研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)第5单元英文原文及翻译和课后答案
Unit Five
The End Is Not at Hand
The environmental rhetoric overblown.
The planet will survive
Robert J. Samuelson
并非末日来临
环境问题言过其实，地球生命仍将继续。
罗伯特·J·塞缪尔森
[ 1 ] Whoever coined the phrase "save the planet" is a public relation genius. It conveys the sense of impending* catastrophe* and high purpose that has wrapped environmentalism in an aura* of moral urgency. It also typifies environmentalism's rhetorical excesses, which, in any other context, would be seen as wild exaggeration* or simple dishonesty.
[1] 无论是谁杜撰了“拯救地球”这一说法，他都是一位公共关系方面的天才。这一说法既表达了对即将来临的灭顶之灾的意识，也满怀着使环境保护论带有道义紧迫感这一大的目标。同时这种说法也表明环境保护论言过其实，这种夸大在其他任何场合都会被视为是在危言耸听或愚蠢的欺骗。
[ 2 ] Up to a point, our environmental awareness has checked a mindless enthusiasm for unrestrained economic growth.We have sensibly curbed* some of growth's harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade* addicted to hype* and ignorant of history. Every environmental ill is depicted* as an onrushing calamity* that—if not stopped will end life as we know it.
[2] 就某种程度而言，我们的环境意识遏制了对自由经济增长所表现出的盲目热情。我们已明智地抑制了增长中所出现的一些有害的副作用，但是环境保护论却越来越像一场沉湎于狂热的宣传与对历史一无所知的圣战。每一由环境问题引发的不幸都被描绘成一场势不可挡的灾难。这场灾难如不加以制止，正像我们所知晓的那样，就会摧毁生命。
[ 3 ] Take the latest scare: the greenhouse effect①. We' re presented with the horrifying specter* of a world that incinerates* itself.Act now, or sizzle* later. Food supplies will wither. Glaciers* will melt. Coastal areas will flood. In fact, the probable losses from any greenhouse warming are modest*: 1 to 2 percent of our economy's output by the year 2050, estimates economist William Cline①.The loss seems even smaller compared with the expected growth of the economy (a doubling) over the same period.
[3] 以最近出现的恐慌——温室效应——为例。展现在我们面前的是一个自我焚毁、可怕的幽灵般的世界。即刻行动，否则世界将咝咝烧焦。食品供应即将枯竭。冰川即将溶化。沿海地区即将淹没。事实上，任何温室热效应可能造成的损失都是有限的：经济学家威廉·克莱恩估计，到 2050 年只占我们经济产出的 1% 到 2%。与预想的同期经济增长(翻一番)相比，这一损失更显得微不足道。
[ 4 ] No environmental problem threatens the "planet" or rates with the danger of a nuclear war.No oil spill ever caused suffering on a par with* today's civil war in Yugoslavia, which is a minor episode* in human misery. World WarⅡleft more than 35 million dead. Cambodia's civil war resulted in 1 million to 3 million deaths.The great scourges* of humanity remain what they have always been: war, natural disaster, oppressive government, crushing poverty and hate. On
any scale of tragedy, environmental distress is a featherweight*.
[4] 没有任何环境问题威胁这颗“星球”，任何环境问题都无法用核战争所带来的危害来衡量。任何石油溢出造成的危害也无法同今日南斯拉夫内战——它不过是人类苦难中的一段小插曲——相比拟。第二次世界大战导致 3 500 多万人死亡。柬埔寨内战导致 100 万至300 万人死亡。人类的巨大祸患一如既往：战争、自然灾害、暴虐政府、极度的贫困与仇恨。在悲剧的任何尺度上，环境问题造成的痛苦都轻如鸿毛。
[ 5 ] This is not an argument for indifference or inaction. It is an argument for perspective and balance. You can believe (as I do) that the possibility of greenhouse warming enhances an already strong case for an energy tax.A tax would curb ordinary air pollution, limit oil imports, cut the budget deficit* and promote energy efficient investments that make economic sense.
[5] 这并非在为漠不关心或无动于衷进行辩解，这是在为前途和平衡而进行
辩论。你可以相信( 像我那样)，温室热效应的可能性强化了已具说服力的征缴
能源税的理由。税收会抑制通常的空气污染，限制石油进口，减少预算赤字并提
高具有经济意义的能效投入。
[ 6 ] But it does not follow that anyone who disagrees with me is evil or even wrong.On the greenhouse effect, for instance, there‘s ample* scientific doubt over whether warming will occur and, if so, how much. Moreover, the warming would occur over decades. People and businesses could adjust. To take one example: farmers could shift to more heat-resistant seeds.
