (B)his (Ctheir)homework in (D)the classroom. 18, A good artist like (A)a good engineer learns as (B)much from their (Chis)mistake as from (D)success.

19, Prof. Peter, with (A)4 of his graduate students, are (Bis)attending a symposium in (C)Daxian on (D)energy. 20, As (A)the crowd began to assemble (B)in (C)the meeting hall, the president began to scan your (Dtheir)face. 21, Not only all (A)the plants but also the sun are (Bis)in (C)constant motion(D).

22, When he was (A)a little boy, Mark Twain would walk (B)along the piers, watch (C)the river boats, swimming (Dswim)and fish in the Mississippi, much like his famous character, Tom Sawyer.

23, Having been elected (A)president (B)of (C)our institute, a short acceptance speech was given by Prof. Adams(D prof. Adams gave…).

24, Upon (A)returning (B)from (C)class, a letter was found in the mailbox.(D I found…)

第1讲就OVER了哦!

请注意第2讲哈!

第2讲谓语

概念梳理:

一个主语出现之后,根据交际的需要,常常需要对主语干什么进行说明,这个“干什么”的部分就是谓语,它由动词充当,所以又叫谓语动词(没有充当谓语的动词叫非谓语动词)。从这个意义上讲,谓语是相对于主语而言的。

由于谓语是由动词充当,而动作又有其发生的时间、方式等,从这个意义上讲,了解谓语动词,就是了解其时态、语态和语气。

接下来,俺们就进入第1小节:谓语动词的时态。

1小节谓语动词的时态

时态概念:

所谓谓语动词的时态,就是一个句子中动作发生的时间。时间概念有三层含义:现在、过去、将来;动作发生的方式也有三层次含义:经常性(一般性)、进行性、完成性。我们只要把动作发生的时间和动作发生的方式进行组合,就得出了最常见的9大时态形式,不信?自己组合。

组合方法:在“时间”中任选一点,与“方式”中的任意一点进行组合;反之亦然:

俺接下来就要告诉你了哈!

具体用法特点:

现在,俺以“动作发生的时间”为起点,按“现在”、“过去”、“将来”的顺序,分别与

“动作发生的方式”中“一般”、“进行”、“完成”进行组合,将得出的时态形式依次进行讲

解。

1)一般现在时(现在一般时):

概念及基本用法:表示动作经常发生或者状态经常存在(即:过去如此,现在如此,将

来还是如此)。除第3人称(你,你们;我,我们之外的万物都是第3人称)单数外,全部

使用动词原形。第3人称单数一般现在时,谓语动词要加-s,或者-es,或者变y为i加es

是初中内容,不需要俺再说了哦,这也太简单了哈?

当然啦,基本用法通常也与一些时间状语在一起,如often, sometimes, usually, always,

never, twice a month(类似), every week(类似), on Sundays(类似), occasionally, normally,

generally, weekly(类似), now and then, every so often, as a rule, rarely等等。

特殊用法:有时,一般现在时并不表示经常想的动作或者状态,这就是该时态的特殊用法,也是考试中最常见的,或者是学生在运用时最容易出现错误的地方。

特1:表示将来(结构类):

当主句是一般将来时态,时间状语从句或者条件状语从句中的谓语动词要用一般现在时态形式表示将来。例如:

If he comes here, I will give you a telephone call. (comes一般现在时态形式表示将来)

这是最常见的。但是:

If she comes here, I want to go with her. (comes一般现在时态形式表示将来)

首先:主句中的want不是一般将来时态,事实上,从意义上看,want本身就含有将来的意味,因此want通常不再与shall. will ,be going to等表示“将来”的词连用表示将来,而是直接用一般现在时态的形式表示将来。类似的还有think, believe, hope, consider等。如:

If she comes here, I think/believe that she can do it well.

其次:当主句含有准情态动词would rather do, had better (had best) do, would like to do,也可以在意义上表示将来。如:

If truth is to be known, one had best wait instead of searching for it. 如果真理要为人所知,最好是等待而不是追求。

再次:如果时间状语从句或者条件状语从句中使用了will,则它不是助动词“将来”的意义,而是情态动词“愿意”的意义。例如:

If she will come here, I will give her a hand. 如果她愿意来,我会帮助她。

最后:当主句是一般将来时态时,宾语从句或者定语从句的谓语动词也常用一般现在时态形式表示将来。例如:

Let’s see who gets there first. (宾语从句)

Anyone who does it will get a gift. (定语从句)

特2:表示将来(词汇类):

一般现在时态也可以表示:按照时间表将要发生的动作或者事件,或者事先安排好了的动作,这些事件或者安排一般不随意变化,且多有一个确切的时间状语。但是并不是所有的动词都可以这样用,具有该用法特点的动词通常有be to do, arrive, begin, come, go, start, depart, end, leave, sail, stop, return, dine, finish, open, close, move, take off, retire, meet等表示“移动”含义的动词。例如:

----When does he leave for the city?

----He leaves next week. (对话情景表明事先安排好了)

The plane takes off at 8 and arrives here at 12. (按照时间表将要发生的动作)

特3:表示进行:

表示瞬间动作。即:用来表示动作的完成和说话时间几乎是同时的情况,或者一系列的动作和说话时间几乎是同时进行的情况,如实况报道、操作表演解说、图片的文字说明、剧本或者电影文学脚本的说明部分、新闻标题、小说章节标题等。例如:

I declare the meeting open. (表示动作的完成和说话时间几乎是同时)

U.S. President holds talks with British Prime Minister (新闻标题)

I have a chance (小说章节标题)

特4:表示过去:

当主句是过去时态,而宾语从句表示了客观事实时,宾语从句的谓语也常使用一般现在时态形式(哈哈哈,初中内容)。例如:

He said the earth moves around the sun.

He said Chaucer(乔唆) writes this novel.

