低聚木糖英文

低聚木糖英文
低聚木糖英文

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol , 54 , 396–401, 2008

396

Effects of Xylooligosaccharides in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Wayne Huey-Herng S HEU 1–4 , I-Te L EE 1,2 , Wei C HEN 5 and Yin-Ching C HAN 5,*

1

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans

General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

2

Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 3

Institute of Medical Technology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan

4

School of Medicine, National Y ang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 5

Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, 200 Chungchi Rd., Shalu, Taichung 433, Taiwan

(Received April 22, 2008)

Summary The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) on the blood sugar, lipids and oxidative status in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). A total of 26 outpatient subjects of Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, with HbA1c levels between 7.0 and 10.0% and triglyceride ? 400 mg/dL were enrolled in the present study .Subjects were supplemented with 4 g/d XOS ( n ? 12) or a placebo ( n ? 14) for 8 wk in a ran-domized double-blind clinical design . The results showed that the anthropometric values and nutrient intakes did not change during the experimental period. XOS supplementation not only reduced the glucose, HbA1c and fructosamine concentrations, but also decreased the levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and apolipoprotein B. The activity of catalase of the erythrocyte sample decreased in the XOS group, but not the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation with XOS for 8 wk was effective in improving the blood sugar and lipids in type 2 diabetes, indicating that XOS-containing diets might be bene?cial to DM subjects.

Key Words xylooligosaccharide, sugar, lipids, type 2 diabetes, antioxidant status

Dietary non-digestible oligosaccharides have gained increasing attention because they showed bene?cial effects for maintaining optimum health. Xylooligosac-charides (XOS) are composed of ? -1,4-linked D -xylo-pyranose residues. It has been demonstrated that XOS can be extensively utilized by several species of Bi?do-bacteria in the colon and can stimulate the growth of Bi?dobacteria ( 1 , 2 ). Hsu et al. ( 3 ) reported that XOS sig-ni?cantly lowered the serum triacylglycerol (TG) level and increased the Bi?dobacteria population in Sprague-Dawley rats. Campbell et al. ( 4 ) suggested that XOS showed some bene?cial effects for improving gas-trointestinal health by increasing the Bi?dobacteria pop-ulation and providing short-chain fatty acid (SCF A).SCF As, such as acetate, propionate and butyrate, were produced by microbial fermentation and absorbed readily by the colonic mucosa. Propionate might medi-ate the hepatic carbohydrate metabolism, and improve the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in healthy female volunteers ( 5 ). Laurent et al. ( 6 ) found that ace-tate and propionate decreased the plasma free fatty acid level, while they did not change the hepatic glucose pro-duction or fasting blood glucose.

The aim of diet therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is not only to decrease body weight, but also to exert speci?c actions toward the main pathophysiologic

disorders, such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. Daily intake of 8 g fructooligosaccha-ride (FOS) for 14 d was reported to signi?cantly reduce fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels of diabetic subjects ( 7 ). On the other hand, Alles et al. ( 8 ) concluded that 15 g/d FOS supplementation for 20 d did not affect the blood sugar, serum lipids or serum acetate in patients with type 2 diabetes. H owever, the effects of XOS on type 2 diabetes are not well documented. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of XOS on blood glucose, serum lipids and serum SCF A in patients with type 2 DM. The antioxidant status of the subjects was also evaluated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients and experimental design. Twenty-six (19men, 7 women) type 2 diabetes outpatients at Taichung Veterans General H ospital, Taiwan, were recruited in this study . This study was conducted using a double-blinded, placebo-controlled design. All the subjects underwent physical examinations and blood tests (including liver and kidney functions). The patients were free of kidney disease, heart disease or infectious illness, gastrointestinal disease, over obesity (body mass index (BMI) ?

30) insulin and lipid metabolic medicine treatment, and were not smokers or antioxidant supple-ment users. Their glycosylated hemoglobin (H bA1c)levels were in the range of 7.0–10.0% and the TG levels

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.E-mail: ycchan@https://www.360docs.net/doc/e04033500.html,.tw

Effect of XOS in DM397

were lower than 400 mg/dL. The subjects were

instructed to maintain their oral blood glucose-lower-

ing medication, habitual eating, drinking, and lifestyle

behavior. The purposes and procedures of this study

were explained to the subjects, and written consents

were obtained from them. Only one subject in the XOS

group was under diet therapy, while other subjects were

taking oral hypoglycemic agents and no patient had

started drug treatment just before the study.

Participants were randomly assigned to either the

supplementation with 4 g/d xylooligosaccharides (XOS)

(Xylooligo 95P, Suntory Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan)

(n?14), or with the placebo (4 g/d glucose) (n?12) for 8 wk. The daily dose was supplied in the form of powder

packed in paper bags, and patients were asked to return

the paper bags to assess their compliance. Patients con-

sumed the supplements in a split dose, half of the sup-

plement at breakfast and the other half at dinner. Sam-

ple collections and measurements were conducted at

baseline (week 0) and week 8; the change of each

parameter for each subject was calculated. The Human

Research Ethics Committee at Taichung Veterans Gen-

eral Hospital and Providence University, Taichung, Tai-

wan, approved the study protocol.

Characteristics and nutritional assessments. A trained

dietitian conducted person-to-person interviews to

assess the characteristics of tested subjects, including

age, gender, body composition, nutritional measure-

ments and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Anthropo-

metric data including height, body weight and body fat

were measured. Dietary intakes were evaluated by the

dietitian using the 3-d food recall method, and the

nutrient compositions were calculated according to the

food composition table (9). Eight speci?c symptoms of

GI were assessed using the questionnaire described by

van Munster et al. (10). The listed symptoms were:

appetite, rumbling numbers and sound of GI tract,

belching, ?atulence, fecal smell, toilet habits, stool con-

sistency and stool traits, while the degrees of GI discom-

fort were ranked from absent, mild, or moderate to

severe (10). Fasting venous blood of the subjects was

withdrawn at baseline and week 8 by medical assis-

tants. Part of the blood samples were centrifuged at

1,200 ?g for 10 min (H ettich Universal 16 R, Ger-many) to obtain serum samples for analyzing the levels of insulin, fructosamine, TG, total and high density lipo-protein (HDL) cholesterols, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipo-protein B, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), blood urine nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and SCF A. The biochemical values were analyzed using an automatic analyzer (Synchron CX-7 systems, Beckman, USA). LDL-choles-terol was calculated according to the method of Friede-wald et al. (11). The oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) level was determined by the immuno-enzy-matic method with Mercodia Oxidized LDL ELISA kits using an Elisa reader (Thermo Labsystems, USA). The fructosamine was determined by spectrophotometry (Ultrospec 1100 pro, Amersham Biosciences, USA) using a commercial test kit (Sigma Chemical Co., St.Louis, USA).Furthermore, part of the blood sample was

immediately placed in a heparinized tube and centri-

fuged at 4?C, 1,200 ?g for 10 min to obtain plasma and erythrocyte for the analyses of glucose and HbA1c lev-

els, as well as the antioxidant status.

Analyses of oxidative status.The thiobarbituric acid-

reactive substance (TBARS) concentration in the

plasma sample and the activities of superoxide dismu-

tase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase

(GSH-Px) of the erythrocyte sample were determined to

evaluate the oxidative status of the subjects. The con-

centrations of TBARS were determined according to the

method described by Ohkawa et al. (12). A mixture was

obtained by mixing the supernatants with 2′-thiobarbi-turic acid (4 g/kg in 0.2 mol H Cl) and butylated hy-droxytoluene (2 g/kg in 95% ethanol) at a ratio of 1 : 2 : 0.3, and then the mixture was heated at 90?C for 45 min. After cooling down the mixture, 5 mL of n-butanol was added to the mixture, and then the n-butanol layer was separated by centrifugating at 1,000 ?g for 10 min. The TBARS concentration of the n-butanol layer was measured spectrophometrically at 532 nm. Experimental data were expressed as mol equivalent malondialdehyde ?M/g tissue, using tet-ramethoxypropane as the external standard and dou-ble-distilled water as the control. The SOD activity was measured using the method of Marklund and Marklund (13). A ?nal 3.017 mL volume of the reaction systems contained 10 ?L tissue homogenates, 50 m M Tris-HCl (pH 8.2) and 50 m M pyrogallol. The production of for-mazan was determined at 325 nm in a spectrophotom-eter at 25?C. One unit of SOD was de?ned as the amount of protein that inhibited the rate of pyrogallol reduction by 50%. The CAT activity was measured using the method of Aebi (14). An assay mixture con-sisted of 1.0 mL H2O2(30 m M), 2 mL of the superna-tants of the tissue homogenates, in a ?nal volume of 3.0 mL. Changes in absorbance were recorded at 240 nm in a spectrophotometer at 25?C. CAT activity was calculated in terms of mol H2O2 consumed/min/g of tissue protein. GSH-Px activity was measured using the method of Paglia and Valentine (15). Brie?y, the assay mixture consisted of 200 ?L of 5 unit/mL glu-tathione reductase (GSSG-R), 50 ?L of 40 m M glu-tathione (GSH), 620 ?L of 0.25 mol phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 100 ?L tissue homogenates, 10 ?L of 20 m M ?-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate re-duced tetrasodium salt (NADPH) and 20 ?L of 15 m M cumene hydroperoxide. The production of formazan was determined at 340 nm in a spectrophotometer at 25?C. One unit of GSH-Px is de?ned as the amount of ?M of oxidative NADPH. Data for SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities were expressed as unit/g protein. The Pierce Micro bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay was used to determine the soluble protein of samples.