[6] 但这并非意味着同我观点相悖的人就是居心叵测，或甚至是错误的。例如，就温室效应而言，热效应是否会发生，如果发生，其程度如何，对这类问题还存在大量的科学疑问。此外，热效应的发生需几十年的时间。人与行业可以进行调整。举一例：农民可改用更为耐热的种子。
[ 7 ] Unfortunately, the impulse of many environmentalists is to vilify* and simplify. Critics of environmental restrictions are portrayed* as selfish and ignorant creeps*. Doomsday scenarios* are developed to prove the seriousness of environmental dangers. Cline‘s recent greenhouse study projected warming 250 years into the future. Guess what, it increases sharply. This is an absurd exercise akin to* predicting life in 1992 at the time of the French and Indian War (1754～1763).
[7] 遗憾的是，许多环境保护论者感情用事，搞中伤和将事情简单化。环境限制法的批评者被描绘为自私自利、愚昧无知的小人。有关世界末日的电影剧本被创作出来以证实环境危险的严重性。克莱恩最近对温室效应的研究展现了热效应在今后250 年间的变化。猜猜吧，结果是什么? 它在急剧增长。这就类似于一种在法印战争（1754—1763）时期预言1992 的生活的无稽之谈。
[ 8 ] The rhetorical overkill is not just innocent excess. It clouds our understanding. For starters, it minimizes the great progress that has been made, especially in industrialized countries. In the United States, air and water pollution have dropped dramatically*.
Since 1960, particulate* emissions (soot, cinders*) are down by 65 percent. Lead emissions have fallen by 97 percent since 1970. Smog has declined in most cities.
[8] 大谈特谈过多的伤亡并非过分的无知，它混淆人们的视听。对工业刚起步的国家来说，它低估了特别是工业化国家已取得的巨大成就。在美国，空气与水污染已得到显著缓解。自1960 年以来，微颗粒物排放量（煤灰、煤渣）已下降65%。自1970 年以来，铅排放量已降低97%。在大多数城市中，烟雾已减少。
[ 9 ] What's also lost is the awkward necessity for choices. Your environmental benefit may be my job. Not every benefit is worth having at any cost.Economists estimate that environmental
regulations depress the economy's output by 2.6 to 5 percent, or about $150 billion to $290 billion. (Note: this is larger than the estimated impact of global warming.) For that cost, we've lowered health risks and improved our surroundings. But some gains are small compared with the costs. And some costs are needlessly high because regulations are rigid.
[9] 同时我们也受到损失。这就是必须进行棘手的选择。你在环保方面所得到的好处也许就是我应尽的义务。并非每种利益都值得不惜任何代价而求之。经济学家估计，环境法规使经济产出下降2.6% 至5%，或1 500 亿至2 900 亿美元（注：这一数字大于全球热效应的估计影响）。我们用这一代价的确减轻了给身体所带来的危害，并且改善了我们的环境。但是，有些却得不偿失，而且由于法规的刻板僵化而使得一些代价毫无必要地上升。
[ 10 ] Balance: The worst sin of environmental excess is its bias* against economic growth. The cure for the immense problems of poor countries usually lies with economic growth. A recent report from the World Bank estimates that more than 1 billion people lack healthy water supplies and sanitary* facilities.The result is hundreds of millions of cases of diarrhea* annually and the deaths of 3 million children (2 million of which the World Bank judges avoidable). Only by becoming wealthier can countries correct these conditions.
[10] 平衡：过分夸大环境作用的最大罪过是对经济增长所执的偏见。解决贫困国家所存在的大量问题通常与经济增长息息相关。世界银行最近的一份报告估计，10 亿多人缺少健康用水和卫生设施。其结果是每年成千百万人患痢疾，并导致300 万儿童死亡（世界银行认为，其中200 万人可以免于死亡）。国家只有变得富裕起来才能改变这些状况。
[ 11 ] Similarly, wealthier societies have both the desire and the income to clean their air and water. Advanced nations have urban-air-pollution levels only a sixth that of the poorest countries. Finally, economic growth tends to reduce high birthrates, as children survive longer and women escape traditional roles.