2)现在进行时:

概念及基本用法:表示此刻正在进行的动作,就这么简单。但是:现在进行时态还可以表示如下几种特殊情况:

特1:表示将来:

表示最近计划或者安排将要发生的事情或者即将开始或结束的动作,常用于go, leave, come, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, do, dine(宴请,用餐), give, have, pay, join, punish, spend, sleep, take, change, fly, work, wear, see, lunch, play等动词。例如:

I am changing my hotel.我打算换旅馆。

Imagine I am seeing the Mona Lisa. 你想想啊,我终于要见到《蒙娜丽莎》了。

特别注意:一般现在时和现在进行时都可以表示将来,但前者强调了按时间表将要发生的动作,所以多有一个确定的时间状语;后这却没有一个确定的时间状语,如果有,则强调了主语的“决心”。请比较:

I am leaving tomorrow. 我明天一定要走(强调主语要走的决心)

I am leaving. 我要走了(只强调主语要走的计划)

He is meeting the manager tomorrow. 他明天一定要见到经理(强调他要见到经理的决心) He is meeting the manager. 他要见经理(只强调主语要见经理计划)

特2:表示一段时间内正在进行,但此刻并未进行。例如:

We are learning English at college. (may not be learning now.)

他正在大学里学英语(也许此刻并没有学)

I am reading a novel recently. (may not be reading now.)

我正在读一本小说(也许此刻并没有读)

She is generally going to bed at 11. (but now not going to bed.)

她通常11点睡觉(但此刻并没有睡觉。)

特3:表示某一动作的重复,而且使人有一种厌恶、不高兴、抱怨等感情色彩,有时也表示赞叹,这种情况下通常与always, forever, continually, constantly, perpetually等连用。例如:He is always losing his keys.

他总是把钥匙搞掉。(抱怨)

She is forever doubling my words.

她一直都是那样怀疑我的话。(不满)

He is continually remembering me of what I owe him.

他老是不停地在我面前提起俺欠他的。(厌烦)

Mr. Chi is always thinking of doing more for the people.

迟先生总是想到要为人民多做些事情。(赞叹)

特4:表示反复多次或者习惯性的动作。例如:

He is jumping there.

他在那里跳个不停。(只是在陈述一个动作)。再比较:

He is always jumping there.

他老师喜欢在那里跳。(表示一种厌烦)

The boy is hitting his dog.

这孩子一个劲地拍打他的狗。(只是在陈述一个动作) 。再比较:

The boy is always hitting his dog.

这孩子老是喜欢拍打他的狗。(表示一种不理解)

特5:表示被动。例如:

This kind of book is printing. = This kind of book is being printed.

= This kind of book will be printed.

书正在印刷之中。

Nothing is doing. = Nothing is being done. = Nothing will be done.

什么也没干。

现在进行时态表格总结

(注意:如果你能看着以上表格说出几个例句,就证明你真正的理解了)

特6:总结:

一般情况下,瞬间动词或者状态性动词(从汉语意义就可以判断出来)是没有进行时态的。如果瞬间动词或者状态性动词出现了进行时态形式,就表示该动词在意义上发生了变化,如“特4”。再如:

The rain is stopping.(雨渐渐停了下来。表示渐进)

The rain stops.(雨突然停了下来。表示突然)

People are lying on the beach. (人们在海滩上躺着。暂时性的)

The city lies at the foot of the hill. (这城市坐落在山脚下。永久性的)

She is living in Dazhou. (她暂居住在达州。暂时性的)

She lives in Dazhou. (她居住在达州。永久性的)

需要特别注意的是:状态性动词也没有被动语态形式,如果用了被动形式,就表明它由状态转变成了动态性动词。比较:

This kind of book sells well.

这书销路不错误(状态)。

This kind of book is selling(参见特5)well. = This kind of book is being sold well.

这书现在正卖的红火(动态)。

A picture hangs on the wall.

墙上挂有一幅画。(状态)

A picture was hung on the wall yesterday.

有一幅画是昨天挂到墙上去的。(动态)

3)现在完成时:

用法特点1:

表示表示动作的发生时间是在过去,但对现在产生了影响,因此它的着眼点还是现在。例如:

She has last her wallet. 她的钱抱掉了(再在没钱花了)

He has laid the table. 他把桌子摆好了(可以吃饭了或者在上面做事了)

He has bought a car. 他买了车了(现在有车了)

I have forgotten his telephone number. 我把他的电话号码忘了(现在联系不上他了)

需要特别注意的是:通常情况下,这种用法可以和表示现在在内的时间状语连用,如now, today, this morning, this year等;但也通常和一些表示不确定的、过去的时间状语连用,如yet, just, before, recently, once, lately等;也可以和表示频率的时间状语连用,如often, ever, never, sometimes, twice, on several occasions等;但绝对不能和特定的过去时间状语连用,如in 1900, last year, yesterday, last night 等;但要注意,in the past/last years只能与现在完成时态连用,如果在含有过去时态的句子里,就要用过去完成时态了。比较:Great changes have taken place in the past 30 years.

He said that great changes had taken place in the past 30 years.

用法特点2:

表示某个动作从过去某个时间开始延续到现在,并可能进行延续下去。例如:

He has worked here for over 20 years. 他在这里已经工作20年了(也可能还要继续工作下去)

Up to now, we have received no news from her. 到现在我们还是没有她的消息(也可能还会继续没有消息)

需要特别注意的是:通常情况下,这种用法通常和表示一段时间的状语连用,如up to now, up till now, up to present, for/in the past/last days/weeks/months/years , these few days/weeks/months/tears, since, for a long time, so far等。

另外请特别注意:

在美国和加拿大英语中,在否定句中可以用in代替for表示一段时间。例如:

He has not been here in 4 months(美). = He has not been here for 4 months(英).

同时in也可以表示“在…时间以后”,但只能用于将来时态,而且只能接时间段而不是时间点。请比较after:

She will be back in 3 hours.她3小时后回来(3 hours时间段,将来时态,用in)

She was back after 3 hours. 3小时好面她回来了(3 hours时间段,过去时态,用after)

She will be back a fter 3 o’clock. 她3点种后回来(3 o’clock时间点,将来时态,用after)

用法特点3:

一般情况下,瞬间动词的完成形式不能与延续性的时间状语连用,这是逻辑意义,很好理解。但其否定形式则可以和延续性的一段时间连用,因为瞬间动词的否定表示了状态,而状态是可以延续的。也好理解哈?例如:

We have not seen her for a long time. 俺们有好长一段时间没看见她了。

I have never touched beer for a whole week. 俺有整整一周没沾啤酒了

特别注意:千万不要把表示目的的同表示时间的混淆了。请比较:

He has gone for two days.

他走了天了(错误)。

他走了,要离开天(正确)

She has come here for a week.