Analyses of SCF A levels.Serum SCF As, including

acetate, propionate and butyrate, were determined

using the method described by Murase et al. (16). An

internal standard solution containing acrylic and

metharylic acid with sulfosalicylic acid was prepared

398S HEU WH-H et al.

and stored at ?20?C until used. In brief, the serum sample (200 ?L) and internal standard solution (50 ?L) were added to a tube with a round-bottomed stopper and put in an ice-cold bath. Then 50 ?L of 10% ice-cold sulfosalicylic acid solution was added to the tube and mixed intermittently on a vortex for 30 s. The tube was allowed to stand in the ice-cold bath for 20 min. Three milliliters of diethyl ether were added, mixed, and centrifuged at 15,000 ?g for 10 min at 4?C. The diethyl ether layer was transferred to another coni-cal stoppered tube containing 50 ?L of 0.2 M NaOH. After vortex-mixing and centrifugation at 1,500 ?g for 30 s, the diethyl ether layer was discarded. One millili-ters of fresh diethyl ether was added, followed by vortex-mixing and centrifugation at 1,500 ?g for 30 s, and then the diethyl ether layer was discarded. This process

was repeated once again. The residual organic phase

was evaporated under a stream of nitrogen. A 10 ?L volume of 25% phosphoric acid was added to the aque-

ous phase, and then 1 ?L aliquot of the solution was injected onto the chromatographic system (GC-14A Shimadzu, Japan).

Statistical analysis.All data were expressed as

mean?standard error of mean (SEM) and analyzed using SPSS 10.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The differences between the placebo and XOS groups were evaluated by Student’s t test, while the difference between the data at the baseline and posttest were eval-uated by a paired-t-test. The correlations between the MDA concentration, and SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activi-

Table1.Characteristics and anthropometric values in type 2 DM subjects supplied with placebo or XOS for 8 wk.

Placebo XOS

(n?12)Change(n?14)Change Age (y)67.60?7.964.00?7.6

Duration of DM (y)8.70?5.5 7.40?3.9

Male/female 9/310/4

Weight (kg) Week 064.8?13.6 ?0.46?1.3066.7?10.0 ?1.23?1.63 Week 864.5?13.8 65.8?9.5

BMI (kg/m2)Week 025.0?3.9 ?0.15?0.4725.0?2.7?0.32?0.64 Week 824.8?3.8 24.7?2.7

Body fat (%)Week 025.9?6.2 0.42?3.0529.9?10.0?0.82?2.03 Week 826.3?8.6 29.0?9.7 Values are expressed as mean?SD.

No signi?cant difference from the baseline in the same group or between groups.

Table2.Hematological and biochemical values in type 2 DM subjects supplied with placebo or XOS for 8 wk.

Placebo XOS

(n?12)Change(n?14)Change

Insulin (IU/mL)Week 011.7?9.00.44?5.919.3?5.4?0.05?5.11

Week 812.1?14.49.2?5.8

Blood glucose (mg/dL)Week 0169.3?40.0 0.17?31.69167.9?30.5 ?13.43?21.82? Week 8169.5?45.2 154.4?31.0?

HbA1c (% hemoglobin)Week 08.0?0.7 0.15?0.558.2?1.1 ?0.37?0.62#? Week 88.2?1.0 7.9?1.3?

Fructosamine (?mol/L)Week 0422.4?92.1 11.12?27.37474.6?112.6 ?100.32?60.66#?Week 8452.7?121.6 343.8?82.3?

GOT (U/L)Week 024.0?10.5 0.09?4.2521.9?6.0 4.42?11.72 Week 823.9?11.1 25.3?14.5

GPT (U/L)Week 027.7?17.1 ?1.58?5.8523.6?11.0 2.71?16.88 Week 826.1?14.5 26.3?18.0

Uric acid (?g/dL)Week 0 5.7?0.8 0.02?0.83 5.4?1.5 0.37?1.15

Week 8 5.6?1.1 5.8?1.6

Creatinine (?g/dL)Week 0 1.0?0.2 ?0.01?0.100.9?0.2 0.02?0.08

Week 8 1.0?0.2 0.9?0.2

Values are expressed as mean?SD.

# Signi?cantly different between placebo and XOS groups at p?0.05 based on Student’s t test.

?, ?Significant difference from the baseline in the XOS group at p?0.05, 0.01, respectively, based on paired-t-test.

XOS, xylooligosaccharides; H bA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; GOT, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase; GPT, glutamate pyruvate transaminase.

Effect of XOS in DM399

ties were assessed by Pearson’s correlation method. Dif-ferences were considered to be signi?cant at 0.05 levels.

RESULTS

Characteristics and nutrient parameters of the subjects The characteristics of tested subjects and the anthro-pometric, hematological and biochemical values of the subjects are provided in Tables 1 and 2. The mean age and duration of DM did not differ between the placebo and XOS groups, while the glucose, H bA1c and fruc-tosamine concentrations of the subjects signi?cantly reduced after XOS supplementation for a period of 8 wk. However, the XOS supplementation did not change the body weight, BMI, body fat, insulin, GOT, GPT, BUN or creatinine values.

The serum lipids and SCF A values of the subjects are shown in Table 3. After 8 wk XOS supplementation, the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol,ox-LDL and apolipo-

Table3.Fasting serum lipids and SCF A levels in type 2 DM subjects supplied with placebo or XOS for 8 wk.

Placebo XOS

(n?12)Change(n?14)Change Triglyceride (mg/dL)Week 0110.7?36.8 13.42?49.84134.9?85.7 ?33.46?68.83

Week 8124.1?63.3 101.4?56.2

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)Week 0196.2?23.5 9.73?14.87194.3?36.8 ?27.00?43.17#,?

Week 8205.9?30.1 167.3?33.0##,?

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)Week 0121.9?24.0 6.07?14.33106.8?33.3 ?7.08?24.21

Week 8128.0?26.3 99.7?27.0##

ox-LDL (U/L)Week 060.3?14.3 7.20?20.1648.5?14.2 ?7.05?8.54?

Week 864.2?27.5 38.0?9.6#,?

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)Week 052.7?14.0 0.58?6.0851.0?10.8 ?2.62?6.74

Week 8110.7?10.4 47.6?10.4

Apolipoprotein A-I (mg/dL)Week 0138.5?24.5 ?3.31?31.17134.6?18.1 ?0.83?14.92

Week 8135.2?28.7 131.1?23.4

Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)Week 090.0?17.7 4.75?13.3290.9?26.5 ?15.49?15.86#?

Week 894.7?26.5 75.4?19.5#,?

Acetate (mmol/L)Week 00.11?0.05 ?0.008?0.0060.10?0.02 ?0.002?0.058

Week 80.11?0.04 0.09?0.05

Propionate (mmol/L)Week 00.09?0.01 ?0.002?0.0180.10?0.01 0.033?0.134

Week 80.10?0.01 0.10?0.02

Butyrate (mmol/L)Week 00.07?0.05 ?0.018?0.0310.06?0.03 ?0.015?0.041

Week 80.05?0.05 0.05?0.03

Values are expressed as mean?SD.

#, ##Signi?cantly different between placebo and XOS groups at p?0.05, 0.01, respectively, based on Student’s t test.

?, ? Signi?cant difference from the baseline in the XOS group at p?0.05, 0.01, respectively, based on paired-t-test. XOS, xylooligosaccharides;LDL-cholesterol?Total cholesterol?HDL-cholesterol?Triglyceride/5.

Table4.Oxidative status in type 2 DM subjects supplied with placebo or XOS for 8 wk.

Placebo XOS

(n?12)Change(n?14)Change

TBARS (nmol/mL)Week 0 3.98?0.35 ?0.27?0.48 3.71?0.88 0.29?0.80# Week 8 3.71?0.60 4.04?1.09

Catalase (U/g protein)a Week 00.24?0.05 ?0.03?0.050.22?0.06 ?0.05?0.05?Week 80.20?0.05 0.17?0.05?

SOD (U/g protein)b Week 00.20?0.16 0.06?0.170.23?0.20 0.09?0.22 Week 80.26?0.11 0.32?0.29

GSH-Px (U/g protein)c Week 09.20?4.32 1.75?8.058.90?5.75 1.76?6.60 Week 811.48?6.85 10.66?6.87 Values are expressed as mean?SD.

a Catalase (U/g protein)?Catalase (mol H2O2/min/g protein).

b SOD (U/g protein)?SOD (reduce pyrogallol 1/2 autoxidative/g protein).

c GSH-Px?(mol NADPH/min/g protein).

# Signi?cantly different between placebo and XOS groups at p?0.05 based on Student’s t test.

?Signi?cant difference from the baseline in the XOS group at p?0.01 based on paired-t-test.