[11] 与此同理，较富庶的国家既具有愿望也具有财政收入来净化空气和用水。发达国家的城市空气污染仅为贫穷国家的六分之一。最终，经济增长将降低高的出生率，因为儿童寿命延长了，妇女也摆脱了传统的角色。
[ 12 ] Yes, we have environmental problems. Reactors* in the former Soviet Union pose safety risks. Economic growth and the environment can be at odds*. Growth generates carbon dioxide emissions and causes more waste. But these problems are not - as environmental rhetoric implies - the main obstacles to sustained development. The biggest hurdle is inept * government.
Inept government fostered* unsafe reactors. Inept government hampers* food production in poor countries by, say, preventing farmers from earning adequate returns on their crops.
[12] 的确，我们存在环境问题。苏联的反应堆给安全造成威胁。经济增长与环境会发生矛盾。增长产生二氧化碳排放物，并且造成更多的废弃物。但是这些问题并不像环境保护论者夸夸其谈的那样，是持续发展的主要障碍。最大的障碍是无能的政府。无能的政府培育出无安全保障的反应堆。在贫穷的国家，无能的政府，比如说，通过限止农民从其作物中获得适当的利润，阻碍食品生产。
[ 13 ] By now, everyone is an environmentalist. But the label is increasingly meaningless, because not all environmental problems are equally serious and even the serious ones need to be balanced against other concerns. Environmentalism should hold the hype. It should inform us more and frighten us less.
[13] 到现在为止，人人都是环境保护论者，但是这种说法越来越没有意义，因为并非一切环境问题都同样严重，甚至即使那些严重的环境问题也需要同其他利害关系来均衡考虑。环境保护论应当终止那种刺激性宣传。它应当给予我们更多一些信息，更少一些恐吓。
Key to the Exercises
Exercise A
Ⅰ. Comprehension
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. No. Because this is an absurd exercise akin to predicting life in 1992 at the time of the French and Indian War.
6. T
7. T
8. F
9. F
10. No. Because this is larger than the estimated impact of global warming. Some gains are small compared with the costs.
11. No. They should promotes their economic growth.
12. T 13. T 14. F 15. T
Ⅱ. Vocabulary
A. 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. A 10. D
B. 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. A
Ⅲ. Cloze
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. A 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C Ⅳ. Translation
A. 注视21世纪，新的科学上的突破将使遗传工程能改变一切，从机器和农业到计算机和工业。
在一些近期前景中，农业上可能栽培出更大的树，增加谷物产量，甚至生产方形含较少水分容易包装的西红柿。可能培育出如大象那样大小的母牛，能多产40% 的牛奶。科学家谈论使用蛋白质取代计算机芯片中的硅，以使在同样的空间能多容纳几十亿倍的信息。
B. 1. A copy of the author’s article was presented to the editorial staffs.
2. Just because he is at the bottom of the class, it does not follow that he has no brains; he may just be very lazy.
3. These unusual phenomena are worth noticing.
4. The partners have been at odds with each other over hiring a new manager.
5. This led us to the conclusion that ignorance fostered superstition.
6. It may come as a surprise to learn that it isn’t age that makes you “lose your memory”. The reason could be that you have a “lazy” memory, not an old one. Like your body, your memory improves with exercise. Scientists believe that our brains will work at least 75% more effectively if both sides are exercised.
Ⅴ. Writing
Suggested passage:
In recent years we have become increasingly conscious of our duty
towards the environment. People have begun to realize that just because
we are so dependent on natural resources, we must learn to conserve
them, so that they will still be available for future generation.
In modern times, man has exploited the earth to an alarming degree
with the effect that he is in danger of destroying the very environment that gives him life. An example of over exploitation is the destruction of forest reserves, which play a vital part in the ecology of the earth. Not only are
our forests in danger, but as a result of industrialization seas and rivers have become polluted, and this is causing the fish in them to be poisoned
and drinking water to be contaminated. Pollution of the atmosphere with
gases is not only affecting the quality of the air we breathe, but may also result in raising the temperature of the earth to dangerous levels.
In view of the seriousness of this problem, people are starting to take measures. They are now getting to know that it is man’s responsibility to conserve nature in order to ensure his own survival and well-being.