她已经来这里一周了(错误)。

她已经来了,要呆1周(正确)。

用法特点4:

一些特殊情况下的现在完成时态要求:

NO1:

时间、条件、让步状语从句中要用现在完成时态表示将来完成时态。如:

I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.

作业完成了我就去看你(“完成”作业在先,“看”在后,两个动作都还没发生,要先完成第1个动作,故用现在完成时态形式表示将来完成时态,再做第2个动作。)

NO2:

在“It/This is/will be the first/last, second, third…+n +that…”结构中,that结构中的谓语动词通常用现在完成时态形式。例如:

This is the first time (that) I h ave heard her sing. 这是我第1次听她唱歌。

It is the second time (that)we have met each other. 这是我们第2次见面了。

It’s the first good novel(that) I have seen for ages. 这是我很就以来看过的第1部优秀的小说。但:This was the first time (that) I had heard her sing.

It was the second time (that)we had met each other.

It was the first good novel(that) I had seen for ages.

NO3:

在“It/This is + the + 形容词最高级+ 名词+ that…”结构中,that结构中的谓语动词通常用现在完成时态形式。例如:

It is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我所见过的最好的电影了。

This is the most interesting novel he has ever written. 这是他所写的最有趣的一部小说了。但:It was the best film that I had ever seen.

This was the most interesting novel he had ever written.

NO4:

由since(表示“自从……”的意义)引导出从句时,主句通常要求用现在完成时态形式。例如:

I haven’t heard from her since she went away.

自从她离开后我就再也没有她的消息了。

It has been a long time since we met each other.

= It is a long time since we met each other

我们已经有一段时间没相互见面了。

需要特别注意的是:since作介词后面接时间点的名词;作连词后接从句,从句谓语用瞬间动词,如果接延续动词,则表示该动作的结束而不是开始。比较:

We have not seen each other since she lived here.

自从她离开这里以后,我们就就再没见面(正确)

自从她居住这里以来,我们就就再没见面(错误)

It is/has been 5 years since he was in Army.

他退伍已经5年了(正确)

他参军已经5年了(错误)

用法特点5:

与现在完成进行时态和一般过去时态的对比:

NO1:与现在完成进行时态的对比:

在有对比的情况下,现在完成进行时态表示动作发生在过去,但仍在进行中,而现在完成时态则强调动作对现在的影响。请比较:

I have read this book. 我已经读过这本书了(读完了,并知道书的内容)

I have been reading this book. 我还在读这本书(还没读完,还在读)

但现在完成进行时态的被动形式仍用现在完成被动式表示。请比较:

The builders have built the building. 建筑工人已经建好了这建筑物。

=The building has been built.

The builders have been building the building. 建筑工人还在建这建筑物。

=The road has been finished.

NO2:与一般过去时态的对比:

一般过去时态仅仅是在叙述曾经发生过的事情,不强调该动作对现在的影响,而现在完成时态则强调了该动作对现在的影响。请比较:

He has come here. 他已经里到这里了。

He came here. 他曾经来过这里。

Have you invited him to the party? 你邀请他参加舞会了吗?(舞会也许还没开始,也许还没结束)Did you invite him to the party? 你邀请他参加舞会了吗?(舞会已经结束)

现在完成时态表格总结

4)一般过去时态

基本概念:

所谓过去一般时态是指过去发生了或者经常发生的动作。从这个意义上讲,了解了现在一般时态的用法特点,只需要把它移到过去的时间就可以了。请比较:

He goes to bed at 8 every day. 他每天8点上学。

He went to bed at 8 every day. 他过去霉天点上学。

She tells me that she won’t go if it rains. 她经常告诉我说如果下雨她就不会去。

She told me that she wouldn’t go if it rained. 她曾经告诉我说如果下雨她就不会去。

用法特点:

每一种语言都有自己的特殊用法,因此,关于一般过去时态,下列情况应当特别注意:

NO1:

部分动词如hope, want, wish, wonder, think, intend等以及情态动词的过去形式可以表示一种委婉的语气。比较:

What did you want? (委婉、客气)

What do you want? (态度生硬,不礼貌)

I wondered if you would do it for me. 我想知道你十分愿意那我做这件事情(态度诚恳)

I wonder if you will do it for me.我想知道你十分愿意那我做这件事情(态度生硬,不礼貌)

I would like to go with you. 我想要和你一起去。(态度诚恳)

I will like to go with you. 我想要和你一起去。(纯粹的将来)

NO2:

在对话中注意逻辑意义与一般现在和一般过去时态的变化运用。请比较:

I didn’t know you are (were) here. 我(当时)并不知道你在这里。

I don’t know you are here. (逻辑错误)

前句的逻辑表明:既然两人在对话,那么就知道“你现在已经在这里了”,不然不会有两人的对话了,所谓的“不知道”,只是说明刚才“不知道”,而不是现在“不知道”,因此用了didn’t know。再如:

——Be careful! You are in danger. 小心!你回有危险。

——Sorry. I didn’t realize. 对不起,我(当时)没意识到。(但在意识到了)

至于前句中的(were)是为了和didn’t know保持形式上的一致,语法上称为“过去表现在”,多用于宾语从句中。再比较:

He said that you are (were) a good student. 他说你是个好学生(现在是)。

He says that you were a good student. 他常说你曾经是个好学生(现在不一定了)。

He says that you are a good student. 他常说你是个好学生(现在是)。

——Who is the woman in the picture ? (问话人不知道)

——She was my mother. (暗含“妈妈去世了”的意义)

——She is my mother. (暗含“妈妈在世”的意义)

也可以这样表达“妈妈去世了”的意义:She is my mother, but she is dead. (是我的妈妈是个客观事实;死是状态,也是事实,故为is)或者:She is my mother, but she died. (是我的妈妈是个客观事实;死是动态,应为发生了,故为died)

以上情况在形式和理解上虽然简单,但随着环境和逻辑意义的变化,其变数也大,在考试中最容易出现过失性错误,应该特别小心。

NO3:

用动词的过去时态形式表示一种虚拟语气,主要有如下集中情况:

A:在It is (high / about) time that …结构中,that从句的谓语动词用一般过去时态形式。例如:It is high time that we were off.

It is time that we went to bed.

但:It was high time that we had been off.

It was time that we had gone to bed.