400S HEU WH-H et al.

protein B values decreased signi?cantly. H owever, XOS supplement did not affect the fasting serum short-chain fatty acids in type 2 DM subjects. The above results revealed that the XOS supplemented at the concentra-tion of 4 g/d for 8 wk could lower the blood sugar and lipid levels of type 2 DM subjects.

Antioxidant status of the subjects

The antioxidant status of the subjects is shown in Table 4. The results revealed that the XOS supplementa-tion did not in?uence the level of TBARS or the activi-ties of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase but it did signi?cantly reduce the activity of catalase. Meanwhile, the change of TBARS level in XOS group was signi?cantly different from that of the placebo group. However, we did not ?nd signi?cant correlations between the MDA concentration and SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities.

Gastrointestinal function and nutrient intakes of the sub-jects

According to the subjects’ report, their lifestyles remained constant throughout this study. The treat-ment of diabetes was maintained for each patient throughout the study; furthermore, no gastrointestinal complaint was reported. Compliance, expressed as the proportion of powder paper bag not returned, was near 100% during the experimental period. The daily calo-ries and nutrient intakes also did not change through-out the study in either the placebo or XOS group (data not shown).

DISCUSSION

Our results showed that the XOS supplementation for 8 wk could reduce the blood glucose, HbA1c, and fruc-tosamine and also decrease total cholesterol, LDL-cho-lesterol, ox-LDL and apolipoprotein B in type 2 DM patients. H owever, the body weight and daily nutrient intakes of the subjects remained stable during the sup-plementation of XOS for 8 wk. Thus, we deduced that the lower glycemia and lipidemia after the XOS treat-ment was due to the effect of the treatment itself, not a change in body weight or diet.

The effects of oligosaccharides including FOS and XOS on blood glucose and lipid concentrations were complicated. For example, Yamashita et al. (7) demon-strated that FOS administration at a dose of 8 g/d for 14

d resulted in a decreas

e o

f fastin

g blood glucose in type

2 DM patients. Vanhoof and de Schrijver (17)showed that inulin reduced cholesterol in normocholester-olemic rats presumably by increasing the excretions of fecal neutral steroids and bile acids, whereas it had no effect on the plasma cholesterol concentration in hyper-cholesterolemic rats. It has also been shown that daily ingestion of 6–12 g oligosaccharides for 2–

3 mo could reduce total serum cholesterol in humans by 0.226–0.566 mmol/L (18). In contrast, the daily consumption of FOS was stated to have no effects on blood glucose, serum lipids or serum acetate in individuals with type 2 DM(8) nor did it affect the fasting plasma glucose in individuals with mild hypercholesterolaemia (19). Chung et al. (20) found that

4 g/d XOS supplementa-tion for 8 wk showed no in?uence on the fasting sugar, triglyceride or cholesterol levels in normal glycemia eld-erly subjects. Gostner et al. (21) reported that isomalt supplementation did not in?uence the fructosamine or oxidized LDL levels in healthy volunteers. The above studies indicated that oligosaccharide appeared to have no signi?cant effect on the levels of blood sugar or lipid in healthy, hypercholesterolaemia and non-diabetic patients. H owever, the concept of blood glucose and lipid assimilations by oligosaccharide in type 2 DM sub-jects is divergent. The types of oligosaccharides as well as the duration of the treatment may in?uence the results.

XOS supplementation has been demonstrated to sig-ni?cantly increase the Bi?dobacteria population and SCF A in the intestinal tract (4, 5, 20). Hidaka (22) sug-gested that one mechanism for oligosaccharide on reducing the serum cholesterol level was considered to be the alteration of the intestinal micro?ora. Further-more, the decline of cholesterol level might be because oligosaccharides could decrease the expressions of the enzymes for fatty acid synthesis (23), reduce the choles-terol absorption ef?ciency and increase the faecal bile acid and cholesterol excretions (24). On the other hand, SCF As, such as propionate, have also been proposed to in?uence glucose and lipid metabolisms(5,19). Lau-rent et al. (6) reported that infusing SCF A to healthy subjects decreased serum free fatty acid concentrations. Venter et al. (5)demonstrated that a propionate supple-ment decreased fasting serum glucose, and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. H owever, we did not ?nd a signi?cant effect of XOS on the fasting serum SCF A levels in type 2 DM patients. The mecha-nism of XOS to in?uence glucose and lipid metabolism need further study.

H igher lipid peroxidation in the blood is one of the important symptoms in DM patients. Diabetic patients showed higher serum and erythrocyte lipid peroxida-tions (25). Thus, reduced lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant status might be one mechanism by which dietary treatment contributes to the preven-tion of diabetic complications. Sekeroglu et al. (25) reported that the serum and erythrocyte lipid peroxida-tion of diabetic patients signi?cantly decreased after dietary treatment, whereas our results did not show any bene?cial effect of XOS supplementation on the TBARS level. Moreover, they also reported that the glu-cose level of DM subjects was decreased by 23.2%, while we found the glucose level decreased only 7.8% which was lower than their results. Thus, the effect of dietary treatment on the TBARS level in DM patients might be affected by the differential result on lowering the glu-cose level. Moreover, in diabetic patients with microvas-cular complications or coronary heart disease, the CAT activity was increased, GPx activity was decreased and no change was observed in SOD activity when com-pared to controls (26, 27). Aydin et al. (28) found that oral antidiabetic treatment decreased the erythrocyte SE-GPx and CAT activities below the control values. Our results showed that the activity of CAT in type 2

Effect of XOS in DM401

DM patients decreased signi?cantly after XOS supple-mentation. We further analyzed the relation between the value of TBARS and antioxidant enzyme. However, no signi?cant correlation was found among these parameters.

In conclusion, our results demonstrated that XOS supplementation at 4 g/d for 8 wk improved the blood sugar and serum lipids levels in patients with type 2 DM, indicating that XOS containing diets might be ben-e?cial to DM subjects. The mechanisms of XOS to affect the blood sugar and serum lipid are of interest and worth further study.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the Tai-chung Veterans General H ospital and Providence Uni-versity (TCVGH-PU 948101 and TCVGH-PU 958106) Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.

REFERENCES

1)Okazaki M, Koda H, Izumi R, Fujikawa S, Matsumoto N.

1991. In vitro digestibility and in vivo utilization of xylo-biose. Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi44: 41–44.

2)Chung YC, Hsieh CP, Chan YC. 2002. Effects of xylooli-

gosaccharides on the intestinal properties of ICR mice.

Taiwanese J Agric Chem Food Sci40: 377–384.

3)Hsu CK, Liao JW, Chung YC, Hsieh CP, Chan YC. 2004.

Xylooligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides affect the intestinal microbiota and precancerous colonic lesion development in rats. J Nutr134: 1523–1528. 4)Campbell JM, Fahey GC Jr, Wolf BW. 1997. Selected indi-

gestible oligosaccharides affect large bowel mass, cecal and fecal short-chain fatty acids, pH and micro?ora in rats. J Nutr127: 130–136.

5)Venter CS, Vorster H H, Cummings JH. 1990. Effects of

dietary propionate on carbohydrate and lipid metabo-lism in healthy volunteers. Am J Gastroenterol85: 549–553.

6)Laurent C, Simoneau C, Marks L, Braschi S, Champ M,

Charbonnel B, Krempf M. 1995. Effect of acetate and propionate on fasting hepatic glucose production in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr49: 484–491.

7)Yamashita K, Kawai K, Itakura M. 1984. Effects of

fructo-oligosaccharides on blood glucose and serum lip-ids in diabetic subjects. Nutr Res4: 961–966.

8)Alles MS, de Roos NM, Bakx JC, van de Lisdonk E, Zock

PL, Hautvast GA. 1999. Consumption of fructooligosac-charides does not favorably affect blood glucose and serum lipid concentrations in patients with type 2 diabe-tes. Am J Clin Nutr 69: 64–69.

9)Department of Health, Taiwan. 1999. Health Food Man-

agement Regulations. [Online], Available: http://www.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/e04033500.html,.tw [accessed March 23, 2007].

10)van Munster IP, de Boer H M, Jansen MC, de H aan AF,

Katan MB, van Amelsvoort JM, Nagengast FM. 1994.

Effect of resistant starch on breath-hydrogen and meth-ane excretion in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr59: 626–630.

11)Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. 1972. Estima-

tion of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cho-lesterol in plasma without use of the preparative ultra-centrifuge. Clin Chem18: 499–502.

12)Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. 1979. Assay for lipid per-

oxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction.

Anal Biochem 95: 351–358.

13)Marklund S, Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the

superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyro-gallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase.

Eur J Biochem47: 469–474.

14)Aebi H. 1983. Catalase. In: Methods of Enzymatic Anal-

ysis (Bergmeyer H U, ed), p 673–686. VCH, Weinhein Deer?eld Beach, FL.

15)Paglia DE, Valentine WN. 1967. Studies on the qualita-

tive characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxi-dase. J Lab Clin Med70: 159–169.

16)Murase M, Kimura Y, Nagata Y. 1995. Determination of

portal short-chain fatty acids in rats fed various dietary ?bers by capillary gas chromatography.J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl664: 415–420.