Exercise B
Ⅰ. 1. bachelors 2. banners 3. Incredible 4. bulletin 5. budget 6. precedence 7. pines 8. status 9. Originality 10. breast 11. expansion 12. initiative
13. proceedings 14. impact 15. pipelines
Ⅱ. 1. why, about 2. before 3. what, what 4. When, for 5. about, which 6. what, in 7. whose, of 8. what 9. with, that 10. who, with 11. because, but 12. that, in, in 13. while, which 14. when, along 15. Although, than
Ⅲ. 1. Daily—Dairy 2. N 3. contending—contending for
4. baffled to me—baffled me
5. activated by others—activated others
6. bankrupted with themselves—bankrupted themselves
7. unconditional—conditional
8. at the question—(controversy) over the question
9. N
10. (bring into correspondence) to—(bring into correspondence) with
11. (a connection) with—(a connection) between
12. two thousands of students—two thousand students
13. redundant—concise
14. (conception) about—(conception) of
15. N
Exercise C
Ⅰ. 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. D
5. addresser: a person who addresses or is supposed to address a letter [address: to write (on an envelope, parcel, etc.) the name of the person
meant to be the receiver with the place where that person lives or works;
er: one who (active)]
addressee: a person to whom a letter, parcel, etc., is or should be
addressed [address: to write (on an envelope, parcel, etc.) the name of
the person meant to be the receiver with the place where that person
lives or works; ee: one who (passive)]
disciplinarian: a person who is good at making people obey orders
(discipline: training of the mind and body to produce obedience and
self-control; control gained as a result of this training; arian: denoting occupation)
6. support: to hold up physically or emotionally (sup: under; port: carry)
7. a structure built to carry (lead) water from one place to another
Ⅱ. 1. E 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. G 7. I 8. J 9. H 10. F
?Supplementary Reading
Ⅰ. 1. D 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. B
Ⅱ. 1. The El Nino phenomenon.
2. Drought-aggravated bush fires happened in Indonesia that spread a
choking smog across large areas of Southeast Asia.
3. Heating of the Earth’s surface by gases trapped in the atmosphere causes more and fiercer storms, expanding deserts, melting polar ice and
raising sea levels.
4. It wants developing countries to be brought under the emission control umbrella.
5. This is not necessarily a bad thing.
Ⅲ. 1. 1997年下半年的气候为厄尔尼诺（El Nino）所控制。厄尔尼诺是出现在
南美海岸，影响整个地球气候格局的一股暖流。
2. 洪水席卷了非洲东部干燥的索马里，而印度尼西亚的伊里安查亚（Irian
Jaya）却干燥异常，成百上千的部落成员死于饥饿和疾病。
3. ( 京都) 大会同意发达国家应该减少二氧化碳及其他“温室”气体的排放。
人们指责这些气体造成了全球气温的上升。
4. ( 京都) 大会至少使人们能更加意识到环境问题的严重性，尤其是这次会
议在厄尔尼诺现象发生的这年召开。
5. 他说：“但意识和行动之间总是存在一个时间差，并且我认为这时间差能
持续很长时间……”
综合英语(一)课文及翻译
Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
大学英语精读第三册课后翻译
Unit1 翻译 1) 发言人（spokesman）明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消（cancel）这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the President would not cancel the trip under any circumstances. 2) 杰克对书架上那些书一本也不了解，所以他的选择是很随意的。 Jack didn't know anything about any of the books on the bookshelf, so his choice was quite arbitrary. 3) 随后发生的那些事件再次证明了我的猜疑（suspicions）是对的。(confirm) The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 4) 我认为我们应该鼓励中学生在暑假找临时工作。 I think we should encourage high school students to find temporary jobs / employment during their summer holidays. 5) 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长（governor）竟然是个贪官（corrupt official）。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty turned out to be a corrupt official. 6) 少数工人得到提升（be promoted），与此同时却有数百名工人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted, but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7) 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家了。(given) Given the chance, John might have become an outstanding painter. 8) 数小时后，有人看见那个男孩在林子里瞎转。 Several hours later, the boy was found wandering around in the woods. Unit2 翻译 迅速方便地获得信息是很重要，但学会以新的方式看信息甚至更为重要。医学上一次重大突破也许能说明这一观点。科学家本想寻找一种治天花的特效药，但他们没有成功。英国医生爱德华·詹纳放弃寻找特效药，而是通过找到一种
英语原文及其翻译
Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all
大学英语2翻译原文及答案
Unit1 1.背离传统需要极大的勇气 1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2.汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。 2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3.很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4.假设那幅画确实是名作，你觉得值得购买吗？ 4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/purchase it? 5.如果这些数据统计上市站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。 5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. Unit2 1.该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。 1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.