但:It is the first that I have done so. 这是我第1次这么做。(见P19用法特点4:NO2)

但:It was the first that I had done so.

B: 在If非真实条件句中,if从句谓语要用一般过去时态形式、主句谓语用情态动词“would+原形动词”表示与现在事实相反;

if从句谓语要用一般过去时态形式或者were to 或者“should+原形动词”、主句谓语用情态动词“would/should+原形动词”表示与将来事实相反。请比较:

If he were indoors, he wouldn’t feel so cold. (与现在事实相反)

If I were to do the work, I should do it in different way. (与将来事实相反)

特别注意:此时的If可以省略,并到倒装为:

Were he indoors, he wouldn’t feel so cold.

Were I to do, the work, I should do it in different way.

但:如果是对过去的事情进行相反的假设,IF从句就必须用过去完成时态形式,而主句则要用should/would have done。例如:

If I had come here yesterday, I would have seen her.

特别注意:此时的If可以省略,并到倒装为:

Had I come here yesterday, I would have seen her.

C: 在But that…(要不是……) 构中,But that结构中的谓语动词用一般过去时态形式,表示对发生了的事情进行相反的假设,但主句要用would have done表示。请比较::

She would have come t o see you but that she was ill. 要不是生病,她就来看你了(没能来看你)She came to see you but you were out.她来看你,但你出去了(普通的转折连词:但是)

D: 在wish that+句子;if only+句子(要是……就好了);would (that)+句子(要是……就好了);O that+句子(要是……就好了);Would to God +句子(但愿……);Imagine that;as if/though;it is not as if/though…(才不…呢);…than if;If it were not for…(要不是……);would rather that, would sooner that, had better that, would as soon that, just as soon that(这5个都表示:宁愿……)等结构中,要求后面的句子用一般过去时态形式表示对现在进行的假设。例如:

I wish (that) she were/was here. 但愿她现在在这里(事实上现在不在)。

但:I wished (that) she had been here.我当时真希望她在这里(事实上当时不在)。

If only she were/was more cautions. 要是她现在谨慎些就好了(事实上她现在不谨慎)。

但:If only she had been more cautions. 要是她当时谨慎些就好了(事实上她当时不谨慎)。

Would (that)I could fly.要是我能飞就好了。

但:Would (that)I had seen her before she died. 我要是能在她死前见上她一面就好了。

O that she were with me. 她现在要是和我在一起就好了。

但:O that she had been with me. 她当时要和我在一起就好了。

Would to God she would return safely. 但愿她平安归来。

Imagine that he were laughed by these shallow people.设想一下他遭到了那些浅薄之人的嘲笑。但:Imagine that he had not taken those measure, what would have happened.想象一下,如果他没有采取那些找高的措施,情况又会这样呢?

He talks as if/though he knew all about it. 他谈起来好象全知道似的。

但:He talked as if/though he had known all about it. 他当时谈起来好象全知道似的。

It is not as if/though he were poor. 他(现在)才不穷呢。

但:It is not as if/though he had been poor. 他当时才不穷呢(现在穷了)

He feels happier in living alone than (he would feel) if he were living with his family. 他(现在)感觉自己独住比和家人一起住要愉快些。

但:I can learn more from his words than (I could learn) if I had read ten books. 我从他的话中学的东西比我读(已经读过的)10本书的东西还要多些。

If it were not for you,he wouldn’t(shouldn’t) be better. 要不是你,他现在不会这么好。

但:If it had not been for you, he wouldn’t(shouldn’t) have been better. 当时要不是你,他就不会这么好。

I would rather that you did it now. 我宁愿你现在就做。

但:I would rather that you had done it. 我宁愿你做过这事情。

以上所列本项内容在用法上有共同点,考的是记忆而不是理解。哈哈哈哈哈,兄弟们,记去吧。嘿嘿嘿嘿……

5)过去完成时态

基本概念及其用法特点:

简单地说就是过去之过去发生的动作,因此它在用发特点上有两个明显的特征:要么有一个过去之过去的时间,要么有两个发生在过去动作的对比。例如:

They had got everything ready before the year of 2007.( 过去之过去的时间)

They had got everything ready before I came here.(两个发生在过去动作的对比)

这一基本用法特点应该很好理解。但如下一些特殊用法就应该特别留意了:

NO1:在hardly/scarcely/barely…when…; no sooner…than…(都表示:一……就……)结构中,主句的谓语动词通常要求用过去完成时态形式。例如:

He had hardly gone to bed when the bell rang.

No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.

注意:hardly/scarcely/barely / no sooner放在句首时,要用一般问句形式的倒装形式。再如:Hardly had he gone to bed when the bell rang.

NO2:主句是一般过去时态,比较结构中的hope, expect, think, want等动词要用过去完成时态。这点虽然简单,但容易出现过失性错误。例如:

He did better than we had hoped.

Things went more smoothly than we had expected.

The TV play wasn’t as interesting as we had wanted.

NO3:intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think, believe, be inclined to do的过去完成时态形式以及had better have done, should like to have done表示“本打算做某事,但事实上内有做”的虚拟意义。例如:

I had intended to call on you yesterday. (but in fact not)

He had been inclined to be a teacher. (but in fact not)

I had wanted to help but I had no time then. (but in fact not)

NO4:其他形式下的过去完成时态形式表示的虚拟意义。

亲爱的读者,从P18 “3)现在完成时”开始,俺就用了大量的“但:”。在那些“但”里,就包含了大量的其他形式下的过去完成时态形式表示的虚拟意义。为了训练你们的独立归纳能力,请自己去找哈,俺就不在这里重复了哈,那样会浪费掉你我大量的宝贵时间哦。6)将来完成时态

表示在将来某个时间或者动作之前要完成的动作。用法比较简单,基本上从逻辑意义就可以判断,而且运用的频率不是很高。例如:

I shall have finished it by next Friday. 下星期五之前俺就能完成了。

She will have written it tomorrow at noon.她明天中午就可以写好了。

By next Monday, she will have studied here for three years. 下星期天,她就在这里学习3年了。7)现在(一一般)将来时态

基本含义及其用法

表示将来发生的动作或者存在的状态;

Shall do…(一人称) Will do…(二、三人材)

特殊用法:

NO1:BE GOING TO DO

表示“决定、打算做某事,或者有迹象表明将要、可能发生的事情”。

I am going to go with you. Is it going to rain?