17)Vanhoof K, de Schrijver RL. 1995. Effect of unprocessed

and baked inulin on lipid metabolism in normo- and hypercholesterolemic rats. Nutr Res15: 1637–1646. 18)Hata Y, H ara T, Oikawa T, Yamamoto M, H irose N,

Nagashima T, Torihama N, Nakajima K, Watabe A, Yamashita M. 1983. The effects of fructosaccharides against hyperlipidemia. Clin Geriatr Med21: 156–167.

19)Giacco R, Clemente G, Luongo D, Lasorella G, Fiume I,

Brouns F, Bornet F, Patti L, Cipriano P, Rivellese AA, Ric-cardi G. 2004. Effects of short-chain fructo-oligosaccha-rides on glucose and lipid metabolism in mild hypercho-lesterolaemic individuals. Clin Nutr23: 331–340.

20)Chung YC, H su CK, Ko CY, Chan YC. 2007. Dietary

intake of xylooligosaccharides improve the intestinal microbiota, fecal moisture and pH value in the elderly.

Nutr Res27: 756–761.

21)Gostner A, Schaffer V, Theis S, Menzel T, Luhrs H,

Melcher R, Schauber J, Kudlich T, Dusel G, Dorbath D, Kozianowski G, Scheppach W. 2005. Effects of isomalt consumption on gastrointestinal and metabolic parame-ters in healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr94: 575–581. 22)Hidaka H. 1985. The role of intestinal ?ora in nutrition.

Biseibutsu (Microbe)1: 32–40.

23)Williams CM. 1999. Effects of inulin on lipid parameters

in humans. J Nutr129: 1471S–1473S.

24)van Bennekum AM, Nguyen DV, Schulthess G, H auser

H, Phillips MC. 2005. Mechanisms of cholesterol-lower-ing effects of dietary insoluble ?bres: relationships with intestinal and hepatic cholesterol parameters. Br J Nutr 94: 331–337.

25)Sekeroglu MR, Sahin H, Dulger H, Algun E. 2000. The

effect of dietary treatment on erythrocyte lipid peroxida-tion, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and serum lipid peroxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Biochem33: 669–674.

26)Kesavulu MM, Giri R, Kameswara Rao B, Apparao C.

2000. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in type 2 diabetics with microvascular complications.

Diabetes Metab26: 387–392.

27)Kesavulu MM, Rao BK, Giri R, Vijaya J, Subramanyam G,

Apparao C. 2001. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme status in type 2 diabetics with coronary heart disease. Diabetes Res Clin Pract53: 33–39.

28)Aydin A, Orhan H, Sayal A, Ozata M, Sahin G, Isimer A.

2001. Oxidative stress and nitric oxide related parame-ters in type 2 diabetes mellitus: effects of glycemic con-trol. Clin Biochem 34: 65–70.

香奈儿品牌文化文化香奈儿

文化香奈儿 一、品牌发展简史 Coco?Chanel于1910年凭借着对于“时尚”的独到眼光,在法国巴黎开设了第一家女装帽店,因其简约而不简单的帽子设计,对于当时过于花哨的潮流来讲,如甘泉般瞬间得到不少名流的追捧与认可。由于自身成长的背景以及个人性格,不甘于如此的Coco?Chanel决定在事业上更上一层楼,将店搬到更具时尚气质的Rue?Cambon区,开始进军高级定制服装领域。在此基础上,1914年,Coco?Chanel于闹市区开设两家时装店,香奈儿品牌正式诞生;1920年—1924年,?Chanel享誉全球,她的设计沙龙在巴黎坎朋街31号开业;1939年因二战关闭;1953年开始第二时期的设计创作。 二、品牌营销策略 对于Chanel的品牌营销来讲,主要有四个方面:体验式营销——经常让明星等穿着最新款服装进行体验;文化营销——20世纪20年代开始,香奈儿向世人展示维护个性的现代女性形象;口碑营销——除精湛的广告,其创始人和继承人都因鲜明的个性和犀利的言行让其故事在时尚界口口相传;饥渴营销——推出限量版,满足消费者独特性消费心理。 三、品牌文化意义解析 (一)经典时代的文化延伸 对于一个奢侈品牌来讲,品牌文化必定是经过社会认同,且品牌的符号代表了其奢侈的价值所在。Chanel品牌标识由双向C组成,取自创始人Coco?Chanel的首字母。双向C的品牌标识表达出Chanel追求的完美,塑造全球女性由内而外的双向美。

曾任法国文化部部长安德烈马尔罗先生曾说过:“20世纪的法国将会留给世人三个名字:戴高乐、毕加索和香奈儿。”Chanel不仅是一个品牌,更是一个时代的文化延续,对于全世界产生巨大的文化影响。 (二)追求完美的文化艺术 在现在社会下急速发展,不断急功近利的情况下,Chanel依然坚持用最完美的品质给予顾客完美的体验。从工艺复杂的香奈儿5号,到高端成衣采用最好的纺织商、刺绣作坊等,所有误差不超过5mm,在香水中加入乙醛使得香调更明艳动人等,这说明了Chanel代表的不仅仅是一种品牌,更是代表了整个法兰西民族的精神和气质,代表着一种浪漫、时尚、追求艺术和完美的文化形象。 (三)创始人Coco?Chanel本身就是一种文化 Coco?Chanel本人曾经说过:“传奇会提高一个人的声望,然而,有传奇的人不需要,因为他本身就是一个传奇。”对于Coco?Chanel本身的成长经历来讲,就是一种世界大战背景下,新女性对于新美好的一种追求,不管在事业上,还是爱情上,Coco?Chanel是一个时代成功女性的缩影,即使故去很多年,但是她既是一个传奇,又是一种文化追求,通过她的设计,让女人重新开始了解自己。在后来,有不少电影以及电视剧均与Coco?Chanel有关,例如《香奈儿传奇》、《香奈儿的秘密》、《香奈儿之事》等,但是演员并不能完全将集美貌、智慧、高冷、勇敢等气质于一身的Coco?Chanel超越,这将Coco?Chanel永远成为一种传奇以及文化象征。 三、社会探讨 对于Chanel的品牌以及品牌文化予以肯定的同时,将视线放于全球经济

JK罗琳生平介绍 英语简介

JK罗琳生平介绍英语简介 Joanne Rowling, OBE (born 31 July 1965) is an English fiction writer who writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling. Rowling is the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series, which has gained international attention, won multiple awards, and sold over 375 million copies worldwide. In February 2004, Forbes magazine estimated her fortune at £576 million (just over US$1 billion), making her the first person to become a US-dollar billionaire by writing books. Rowling earned US$75 million in 2005. In 2006, Forbes named her the second richest female entertainer in the world, behind talk show host Oprah Winfrey Joanne Rowling was born at Yate, northeast of Bristol, South Gloucestershire, England on 31 July 1965. Her sister Dianne (Di) was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old. The family moved to the nearby village Winterbourne when Rowling was four where she attended St Michael's Primary School, later moving to Tutshill, near Chepstow, South Wales at the age of nine. She attended secondary school at Wyedean School and College. Rowling was good with languages, but did not excel at sports and mathematics. There are numerous Welsh references to places, things and people in Harry Potter, which could be attributed to her time in Chepstow. In De cember 1990, Rowling’s mother succumbed to a 10-year-long battle with multiple sclerosis. Rowling commented, “I was writing Harry Potter at the moment my mother died. I had never told her about Harry Potter. After studying French and Classics at the University of Exeter (she had previously applied to Oxford but was turned down), with a year of study in Paris, she moved to London to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International. During this period, while she was on a four-hour delayed-train trip between Manchester and London, she had the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry. When she had reached her Clapham Junction flat, she began writing immediately. Rowling then moved to Porto, Portugal to teach English as a foreign language. While there, she married Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes on 16 October 1992. They had one child, Jessica, who was named after Rowling’s heroine, Jessica Mitford. They divorced in 1993 after a fight in which Jorge threw her out of the house. In December 1994, Rowling and her daughter moved to be near Rowling’s sister in Edinburgh, Scotland. Unemployed and living on state benefits, she completed her first novel. She did much of the work in the Elephant House caféwhenever she could get Jessica to fall asleep. There was a rumour that she wrote in local cafés to escape from her un heated flat, but in a 2001 BBC interview Rowling remarked, “I am not stupid enough to rent an unheated flat in Edinburgh in midwinter. It had heating.”

香奈儿营销策略分析

香奈儿营销策略分析 奢侈品动辄上万甚至数十万元,但还是有很多死忠,并且有越来越多的人前赴后继争相购买。我们看到很多奢侈品牌不仅没有被时代所淘汰,而且日久弥新,散发着成熟品牌的魅力,其悠久的历史底蕴更是成为其品牌价值的最核心部分。香奈儿就是这些奢侈品牌中最具代表性的品牌之一。下面就结合品牌背景和市场营销学的理论来探讨品牌的成功因素。 一、品牌背景 创始人Gabrielle Chanel于1913年在法国巴黎创立香奈儿品牌。香奈儿的产品种类繁多,有服装、珠宝饰品及其配件、化妆品、香水,每一种产品都闻名遐迩,特别是她的香水与时装。CHANEL是一个有80多年经历的著名品牌,香奈儿时装永远有着高雅、简洁、精美的风格,她善于突破传统,早20世纪40年代就成功地将“五花大绑”的女装推向简单、舒适,这也许就是最早的现代休闲服。设计师: 1913-1971 Gabrielle Chanel (加布里埃·香奈儿)1978 - 1983 Philippe Guibourge 1978 - 1983 Jean Cazaubon 1978 - 1983 Yvonne Dudel 1983-至今 Karl Lagerfeld(卡尔·拉格斐尔德) 设计理念:高雅、简约、精美 二、品牌营销组合分析 Product产品 产品组合和产品线 CHANEL的产品组合可谓非常丰富,主营女士产品。旗下的产品系列有:高级定制服、高级女装成衣、香水、彩妆、护肤品、鞋履、手袋、眼镜、腕表、珠宝配饰、包包。其中的主打产品是香水和包包。其中香水系列有经久不衰的NO.5以及COCO、COCO小姐、NO.19等一系列收到市场欢迎的香水产品系列。 产品设计 设计团队是CHANEL的灵魂,从创始人Gabrielle Chanel女士一直到该品牌近年来的设计总监、被誉为时尚界的凯撒大帝的Karl Lagerfeld,在秉承了CHANEL高雅、简约、精美的同时,也总有源源不断的创新,但始终保持着CHANEL的“纯正风范”。CHANEL通过产品设计中的特点展现出了其品牌的无可替代性,同时也能发扬深厚的品牌文化。 CHANEL旗下产品一贯保持的设计特点有: 1、双C:在Chanel服装的扣子或皮件的扣环上,可以很容易地就发现将coco Chanel的双C交叠而设计出来的标志,这更是让Chanel迷们为之疯狂的 “精神象征”。 2、菱形格纹:从第一代Chanel皮件越来越受到喜爱之后,其立体的菱形车 格纹竟也逐渐成为Chanel的标志之一,不断被运用在Chanel新款的服 装和皮件上。后来甚至被运用到手表的设计上,尤其是“matelassee” 系列,k金与不锈钢的金属表带,甚至都塑形成立体的“菱形格纹”。 3、山茶花:Chanel对“山茶花”的情有独钟现在对于全世界而言,“山茶 花”已经等于是Chanel王国的“国花”。不论是春夏或是秋冬,它除了 被设计成各种质材的山茶花饰品之外,更经常被运用在服装的布料图案

香奈儿品牌故事

香奈儿品牌故事 Chanel香奈儿品牌故事 Chanel (香奈儿) 创办人 Coco Chanel (可可?香奈儿) 小姐,原名“Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel ” ,1883年出生于法国的Auvergne。Chanel (香奈儿) 小姐6岁时 母亲离世,父亲更丢下她和另外四名兄弟姊妹。自此,她由姨妈抚养成人,儿时入读修女院学校 (Convent School),并在那儿学得一手针线技巧。在 Chanel 小姐22岁那年 (1905年),她当上咖啡屋歌手并起了艺名“Coco”,在不同的歌厅和咖啡屋卖唱维生。在这段歌女生涯中,Coco Chanel (可可?香奈儿) 先后结交了两名老主顾并成为他们的情人,一名是英国工业家,另一名是富有的军官。结交达官贵人,令 Coco Chanel (可可?香奈儿) 有经济能力开设自己的店。 1910年,Coco Chanel 在巴黎开设了一家女装帽店,凭着非凡的针线技巧,Chanel 小姐缝制出一顶又一顶款式简洁耐看的帽子。Chanel 小姐那两位情人为她介绍了不少名流客人。当时女士们已厌倦了花俏的饰边,所以 Chanel 设计的帽子对她们来说犹如甘泉一般。短短一年内,Chanel 小姐的生意节节上升,于是 Coco Chanel 把她的店子搬到气质更时尚的 Rue Cambon 区,至今这区仍是 Chanel 总部所在地。做帽子绝不能满足 Coco Chanel 对时装事业的雄心,所以她进军高级订制服装领域。1914年,Coco Chanel 开设了两家时装店,影响后世深远的时装 品牌“Chanel”宣告正式诞生。 步入20年代,Chanel 小姐设计了不少创新款式,例如针织水手裙 (tricot sailor dress) 、黑色迷你裙 (little black dress)、樽领套衣等。而且,Coco Chanel 从男装上取得灵感,为女装添上多一点男儿味道,一改当年女装过份艳丽

香奈儿的市场营销策略

香奈儿的市场营销策略 奢侈品动辄上万甚至数十万元,但还是有很多死忠,并且有越来越多的人前赴后继争相购 买。 我们看到很多奢侈品牌不仅没有被时代所淘汰,而且日久弥新,散发着成熟品牌的魅力, 其悠久的历史底蕴更是成为其品牌价值的最核心部分。 香奈儿就是这些奢侈品牌中最具代表性的品牌之一。 下面就结合品牌背景和市场营销学的理论来探讨品牌的成功因素。 品牌背景创始人 Gabrielle Chanel 于 1913 年在法国巴黎创立香奈儿品牌。 香奈儿的产品种类繁多,有服装、珠宝饰品及其配件、化妆品、香水,每一种产品都闻名 遐迩,特别是她的香水与时装。 CHANEL 是一个有 80 多年经历的著名品牌, 香奈儿时装永远有着高雅、 简洁、 精美的风格, 她善于突破传统,早 20 世纪 40 年代就成功地将“五花大绑的女装推向简单、舒适,这也许就 是最早的现代休闲服。 设计师: 1913-1971 Gabrielle Chanel (加布里埃·香奈儿) 1978 - 1983 Philippe Guibourge1978 - 1983 Jean Cazaubon1978 - 1983 Yvonne Dudel1983-至今 Karl Lagerfeld (卡尔·拉格斐尔德)设计理念: 高雅、简约、精美品牌营销组合分析 Product 产品产品组 合和产品线 CHANEL 的产品组合可谓非常丰富,主营女士产品。 旗下的产品系列有:高级定制服、高级女装成衣、香水、彩妆、护肤品、鞋履、手袋、眼 镜、腕表、珠宝配饰、包包。 其中的主打产品是香水和包包。 其中香水系列有经久不衰的 NO.5 以及 COCO、COCO 小姐、NO.19 等一系列收到市场欢迎的 香水产品系列。 产品设计设计团队是 CHANEL 的灵魂,从创始人 Gabrielle Chanel 女士一直到该品牌近年 来的设计总监、被誉为时尚界的凯撒大帝的 Karl Lagerfeld,在秉承了 CHANEL 高雅、简约、 精美的同时,也总有源源不断的创新,但始终保持着 CHANEL 的“纯正风范。 CHANEL 通过产品设计中的特点展现出了其品牌的无可替代性,同时也能发扬深厚的品牌 文化。 CHANEL 旗下产品一贯保持的设计特点有:双 C:在 Chanel 服装的扣子或皮件的扣环上, 可以很容易地就发现将 coco Chanel 的双 C 交叠而设计出来的标志,这更是让 Chanel 迷们为 之疯狂的“精神象征。 菱形格纹:从第一代 Chanel 皮件越来越受到喜爱之后,其立体的菱形车格纹竟也逐渐成 为 Chanel 的标志之一,不断被运用在 Chanel 新款的服装和皮件上。 后来甚至被运用到手表的设计上,尤其是“matelassee 系列,k 金与不锈钢的金属表带, 甚至都塑形成立体的“菱形格纹。 山茶花: Chanel 对“山茶花的情有独钟现在对于全世界而言, “山茶花已经等于是 Chanel

香奈儿经典语录

香奈儿经典语录 1.“我特别厌恶那些夸张的装饰品,女孩子们东挂西戴,活脱脱像棵圣诞树。” 2.“我崇拜美,但是讨厌所有仅仅只是漂亮的东西。” 3“在NO.5之前,香水只有几种香味,女人身上的味道闻起来不是玫瑰花、丁香花,就是薰衣草。这多么恐怖啊,典型的男权主义!他们想把女人变成活生生的、会走动的大花盆。” 4“20岁的面容是与生俱来的,30岁的面容是生活塑造的,40岁的面容是我们自己要负责的。” 5“黑色能够包容一切颜色,白色也是。穿白色和黑色的女人,永远是舞会上最受瞩目的美女。” 6“人们为什么要为钻石发昏呢?干脆在脖子上绑一张同值的支票不是更好。“(香奈儿开创了人造珠宝的新时代) 7“香水的特性必须鲜明,要让人第一时间就闻到,如果过了3天才被隐隐约约察觉到,那就不是香水了。” 8“我的上帝从来不是牧师的上帝。” 9“我一直严以律己,又有什么理由要宽以待人呢?” 10“每次我看到幸福如何阻碍了人的前途时,就庆幸自己曾经经历过深沉的不幸。人要先坚强无比,才能抵抗外来的一切。世界上没有任何东西能让我与别人交换我的命运。”