There is going to be a film in our college.

与WILL/SHALL的区别:

WILL/SHALL表示主语认为、相信、希望或者假定要发生(可能很久才发生)的事情,而BE GOING TO DO则表示主语本身计划、安排马上要做的事情,或者迹象表明事情马上就要发生。比较:

I believe that China will become one of the richest countries in the world.

Listen to the wind. We are going to have a rough crossing.

BE GOING TO 可以用内在时间、条件、原因状语从句中,而WILL/SHA/LL不可以,如果用就表示了“意愿”。比较:

If you are going to attend the meeting, you’d leave now.

If you will (愿意) do it yourself, I will (愿意) be with you

NO2:现在进行时态表示的将来:

下列动词的现在进行形式可以表示计划安排好了的将来时态:

Join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, meet, move, sleep, have, do stay, arrive, leave, speak, start,

go, come等。与一般现在时态表示将来的区别:

上述动词的一般现在时态形式也可以表示将来,但要求其主语通常是事物而不是人,而进行时态形式的将来时态通常要求主语是人而不是事物。比较:

The train leaves at 9 (正确) The train is leaving at 9 (不妥)

I am leaving now. (正确) I leave (不妥)

NO3:BE TO / BE ABOUT TO表示的将来:

表示计划或者安排,或者用来追求意见:

Am I to take over(接替)his work? The highway is to be opened in May.

但如果不是人所能安排、计划的,就不能这样用了。比较:

I think I am to faint.(晕倒是不能自己安排的,所以不能这样用)

I think I am going to faint (晕倒可以有迹象,所以可以这样用,因为BE GOING TO可以表示有迹象表明将要发生什么事情)

BE ABOUT TO 意义同BE TO,但不能和具体的时间状语连用,但经常接一个WHEN(这时突然)。例如:

The talk is about to begin.(正确)

The talk is about to begin soon. (有具体的时间状语soon,不妥)

I was about to go out when he came. 我正要出门,这时他来了

NO4:特别注意:

WILL可以表示拒绝做某事,用于事物,有拟人化的特点;例如:

The door won’t open 这门打不开

WII I ?和WILL WE?可以表示“当然可以”“那还用问”。例如:

——Will you do me a favor? ——Will I? Of course I will.

——Will you try again? ——Will I?

8)过去进行时态

表示过去某个时间进行或者持续的动作。从这个意义上讲,了解了现在进行时态,就知道过去来进行时态的用法了。

9)将来进行时态

表示将来某个时间将要进行或者持续的动作。从这个意义上讲,了解了现在进行时态,就知道将来进行时态的用法了。但还是要注意:

一般将来时态既可以表示纯粹的将来,也可以表示意图,而将来进行事态之表示纯粹的将来,不表示说话人的意图。比较:

He won’t cut the grass 他拒绝决割草(有意图)

He won’t be cutting the grass. 到时他是不会割草(纯粹的将来,无意图)

1, He claimed ___ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.

A. being badly treated

B. treating badly

C. to be treated badly

D. to have been treated badly

2, In the time of inflation, the value of money drops as ___ .

A. price is arising

B. price arises

C. prices are rising

D. prices rise

3, He ___ a letter to her to explain the whole thing, but he didn’t.

A. should write

B. ought to have written

C. ought to write

D. should be writing

4, It’s about time the police ___ illegal off-course horse betting.

A. do away with

B. did away with

C. have done away with

D. should have done away with

5, It’s Sunday. You ___ school.

A. didn’t need to go to

B. needn’t have gone to

C. mustn’t go to

D. couldn’t go to

6, Somebody has told you the truth, ___ ?

A. hasn’t he

B. didn’t he

C. haven’t they

D. didn’t they

Passable keys: DDBBBC

2小节谓语动词的语态

谓语动词的语态包括主动语态和被动语态。这里我们重点讨论被动语态。

被动语态之能运用于及物的动态动词,状态性动词是没有被动语态的。在使用被动语态时应该注意如下几点:

NO1:被动形式的表现方式:

一般被动形式:am/is/are/was/were done

进行被动形式:am/is/are/was/were being done

完成被动形式:have/has/had been done

不定式的被动形式:to be done(一般式);to have been done(完成式)

动名词的被动形式:being done(一般式); having been done(完成式)

注意:在口语中,其它一些特殊的系动词如get, appear可以替代be

NO2:不及物动词加上介词后构成了及物性动词短语可以使用被动形式。例如:She was much looked up to for her kindnesses. 她因多行善事而受人尊敬。

The ticket has been spoken for. 票已经被人定了。

The problem has been gone into. 问题已经得到了解决。

The house was once lived in by a monk. 这房子曾有一个和尚住过。

但:如果不具备及物性,不能用被动。例如:

The fact speaks for itself(事实不言自明). 不能说:Itself is spoken for by the fact.

因为这里的itself并不是FOR的宾语,而是反身代词充当了状语,所以speaks for不具备及物的特性,不能用被动形式。再如:

Things are looking up. (情况看来有好转) 不能说:Things are being looked up.

因为这里的up其实是一个副词而不是介词,因此还是不及物的特性,不能使用被动形式。

NO3:“动词+名词+介词”构成的短语有两重被动形式。例如:

Take care of…: He was taken care of. = Care was taken of him.

Make use of…: The book was made use of. = Use was made of the book.

Pay attention to…: The situation was paid attention to. = Attention was paid to the situation.

NO4:一些动词的进行时态形式本身就表示了被动的含义,所以也可以不必再用被动形式(当然,用进行被动形式也是可以的)。例如:

The meet is cooking.

The cakes are baking.

The cow is milking.

这类动词常见的还有:brew(煮), owe(欠), build, print, sell, beat, fry(煎), blind, air(晾晒), show(播发), fire(开火), sound(吹响), prepare, take(采取), finish, complete(完成), reprint(重新装订)

NO5:一些动词如sell, write, hang, smell, taste等同时具有动态(此时为及物动词,可以使用被动形式)和状态(此时为不及物动,没有被动形式)。这类动词较多,要在平时的单词记忆中注意它们的词性(可参考NO4)。比较:

This kind of book sells well. (状态,无被动)

This kind of book was sold out yesterday (动态,可用被动)

NO5:一些在“It be + adj + to do”结构中,用主动表示被动。例如:

It is hard to understand this article.