11“男孩一旦长成男人,就不再在真爱上浪费时间了,要知道,他们的妈妈早就把真爱给他们的了。” 12“我可以想象天堂有多么无聊,因为在飞机上的我比在地上任何一个地方都无聊。” 13.追求自由,我可以不惜任何代价。 14、奢华的反面不是贫穷,而是庸俗。 15、一个不喷香水的女人是没有未来的。 16、一个女人应该是这2样:优雅而惊艳。 17、我之所以选钻石,是因为它们的致密——在最小的单位里体现最大的价值。 18、奢华必须舒适,否则并非奢华。 19、变的是我,而非时尚,时尚的是我。 20、我爱奢华。奢华并不依存于阔绰和华丽,而是显现在不粗俗之中。粗俗是我们语言中最丑陋的字眼。我身在这场竞争中,就是为了对抗它。 21、穿不上街的时尚,就不是时尚. 22、有些人很有钱,而有些人很富有,但只有懂得生活品味的富人才懂得享受人生。 有关美与时尚 我喜欢孤独,喜欢美,喜欢本能,我讨厌浮华。 我主张黑色,……因为黑色可以毁灭一切。 法国人总是没有整体的概念,而在英国的庭院里,构成“绿草带”

香奈儿营销策略分析

香奈儿营销策略分析 专业: 姓名: 学号: 时间: 年月日

奢侈品动辄上万甚至数十万元,但还是有很多死忠,并且有越来越多的人前赴后继争相购买。我们看到很多奢侈品牌不仅没有被时代所淘汰,而且日久弥新,散发着成熟品牌的魅力,其悠久的历史底蕴更是成为其品牌价值的最核心部分。香奈儿就是这些奢侈品牌中最具代表性的品牌之一。下面就结合品牌背景和市场营销学的理论来探讨品牌的成功因素。 品牌背景 创始人Gabrielle Chanel于1913年在法国巴黎创立香奈儿品牌。香奈儿的产品种类繁多,有服装、珠宝饰品及其配件、化妆品、香水,每一种产品都闻名遐迩,特别是她的香水与时装。CHANEL是一个有80多年经历的著名品牌,香奈儿时装永远有着高雅、简洁、精美的风格,她善于突破传统,早20世纪40年代就成功地将“五花大绑”的女装推向简单、舒适,这也许就是最早的现代休闲服。 设计师:1913-1971 Gabrielle Chanel (加布里埃·香奈儿) 1978 - 1983 Philippe Guibourge 1978 - 1983 Jean Cazaubon 1978 - 1983 Yvonne Dudel 1983-至今Karl Lagerfeld(卡尔·拉格斐尔德) 设计理念:高雅、简约、精美 品牌营销组合分析 Product产品 产品组合和产品线 CHANEL的产品组合可谓非常丰富,主营女士产品。旗下的产品系列有:高级定制服、高级女装成衣、香水、彩妆、护肤品、鞋履、手袋、眼镜、腕表、珠宝配饰、包包。其中的主打产品是香水和包包。其中香水系列有经久不衰的NO.5以及COCO、COCO小姐、NO.19等一系列收到市场欢迎的香水产品系列。 产品设计 设计团队是CHANEL的灵魂,从创始人Gabrielle Chanel女士一直到该品牌近年来的设计总监、被誉为时尚界的凯撒大帝的Karl Lagerfeld,在秉承了CHANEL高雅、简约、精美的同时,也总有源源不断的创新,但始终保持着CHANEL的“纯正风范”。CHANEL通过产品设计中的特点展现出了其品牌的无可替代性,同时也能发扬深厚的品牌文化。 CHANEL旗下产品一贯保持的设计特点有: 双C:在Chanel服装的扣子或皮件的扣环上,可以很容易地就发现将coco Chanel的双C交叠而设计出来的标志,这更是让Chanel迷们为之疯狂的“精神象征”。 菱形格纹:从第一代Chanel皮件越来越受到喜爱之后,其立体的菱形车格纹竟也逐渐成为Chanel的标志之一,不断被运用在Chanel新款的服装和皮件上。后来甚至被运用到手表的设计上,尤其是“matelassee”系列,k金与不锈钢的金属表带,甚至都塑形成立体的“菱形格纹”。 山茶花:Chanel对“山茶花”的情有独钟现在对于全世界而言,“山茶花”已经等于是Chanel 王国的“国花”。不论是春夏或是秋冬,它除了被设计成各种质材的山茶花饰品之外,更经常被运用在服装的布料图案上。 产品质量 CHANEL产品走的是高端奢侈品路线,因此其产品质量是一如既往地精良、精致、高贵、奢华。其产品的质量是由内而外体现出来的。不仅体现在做工的精美上,更体现在其内在的设计理念上。CHANEL的每一件商品都更像是一件艺术品,你会在一件产品中不可思议地发现两种对立的艺术风格:既奔放又端庄,既有法国人的浪漫、诙谐,又有德国式的严谨、精致。这完全要得益于天才的设计团队和能工巧匠的妙手生花才能制造出如此精致的产品。

香奈儿品牌个性和其忠诚消费者个性契合度分析

香奈儿品牌个性和其忠诚消费者个性契合度分析 一、引言 “品牌的真正本质就是围绕基本产品和服务而形成的价值和效应。建立品牌个性,就是建立一种象征,它能代表购买产品和服务的消费者的想法和追求,于是,附加内容便有了实际意义。 通过激发强烈的情感效应,品牌个性可以加强品牌与消费者的联系。这种效应来自于情绪感召力的拉动作用。” 而衡量一个品牌的品牌个性塑造成功与否,关键看其品牌个性与目标消费者个性契合程度如何。一般来说,契合度越高说明该品牌情绪感召力越强。但也有学者认为契合度过高,会使品牌丧失特点,失去“被崇拜”的心理地位,反而使情绪感召力降低。 那么,对于奢侈品行业来说,怎么的契合度才可算是比较理想的。对于传奇的奢侈品品牌——香奈儿来说,其卓越的市场地位是否与一个合适的个性契合度有关。本文将通过一系列实验分析,为此问题找到答案。 二、品牌个性的内涵和价值 (一)什么是品牌个性 要讨论品牌个性就要先明白什么是个性。 1、个性的定义 个性是指在一个人身上经常地稳定地表现出来的不同于他人的心理特点的总合,也是一个人的基本精神面貌。由于人的先天遗传因素和后天影响不同,就使人的心理活动过程和行为方式形成了千差万别的个性差异。如在性情上,有人活泼热情,有人沉着文静;在行为方式上,有人急忙潦草,有人稳重细致等。个性类型是指在一类人身上所共有的性格特征的组合。 2、个性的特点 (1)个性既反映个体的差异性又反映了人类、种族和群体的共同心理特征。“人心不同,各如其面”; (2)其次,个性具有一致性和稳定性; (3)最后,个性并非完全不可改变。生活中的某些重大事件,如小孩的出生,亲人的去失,离婚等都可能导致个性的改变。 3、个性对消费者行为的影响 个性与选择和使用产品或品牌相关关系有限;这可以根据经典案例“伊万斯(Evans)汽车选择试验”来说明。 几个后续研究虽然发现了关于个性与产品选择和使用之间存在相关关系的证据,但个性所能解释的变动量是很小的。迄今为止,即使是颇具结论性的研究中,个性所能解释的变动量也不超过10%。个性对行为只有较小的预测力,实际上并不奇怪,因为它只是影响消费者行为的众多因素中的一个因素而已。即使个性特征是行为或购买意向的有效的预示器,能否据此细分市场还取决于很多条件。

世界奢侈品-顶级香水品牌香奈儿介绍及历史

世界奢侈品-顶级香水品牌介绍及历史 香奈儿Chanel—风华绝代的时尚经典 创始人:加布里埃·香奈儿(Gabrielle Chanel) 创始时间:1913年 创始地点:法国巴黎 图1. 1加布里埃·香奈儿 品牌标识 一提起香奈儿,全世界的女人都为她倾倒。几乎每个女人 都渴望拥有带有双C标志的香奈儿产品。香奈儿的标识由反向 “双C”组成,取自创始人Coco Chanel的首字母。双C交叠设计,常常出现在服装的扣子或者皮件的扣环上,是香奈儿的象征。 双C展现了香奈儿追求完美的设计理念:女人要由内到外达到内在气质和外在形

象的双向完美。在当今奢侈品世界,反向的双C已经成为一种时尚界的骄傲,成为永 远的经典。 二、品牌历史 1913年,香奈儿女士在法国的巴黎创立了香奈儿品牌。当时的香奈儿只有帽子、服装等为数不多的产品系列。1921年,香奈儿推出了“香奈儿5号”,把奢华与优雅融合在一起,打破了传统的香水风格,这标志着香奈儿开始向香水、化妆品领域进军。她与著名的魏泰玛(Wertheimer)兄弟合作,创建了香奈儿香水公司,当时她只拥有10%的股份,并于1931年将代理权拱手相让。使得香奈儿一生都未拥有过香奈儿香水公司,这也成为香奈儿一生中最大的遗憾。 “香奈儿5号”是1921年推出的第一支乙醛花香调的香水。它的香味由法国南部Grass的五月玫瑰、茉莉花和乙醛等80种成分组合而成,清幽的繁花香气凸现女性的娇柔妩媚。在香奈儿之前,没有人胆敢朝花香之外的香氛求发展。 1921年,特立独行的香奈儿女士向调香大王恩尼斯要求一种气味突出的香水。她对恩尼斯说:我要人工合成的香味。听到这个要求的时候,恩尼斯还心存疑惑,但他发现香奈儿女士是认真的,而且被她那种敢于创新、决心独树一帜的勇气所感动。最终,恩尼斯配合使用乙醛与真花提炼的130多种香精,造就了“香奈儿5号”。香奈儿女士认为女人不该只有玫瑰的味道,正是在她的坚持下,恩尼斯加人了乙醛,让整瓶香水的香调,充满转折且更加丰富动人。香奈儿深深

O.Henry 英文 生平简介

William Sydney Porter (1862-1910) O.Henry –One of the greatest short-novel-tellers in the world The father of the modern American short stories ? Life is made up of sobs, sniffles and smiles with sniffes predominating. 人生是由呜咽、抽泣和微笑组成的,而在三者之中,抽泣处于支配地位。

?He was a prolific American short-story writer, a master of surprise endings, who wrote about the life of ordinary people in New York City. ?Henry was known as a good end, it was called “O? Henry-end”.(欧亨利式结尾) Although some critics were not so enthusiastic about his work, the public loved it. ?He was called Prose Laureateof Manhattan and Father of short stories. ?(曼哈顿桂冠散文作家和美国现代短篇小说之父)?He is one of three short story master in the world.(O. Henry , Maupassant莫泊桑, Chekhov 、契诃夫)

关于香奈儿口红在中国的市场分析

一、引言 香奈儿口红作为一种昂贵的奢侈品,它对消费者的要求相对偏高。随着中国消费者受教育程度的普遍提高,消费者也将更追求生活品质,对高档口红的认同感和购买趋向也将得到提升。为了让大家更加透彻的了解香奈儿品牌口红。在正文中,我们针对香奈儿口红进行了详细的市场营销分析,我们将详细介绍香奈儿口红,在大家了解她之后定会为之倾倒。 二、香奈儿口红的发展历程 (一)背景文化 香奈儿(CHANEL)),是由Gabrielle Chanel于1913年在法国巴黎创立的品牌,至今已有百年历史。香奈儿(CHANEL) 秉承创始人可可·香奈儿女士的创新精神,创造永恒经典的象征,一如可可香奈儿女士所言“流行稍纵即逝,风格永存”。产品包括香水及美容品、时尚精品以及高级珠宝与腕表。一直以来口红是代表女人的经典象征,它能体现出不同风格女性的魅力,让自己拥有更多自信。世间女子纵有千万种娇美风姿,香奈儿口红总能恰如其分地诠释每一种独特韵味。 (二)发展历程 1924年,LE PREMIER ROUGE DE CHANEL:香奈儿最早的口红,它是口红的基础。这款口红几乎包含了所有后来陆续推出的口红在外盒包装上的经典特色:线条简洁、金圈造型、对比强烈、镶饰精致鲜艳饱和的色彩,也充分展现了香奈儿女士考究的品味。 1954年,LE ROUGE A LèVRES DE CHANEL:当时正值香奈儿女士重振旗鼓的时期。结束金属管身的使用,首次出现金圈置中的图案,简单的造型如同香奈儿经典套装般成为流行的代表。同时,造型中的正方弧形,之后也成为了香奈儿设计风格上的主要形状之一。此外,这也是首度在香奈儿彩妆系列中推出最多颜色(11种)的一次。

莫奈简介与作品

莫奈 莫奈的童年 克劳德·莫奈(Claude Monet, 1840-1926)1840年生于巴黎,童年在阿佛尔渡过。他没有按照画家的常路走,而是以画漫画起家,在画漫画方面有了一些名声,并受到欧·布丹(Eugène Boudin, 1824-1898)的注意。布丹曾对莫奈说“当场画下的任何东西,总是有一种以后在画室里所不可能取得的力量、真实感和笔法的生动性。”莫奈在他今后的绘画生涯中也是按布丹说的话去做的,因为在他的内心里充满了对大自然的热爱。 不久,莫奈又被荷兰的画家约翰·巴托尔·德·琼康的创作所吸引。这位画家以动荡、兴奋、活泼而且比他同时代的法国人更为活跃的笔触画小桥、村景、河岸和破旧的茅草屋。莫奈就是从布丹和琼康那里接受到了基本艺术修养的。 写生巴黎 1859年,莫奈来到巴黎,在那里见识到了居斯塔夫·库尔贝(Gustave Courbet,1819-1877)、让-巴蒂斯特·卡米耶·柯罗(Jean Baptiste Camille Corot,1796-1875)以及爱德华·马奈(Edouard Manet1832-1883)的创作。他认真鉴赏了他们的绘画长处,并且以惊人的速度运用了他们的成就。但莫奈并不是他们的追随者,而是一个反叛者。莫奈并不想在学院完成他的学画过程,他只在1863年在格莱尔学院的画室里呆了一段时间。当他遇到了巴齐依(Bazille)、阿尔弗莱德·西斯莱(Alfred Sisley,1839-1899)和皮埃尔·奥古斯特·雷诺阿(Pierre-Auguste Renoir,1841-1919)以后,他便劝说他们也放弃那些学字派课程。当格莱尔学院的画室停办后,他便把他的伙伴们带到枫丹白露林边的一个小村庄——舍依,在那里画户外写生。 当莫奈离开了格莱尔学院画室后,他并没有去充实他那相当贫乏的艺术修养,而是怀着火热的信念投入了自然生活的纯直觉观察;他根本不买各种理论学说的帐,而是发展出自己的一套绘画方法。 莫奈一生对造型漠不关心,他关心的是正确的层次关系。正是因为莫奈对造型格格不入,所以他能够轻而易举地表现出他所确实看见的事物,但也正因为此,他却表现不出事物的幻觉真实感。 莫奈不只满足于能够画他所看到的事物和按照他所看见的那种方式来做画;他想要创造一种独特的效果,达到一种在绘画上似乎是不可能达到的目的。他喜欢所有使人眼花缭乱的东西,他描绘的河水、天空、房屋和树木都洋溢着非同寻常的生命感。他的内心满怀着难以遏止的激动;从他的观念看他是一个现实主义者,然而从他本性看,他却是一个幻想家。 1864年,莫奈完成了“翁费勒的塞纳河口”,此画是1865年的官方沙龙上展出,并受到了热烈的欢迎,当评论家评论此画时说:“用调子所组成的和谐色彩……颇能吸引观众们的大胆

可可·香奈儿生平简介

可可·香奈儿 香奈儿在1883年出生于法国南部的一个小镇。她的童年清贫凄苦。母亲做了一辈子的洗碗工,父亲只是一个流动商贩。12岁的时候母亲去世,父亲则丢下她和4个兄弟姐妹离开。之后香奈儿在修女院寄宿学校学习,寄宿学校的生活束缚而艰苦。从学校毕业后开始在裁缝店里打工学的一手针线技巧。二十二岁那年晚上在酒吧唱歌,并起了艺名“CoCo”。 在歌厅和咖啡厅卖唱期间结识纯血马养殖大户,并跟随他去了巴黎。香奈儿开始接触上层社会。分手后养殖大户将可可介绍给了“Boy”——阿杜·卡佩尔——银行家的私生子。香奈儿在Boy面前大胆发挥自己的个人魅力。那些不舒服的鞋,奇怪耸肩的风衣她通通抛开。她的想法是:让女人走路更舒服穿着更自然。在香奈儿的影响下,出现了一种新的穿衣风格。Boy送给了香奈儿第一家服装店,当她为这家店满腔心血,兴致勃勃的投入心血市,男孩结婚了。新娘不是香奈儿。香奈儿成为了男孩的情妇。可能是弥补吧,男孩资助香奈儿开了第二家时装店。香奈儿的事业如日中天,但是感情却一天天冷淡。男孩一年陪在香奈儿身边的时间很少。1919年的圣诞节,男孩在奔赴香奈儿的约会中车祸丧生。香奈儿疯狂投入工作。但是身边的男人却不会缺少。知道后来认识了俄罗斯大公迪米特里。香奈儿成为了真正的名人。迪米特里大公介绍了一个香水师给香奈儿——厄内斯特·薄。着名的香奈儿五号就由他制造。香奈儿的名言“没有香水的女人是没有未来的”。香奈儿极其喜欢这款香水,并且想推向“大众”。 香奈儿的闺蜜是波兰美女米希亚·赛特。她的闺蜜活跃于上流社会并且帮助香奈儿在进入上层社会的台阶上爬了几步。更多名人成为香奈儿的朋友:作家、诗人、画家等等。香奈儿的各种经历让她学会很多生活知识和社交礼仪,以帮助她应付巴黎上流社会生活。上流社会的各种首饰她都看在眼里,记在心里。她让自己得不到的东西“落伍”,以自己创造的首饰来象征时尚最前沿。 在征服了俄罗斯大公后“金潘德”也拜倒在香奈儿的石榴裙下。金潘德是威斯敏斯特公爵,他富可敌国,从不思考工作。他的身边是一个小型社会,他就是这个社会的国王。金潘德让香奈儿的名气越来越大,几乎整个巴黎都认识了香奈儿。 与此同时她的服装店也在扩大,她对于时尚的追求和前卫的思想都与她的“摧毁能力”同样出名。对于她不喜欢的东西总能设法去“摧毁”。香奈儿能够创造时尚,左右名利。关于爱情,她最终于金潘德分手。因为金潘德拥有太多头衔,永远都不会取香奈儿做妻子。 香奈儿遇到了另外一个男人——皮埃尔·维特美。维特美靠着自己的努力在与香奈儿