=To understand this article is hard

=The article is hard to understand.

The fish is not fit to eat.

= To eat the fish is not fit.

= The fish is not fit to eat.

NO6:感官动词如look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等通常也用主动表示被动。例如:T he follower smells sweet.

The dish tastes delicious.

NO7:want, deserve, need, require, replay, stand, take(下工夫做…), won’t bear(不堪想象做…), be worth后面通常用DOING的主动形式表示被动。例如:

The book is worth reading.

This point deserves mentioning.

The coat requires mending.

The children need looking after.

The table wants cleaning.

The rule will take some learning.

That won’t bear thinking of.

最后特别注意:不要把被动式与系表结构相混淆,因为有些“使”动词的过去分词形式实际上已经转化为形容词了。请比较:

When he heard what he said, he was very surprised. (系表)

He was surprised by what he said. (被动)

3小节谓语动词的语气

特别注意:本小节很多内容在时态部分实际上已经将了,这里再次出现是为了加深印象。

谓语动词的语气主要集中在虚拟语气上。所谓虚拟语气,就是对事实进行相反的假设。

1) if非真实条件句表示的虚拟:

if非真实条件句是虚拟语气最常用,最基本的形式。这一基础虚拟形式主要包括如下三种格式:

A)与过去事实相反:“if+主语+过去完成形式(条件从句),主语+would/should + have +

过去分词(结果主句)。”表示的含义为:对曾经发生的事情进行一种相反的假设,而事实上情况却并非如此。例如:

a) If he had been here, he would have helped you. 如果当时他在这儿,他就会帮你了(事实上:他未在这儿,他未能帮你。)

b) If he had come yesterday, you would have watched the pop performance.如果你昨天来,就能看上这场演出了(事实上:你未能来,也未能看到。)

【注】此结果主句中的if条件句如是be动词,口语中也可以用were来取代had been,例如:If he were here, he would have helped you. 但在解题时仍最好用had been。

B) 与现在事实相反:“if+主语+动词过去式(条件从句),主语+should/would动词原形(主句)。”表示的含义为:所表示出的愿望、态度、看法等与现在的事实相反。例如:

a) If I were you, I should do it better. 如果我是你,就能把它做得更好(事实上:我不是你,我也未做。)

b) If I had a spare dictionary, I would lend it to you. 我要是有多余的字典,就把它借给你(事实上:我现在没有,也就不可能借给你。)

C) 与将来事实相反:“if+主语+动词过去式(条件从句);主语+should/would+动词原形。”表示的含义为:所表示的愿望、看法等在将来也不可能成为事实或成为事实的可能性很小。例如:

a) If you dropped your computer, it would break. 如果你把你的电脑摔在地上,它是会被摔坏的(事实上:没有人会把自己的电脑摔在地上。)

b) I know, you will not live there. But if you lived there for a while, you would change your mind about that place. 我知道你不会住在那儿。但如果你在那儿呆上一段日子,你就会改变对那个地方的看法了(事实上:你在那儿呆上一段日子的可能性极小。)

【注1】:从以上B),C) 可以看出表示:表示与现在事实相反和表示与将来事实相反在动词的表现形式上是一样的,这无疑会给理解造成歧义。这就要求我们从特定的上下文去判断,或者,加上一个表示现在(经常)或将来的时间状语。试比较:If he were here, he would help you.该例句既可以理解为“如果他(现在)在这儿,他就会帮你了”(事实上:他现在不在这儿。) 也可以理解为“如果他(等会儿,明天,后天…)来这儿,他是会帮你的”(事实上:他来这儿的可能极小,或不可能会来这儿。) If he were here now, he would help you.(事实上:他现在不在这儿。) If he were here tomorrow, he would help you.(事实上:他明天来的可能极小或根本不可能来这儿。)

【注2】除了以上可以通过加表示将来的时间状语外,对于将来虚拟,更习惯用if+主语were to,这种说法被认为是最正规的格式,其实现的可能性也最小。此外,还可以用“if+主语+should…,”其可能性介于以上两者之间。试比较(以下两对比句,前句表达的正规程度胜过后一句):

a) If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.(几乎没有可能)

b) If it should snow tomorrow, they would not go out.(有较小可能性)

c) If it snowed tomorrow, they would not go out.(有较大可能性)

如果明天下雪,他们就不出去了。

【注3】:正如本项【注2】中所述,表示将来的虚拟从句除了用“if+主语+were to”或“if+主语+过去时;”以外,还可以用“if+主语+would/should+动词原形,”其虚拟程度居中(见【注2】:中的例句。) 如此,在从句和主句中就会同时出现should或would,此时,如果主句表示了一种结果,则常常用陈述语气或祈使语气表示虚拟语气以免与从句的should/would重复。如:

If we should fail this time, we should be punished.(正确)

If we should fail this time, we are punished.(最佳)

如果我们这次失败,就要挨批评(结果主句,最好用陈述语气表虚拟)

2) 关于if非真实条件句(if虚拟语气)的延伸:

如前所述,if非真实条件句(if虚拟句)有三种基本句型(对过去、现在、将来的假设),根据这三种基本句型,可以延伸出各种虚拟形式,常见的有:

A) 延伸出混合虚拟句:

混合虚拟语气,又叫交叉虚拟语气,请看以下三个对比例句:

a) If you left now, you would arrive there in good time.

b) If you had left yesterday, you would have arrived there in good time.

c) If you had left yesterday, you would arrive there in good time now.

一般情况下,无论你对过去、现在、还是将来进行假设,使用怎样的非真实条件句,就应当使用相应的非真实主句。如例句a)为“如果你现在走,你就能及时赶到那儿(事实上:并未现在走;)”例句b)为“如果你昨天就走,你(昨天)就能及时赶到那儿了(事实上:昨天未走。)”两个句子的主句和从句分别使用了相对应的谓语动词形式来表示虚拟,动作都处在同一时间之内。但在实际语言交流过程中,主句与从句所叙述的动作不在同一时间之内,如从句是过去,主句是现在;从句是现在,主句是将来等。如从句是过去,即“如果你昨天走的话”,而主句又是现在,即“那么你现在已经按时赶到那儿了”,故例句c) 的意义为“如果你昨天走的话,你现在就按时赶到那儿了(事实上:昨天未走,今天也未赶到。)”再如:If you had followed the doctor, you would be better now。如果你昨天听了医生的话,今天就会好一些了(事实上:昨天没听医生的话,今天也未见好转。)以上这种情况,我们就称为“混合(交叉)虚拟语气。”

B) 延伸出倒装虚拟句:

首先请看下列对比例句:

a) If I were you, I would do it better = Were I you, I would do it better.如果我是你会做得更好。

b) If I had time, I would go with you.= Had I time, I would go with you.如果有时间就和你去。

c) If it should be necessary, I would come.= Should it be necessary, I would come. 如果有必要,我会来的。

由以上对比例句不难看出,if非真实条件句中的if是可以省去的,此时,从句中的were, should, had应当提前至句首。在现代英语中,从句中的could, did, would也可以提前,但用得较少。例如:If time would permit, I should like to speak more. =Would time permit, I should like to speak more.再如:If he read more, he could understand it. = Read he more (or: Did he read more,) he could understand it.等等。这种情况就叫倒装虚拟条件句。

【注1】如果if非真实条件句是否定的,否定词不能前置。如不能说Weren't he there, Hadn't he been there 等,而只能说(如果省略if的话)Were he not there; Had he not been there。

【注2】口语中,if非真实条件句中的be也可以用was。但使用was时,通常不省略if而用倒装句。如最好说If he were to go,…;也可以说(口语中)If he was to go,…。但不能说Was he to go,…而可以说Were he to go,…。

【注3】有一种表示"祝愿"虚拟形式也是倒装方式,即:May +主语+动词原形;或副词+动词原形+主语。这种虚拟形式是为强调而倒装,而不是表“虚拟。”例如:May you succeed!(祝你成功!); Long live China! (中国万岁!)

C)延伸出含蓄虚拟句:

首先请看下列对比例句:

a) He could certainly do better under favorable condition.=If condition were favorable, he could certainly do better. 如果条件有利,他一定能干得更好。

b) Such mistakes could have been avoided.=If we (you, they,…) had been more careful, such mistakes could have been avoided. 如果我们(你们,他们,…)小心一些,这样的错误是可以避免的。

c) Make any noise and you would be discovered.=If you should make any noise, you would be discovered.只要发出一点声响就会被发现。

从以上对比例句不难看出,不少情况下,就是没有if非真实条件状语的限定, 主句仍用虚拟形式。实际上,这是因为:由于if非真实条件句所假设的情况从特定的上下文中可以判断出来,或者主句中的某一个词、词组已经暗示了这种非真实的条件,所以,没有必要将之说出来,这就是我们常说的“含蓄假设条件句”或“含蓄虚拟语气。”由于假定的情况没有直接说明,就加大了学习者理解上的难度,但只要理解了上下文的含义,或抓住了某一个关键,其实也不难理解。再比如:

d) Without guidance they could not be able to succeed. 如果没有人引导他们的话,他们是不会成功的(关键词without暗含if they were not guided。)

e) I was away that day. Otherwise I would have attended the lecture. 那天我不在家,否则,我是会去听讲演的(关键词Otherwise暗含if I had not been away。)

D) 延伸出无主句虚拟句:

如前所述,既然当我们从特定的上下文或某一个关键词或词组可以判断出主句的虚拟含义而省去if非真实条件从句(即含蓄虚拟句),同样,我们也可以省去主句而保留从句的虚拟形式。应当牢记的是,并非所有的三种if非真实条件句都可以省去主句而保留从句,它只局限于if only, but 等少数几个词,或者词组,表示的是一种愿望,而且是以感叹句的方式出现。汉语多理解为“要是…就好了(该有多好)!”由于已清楚地表达虚拟含义,故无须说出主句。

a) If only I knew where he lives!

要是我知道他住哪儿就好了!(用了一般过去时表示现在。)

b) If only I had not lost my purse!

要是我没把钱包弄掉该有多好啊!(用了过去完成时表示过去。)

c) Had I but taken your advice!

我要是当时听了你的劝告就好了!(用了过去完成时表示过去。)

d) Had he but come yesterday!

要是他昨天能来该多好啊!(这里的come是动词的过去分词形式,而不是原形。)【注】以上例句中的If only所列出的句子,其谓语动词用一般过去式表现形式还是用过去完成时态的形式,取决于是对现在进行假设(用一般过去形式)还是对过去进行假设(用过去完成形式),其用法特点与wish后面接宾语从句用法完全相同。试比较:

a) I wish he were here now. 我希望他现在就在这儿(现在不在。)

b) If only he were here now! 他现在要是在这儿该多好啊!(现在不在。)

c) I wished he had been here yesterday. 我希望他昨天在这儿。

d) If only he had been here yesterday!他昨天要是在这儿该多好啊!(= Had he but been here yesterday!)

3) 与虚拟语气有关的谓语动词:

我们前面讨论了虚拟语气最基本的三种形式(即:在if非真实条件句中对现在、过去、将来分别进行非真实假设。),也讨论了由这三种基本形式发展而来的四种延伸形式,从某种意义上讲,讨论的问题理解成份居多。

我们知道,英语中有些谓语动词之后如果接了that宾语从句,that宾语从句的谓语动词常用原形(美式用法)或should加动词原形(英式用法)来表示一种虚拟语气。那么,到底有哪些这样的谓语动词呢?通常有:advise, propose, recommend, vote, suggest(建议);move (提议),intend, insist(坚决要求),demand, require, request, desire, ask(要求), urge, advocate, order, command, appoint(命令), direct, instruct, decree, enjoin(命令), ordain(规定),stipulate(规定), arrange, prescribe(规定), prefer, resolve(决心), settle(决定),determine等等。例如:

a) He asks that he (should) be given more time to do it. 他要求给予更多的时间做这事。

b) I vote that she (should) go at once. 我建议她马上走。

【注1】以上所列谓语动词如果改为“It is/was done that…”结构,则“that…”从句中的谓语动词也常用“(should+)动词原形。”如:

a) It is desired that she come (or should come) in time. 希望她能按时来。

b) It is settled that you (should) leave us then? 那么,你离开我们已是定了?