永远的香奈儿

永远的经典——香奈儿 谁是时装发展史上最具天赋的设计师?人们往往脱口就说出最具重量级的人物可可??香奈儿,她超越生命极限的设计和崇尚自由随意搭配的风格,把女性从笨拙的外形、扭曲的束缚中解放出来,她强调优雅简洁而方便的服装,成为现代女性衣着的先锋。 香奈儿现在听起来是一个代表时尚、高贵的代名词,其实,在那个年代,并不是如此。可可出生在法国一个并不富裕的家庭,甚至很多人还怀疑他的身世。少年时的可可便已成为了一贫如洗的孤儿,她曾经当过女性内衣的助手,也正是这段经历让她改变了对流行的看法。她早期的涉及就是一反当时的时尚,服装简单、大方、利落但不怪异。而且她的服装也为了当时的女工而量身设计,让她们不再受繁琐的服装束缚,可可曾说“女人为造成她们举止不变的服饰所束缚,从而依赖于仆人和男人。” 可可一生对服装的态度可以说就是对女性的态度,她希望女性可以挣脱束缚,拥有自己的风格,自己的权利。就像她一样,剪掉长发,穿起男装,肆意的骑马奔驰,让自己的肤色不再是单调的白色,像她一样的古铜色也是自己的一番特点,可可就是要全面的解放女性。 有人说,拥有“香奈儿”一直是每个女人的梦想。有人说,在这个社会,还有哪个品牌能得到一家三代的青睐:祖母、母亲、孙女的同时热爱,那首先是“香奈儿”。“香奈儿”是“经典”,是“永远的时尚和个性”,更是一个“浪漫的传奇”。 说到香奈儿,对她最深刻的印象就是她独具个性的服装设计,其

实,在爱情上,可可也是一个个性十足的解放者。她公开地、恣意地于自己所爱的男人生活在一起——他们中没有一个是她的丈夫。可可?香奈儿几乎一生都在恋爱,他们都是那个时代各个领域的精英——贵族、富豪或艺术家。她说过“我爱过的男人,永远会记得我。” 香奈儿传奇的情感经历证明:她也许可以轻而易举的俘获她想俘获的男人的心,但逃不出“一辈子孤单的命运。” 可可??香奈儿,她创造并经营了一个不朽的品牌,现如今,伊人已逝,而CHANEL依旧站在时尚和经典的浪尖。 香奈儿用自己的品牌和一生的言行告诉全世界的女人:其实可以更好的活,其实可以为自己而活。

香奈儿Chanel品牌分析

香奈儿Chanel 品牌简介:香奈儿的产年在法国巴黎创立香奈儿,ChanelGabrielle 香奈儿于1913创始人珠宝饰品、配件、化妆品、香水,每一种产品都闻名遐迩,品种类繁多,有服装、特别是她的香水与时装。香奈儿(CHANEL)是一个有80多年经历的著名品牌,香奈儿时装永远有着高雅、简洁、精美的风格,她善于突破传统,早40年代就成功地将“五花大绑”的女装推向简单、舒适,这也许就是最早的现代休闲服。 创始人:Gabrielle Chanel (加布里埃·香奈儿) :法国巴黎(1910年)注册地品牌理念:高雅、简约、精美 主推解放天性,自由的女人,简约又不失高贵,豪放又不失细腻,性感又不失清新 :卡尔·拉格斐尔德(Karl Lagerfeld) 现任设计师:高级定制服、高级女装成衣、香水、彩妆、护肤品、鞋履、手袋、产品系列眼镜、腕表、珠宝配饰 品牌发展: 1914年,Coco开设了两家时装店,影响后世深远的时装品牌Chanel宣告正式诞生。 步入二十年代,Chanel设计了不少创新的款式,例如针织水手裙(tricot sailor dress) 、黑色迷你裙(little black dress)、樽领套衣等。将西装褛(Blazer) 加入在女装系列中,又推出女装裤子。不要忘记,在二十年代女性只会穿裙子的。Coco这一连串的创作为现代时装史带来重大革命。 1921 年推出Chanel No 5香水,此乃史上第一瓶以设计师命名的香水。而“双C”标志也这瓶香水成为Chanel历史上最赚钱的产品,且在恒远的时光长廊上历久的官方网站依然是重点推介产品。Chanel 不衰,至今在. 第二次世界大战爆发,Coco Chanel把她的店子关掉,1954年,Coco重返法国,Chanel东山再起,以她一贯的简洁自然的女装风格,迅速再俘虏一众巴黎仕女。短厚呢大衣、喇叭裤等等都是Coco Chanel战后时期的作品。 虽品牌创立了接近九十年,从未造过一件男装,直至2005/2006 的秋冬系列才造了几件男装上市而已。 品牌风格: 香奈儿女士最特别之处在于实用的华丽,她从生活周围撷取灵感,尤其是爱情。Chanel提供了具有解放意义的自由和选择,将服装设计从男性观点为主的潮流转变成表现女性美感的自主舞台。Coco Chanel一手主导了二十世纪前半叶女人的风格、姿态和生活方式,一种简单舒适的奢华新哲学,正如她生前所说:“华丽的反面不是贫穷,而是庸俗”。 现任Chanel的主要设计师Karl Lagerfel d,他用新的手法演绎着细致、奢华、永不褪流行的Chanel精神。他上任的第一季搭配鲜艳夸张的假珠宝首饰,震惊了整个时尚界,也将Chanel声势在这20年内推向另一个高峰。 “香奈儿代表的是一种风格、一种历久弥新的独特风格”,Chanel女士如此形容

sat写作人物素材:香奈儿永远的时尚霸主

SAT写作人物素材:香奈儿永远的时尚霸主 下面为大家整理的是关于香奈儿品牌的创始人Coco Chanel生平的SAT写作例子,这篇SAT写作例子中详细的介绍了她的生平以及所创立的品牌对世界女性时装行业的影响等内容。大家一起来看看SAT写作人物素材:香奈儿永远的时尚霸主的详细内容吧。 Chanel品牌的创办人Coco Chanel,法国先锋时装设计师,香奈尔(Chanel)品牌的创始人。她基于男装的模式和现代主义的出发点,崇尚简洁大方,成为20世纪时尚界重要人物之一。她对高级定制女装的影响使她被时代周刊评为20世纪影响最大的100人之一。1914年,Coco开设了两家时装店,影响后世深远的时装品牌Chanel正式宣告诞生。 杰出才华: Coco对时装美学的独特见解和难得一见的才华,使她结交了不少诗人、画家和知识分子。她的朋友中就有抽象画派大师毕加索(Picasso)、法国诗人导演高克多 (Jean Cocteau) 等等。一时风流儒雅,正是法国时装和艺术发展的黄金时期。 人生经历: 1883年出生于法国的Auvergne。她六岁时母亲离世,父亲更丢下她和4个兄弟姐妹。自此,她由她的姨妈抚养成人,儿时入读修女院学校 (Convent School),并在那儿学得一手针线技巧。在她二十二岁那年,即1905年,她当上“咖啡厅歌手”(Cafe singer),并起了艺名“Coco”,在不同的歌厅和咖啡厅卖唱维生。在这段歌女生涯中,Coco先后结交了两名老主顾,成为他们的情人知己,一名是英国工业家,另一名是富有的军官。 Chanel No 5香水恒久流行: 除了时装,Chanel也在1921 年推出Chanel No 5香水,女星妮可·基德曼 (Nicole Kidman)作代言人的No 5香水瓶子是一个甚具装饰艺术 (Art Deco) 味道的玻璃瓶。此乃史上第一瓶以设计师命名的香水。1960年代,美国影星玛丽莲梦露在回答一位记者的“晚上穿什么睡衣入睡?”的问题时说到:“A few drops of Chanel NO.5(擦几滴香奈尔5号而已)。”,采访一经播出,Chanel No 5香水更加名声大振。配合独创的“双C”标志使这瓶香水成为Chanel历史上最赚钱的产品,且在恒远的时光长廊上历久不衰,至今在 Chanel的官方网站依然是重点推介产品。 Coco Chanelwas a French fashion designer and founder of the Chanel brand. She was the only fashion designer to appear on Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Along with Paul Poiret, Chanel was credited with liberating women from the constraints of the "corseted silhouette" and popularizing the acceptance of a sportive, casual chic as the feminine standard in the post-World War I era. A prolific fashion creator, Chanel's influence extended beyond couture clothing. Her design aesthetic was realized in jewelry, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product. Chanel was known for her lifelong determination, ambition and energy which she applied to her professional and social life. She achieved both success as a businesswoman and social prominence thanks to the connections she made through her work. These included many artists and craftspeople to whom she became a patron. However, Chanel's highly competitive, opportunistic personality led her to make questionable life choices which have generated controversy around her reputation, particularly her behaviour during the German occupation of France in World War II.

相关文档
最新文档