【注2】如果以上所列动词转化为名词性并用作主语,后面接一个that表语从句,或这些动词转化为名词后,后面接一个that引出的同位语从句,则同位语从句中的谓语动词也常用“(should+)动词原形”(另外还有idea, motion, proposition, rule, regulation, stipulation, plan, arrangement, policy, resolution等名词用法相同)。试比较:

a) He suggests that all this be (or should be) done at once.= His suggestion is that all this be (or should be ) done at once. 他建议所有这一切必须马上做。

b) His suggestion that all this be (or should be) done has been discussed by us. 我们已经讨论了他关于所有这一切必须马上做的建议。

以上三句中,第一句是suggest引出的宾语从句,为“他建议这一切都要马上做”;第二句的suggestion 是名词做主语,后面接that表语从句,为“他的建议是这一切都要马上做;”第三句的suggestion是名词,后面接that同位语从句,为“他这一切都要马上做的建议已经讨论了。”

【注3】以上所列动词中,有些动词只有表示括号内的汉语意思时,从句谓语动词方可使用虚拟形式,否则,当选用所需要的时态。试比较:

a) He suggested that it be finished by the end of this year. 他建议这应当在本年底以前完成。

b) His face suggests that he is ill. 他的脸色表明(显示)他病了。

c) She insisted that she be sent to work there. 她坚决要求派她去那儿工作。

d) She insists that she is well. 她坚持认为她身体健康。

4) 与虚拟语气相关的形容词:

本项内容与前面“3)”所讨论的内容一样,记忆的成分大于理解的成分,只是由前面“3)”所讨论的动词(含转换为名词)转向本项的形容词罢了。这是因为,英语中有些形容词作了表语,会影响从句的语气,这种情况通常有二:

A)下列形容词(含转换为形容词的动词分词)作了表语,其that主语从句的谓语动词常用“(should +)动词原形”:desired, proposed, recommended, stipulated, requested, suggested, arranged, decided, ordered, necessary, essential, imperative, important, urgent, advisable, desirable, possible, strange, odd, incredible, natural, monstrous, surprising, shocking, amazing, disappointing 等。当然,这些形容词多以“It is (was)…that…”的句型出现(It是形式主语,that是真正主语。) 例如:

a) It was suggested that our college be moved to Xi Wai Town. 人们建议我们学院迁至西外镇。

b) It is desired that she get ready soon. 希望她能快点准备好。

c) It is necessary that he be sent to work there at once. 他马上派往那里工作是很有必要的。

【注】以上形容词后所接的that从句也可用陈述语气表示事实而非个人情绪。如:It is possible that he will pass the exam.。当然,到底用陈述语气还是虚拟语气,还是要从上下文的语境来判断。如:He studies very hard. So it is possible that he will pass the exam.。此句由于“He studies very hard”的出现,that从句如用虚拟便显不妥,而当用陈述语气了。

B)下列形容词(含转换为形容词的动词的过去分词)如果在句子中作了表语,主语又是人,则形容词后的that从句也常用“(should+)动词原形”,其句型通常为“主语(多为人)+be + adj.+ that…从句。”这类形容词通常有:anxious, eager, keen, desirous, determined, sorry, disappointed, rejoined, surprised, shocked, amazed, ashamed等。如:

a) I am anxious that nobody know where she is going. 我担心的是没有人知道她要去哪里。

b) We are eager that the new head come as early as possible. 我们急切盼望新上司尽快早点来。

c) Quite honestly, I am not so keen that a stranger use my book. 老实说我不在意陌生人用我书。

【注】以上形容词后面所接的that从句中,谓语动词也有可以用陈述语气,方法同“C)”中的“【注】。”

5) 情态动词与虚拟语气:

英语中,情态动词的过去式常可以表示一种虚拟含义,它不仅可以用于if引出的非真实条件句中的从句和主句中,如If you would be interested, I should be very glad to send you a copy of my book.,还可以用于没有if的非真实从句的主句中,即“含蓄虚拟句”中,如:That would be your life in the future,或在in order that…; so that…等引出的状语从句中,如:I live so that others could live better。当然,重要的是不要把这种虚拟的含义与情态动词的过去形式表示一种命令,如should,或委婉的语气如would混为一谈。关于这一点,只能从具体的语境去理解,而且不难理解。除此之外,我们主要应注意如下几种较为特殊的用法:

A) should +have +过去分词:

表示对发生的事情进行相反的假设,常常表示一种抱怨,责备,多译为“本应…,”表示的内涵为“本应…,而事实上并未如此。”但要注意,不要把它与过去将来完成时混为一谈。试比较:

a) The flowers are dry. You should have watered them.

这些花都枯萎了。你该给它们浇水才是(与事实相反,即:没浇水。)

b) He said that the work should have been finished by the end of this year.

他说这些工作应在本年底以前完成(过去将来完成时。)

c) It is too late. They should have come earlier.

现在太晚了,他们该早一点来的(与事实相反, 即:没有早来。)

d) He told me that the project should have been carried out by the end of the next five-year plan. 他告诉我说这项工程将在下个五年计划底以前实施完毕(过去将来完成时。)

B) could have +过去分词:

表示与过去事实相反的设想,为“本来能、可以”之意,即:表示本应具备的一种能力,而实际上未能。

a) If I could have gone with you, I should have been glad. 当时要是能和你们一道去,我会是多么高兴(事实上未能和你们一道去。)

b) You could have given him a hand. 你当时本可以帮他一把的(事实上未能帮他。)

C) might have +过去分词:

表示与过去事实相反的可能性的假设,为“本可以。”如:

a) I might have fulfilled the work earlier. 我本可以早一些完成这项工作的(事实上未能完成。)

b) He might have been there on time. 他本可以按时到那儿的(事实上未按时赶到。)

【注】“may have +过去分词”可以表示一种猜测,表示某事可能已经完成。如:He may have been there now。他现在也许已经到那儿了。此时,它不表虚拟,只表猜测。

D) would have +过去分词:

对发生的事情表示一种虚拟、假设、条件,用于二、三人称。英式英语也可以用于第一人称,为“也许会、也许可能。”如:

a) If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 如果你早一些来就能见到他了(未见着。)

b) We would have lived in the same hotel. 我们或许住同一个旅馆(可能性极小。)

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must与完成时连用时用法与may一样,都不表示虚拟,而是就发生的事情进行猜测,只是must加完成时是对发生了的事情进行肯定的猜测,多为“一定…”之意,而may加完

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