大学英语精读4课后翻译答案
Unit1翻译 1) 我们接到通知，财政部长将于次日接见我们。 We were informed that the Minister of Finance was to give us an audience /receive us the next day. 2) 我觉得很奇怪，他似乎不记得自己的生日。 I thought it odd that he didn't seem to remember his own birthday. 3) 学期论文最迟应在下星期二交来，可是至今大部分学生却几无进展。 Next Tuesday is the deadline for handing in the term papers, but most students have hardly made a dent in the work so far. 4) 看到学生人数不断减少，校长心里很难受。(pain) It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking. 5) 在那个国家一般用现金付账，但支票变得普遍起来了，不久会代替现金作为人们结账的一种方式。 Cash is commonly used in paying bills in that country, but checks are becoming more popular and will, in a short while, replace cash as a way for people to settle their accounts. 6) 该公司声称，这条河流的污染不是它造成的。 The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river. Unit2翻译 1) 比尔已是个成熟的小伙子，不再依赖父母替他做主。 Bill is a mature young man who is no longer dependent on his parents for decisions. 2) 这个地区有大量肉类供应，但新鲜果蔬奇缺。 There are abundant supplies of meat in this region, but fresh fruit and vegetables are scarce. 3) 工程师们依靠工人们的智慧发明了一种新的生产方法，使生产率得以提高。 Drawing on the wisdom of the workers, the engineers invented a new production method that led to increased productivity. 4) 他花了许多时间准备数学考试，因此当他获知自己只得了个B时感到有点失望。 He spent a lot of time preparing for his math exam. Hence he was somewhat disappointed to learn that he got only a B. 5) 我们有充裕的时间从从容容吃顿午饭。
英文翻译(原文)
GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)
(完整版)新视野大学英语2翻译原文及答案
Unit 1 1.她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。(much less) She wouldn't take a drink, much less would she stay for dinner. 2.他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。(whereas) He thought I was lying to him, whereas I was telling the truth. 3.这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？(account for) How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week? 4.他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。(due to) The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy. 5.这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. 6.我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。(pour into) We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project, so we have to carry on. Unit 2 1.尽管她是家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。(despite) Despite the fact that she is the only child in her family, she is never babied by her parents. 2.迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。(nor) Mike didn't come to the party last night, nor did he call me to give an explanation. 3.坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但决不是什么大作家。(next to; by no means) The person sitting next to him did publish some novels, but he is by no means a great writer. 4.他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。(be indifferent to) He has no interest in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses. 5.经理需要一个可以信赖的助手，在他外出时，由助手负责处理问题。(count on) The manager needs an assistant that he can count on to take care of problems in his absence. 6.这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。(in the presence of sb.) This is the first time that he has made a speech in the presence of so large an audience. Unit 3 1.你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。(never too... to...) You are never too experienced to learn new techniques. 2.还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。(Use an appositional structure) There remains one problem, namely, who should be sent to head the research there. 3.由于文化的不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。(meet with) Their relationship did meet with some difficulty at the beginning because of cultural differences. 4.虽然他历经沉浮，但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。(ups and downs; all along) Though he has had ups and downs, I believed all along that he would succeed someday. 5.我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。(have reservations about) I have some reservations about the truth of your claim.
英语原文及翻译
高速视频处理系统中的信号完整性分析 摘要：结合高速DSP图像处理系统讨论了高速数字电路中的信号完整性问题，分析了系统中信号反射、串扰、地弹等现象破坏信号完整性的原因，通过先进IS工具的辅助设计，找出了确保系统信号完整性的具体方法。 关键词：高速电路设计信号完整性 DSP系统 深亚微米工艺在IC设计中的使用使得芯片的集成规模更大、体积越来越小、引脚数越来越多；由于近年来IC工艺的发展，使得其速度越来越高。从而，使得信号完整性问题引起电子设计者广泛关注。 在视频处理系统中，多维并行输入输出信号的频率一般都在百兆赫兹以上，而且对时序的要求也非常严格。本文以DSP图像处理系统为背景，对信号完整性进行准确的理论分析，对信号完整性涉及的典型问题[1]——不确定状态、传输线效应、反射、串扰、地弹等进行深入研究，并且从实际系统入手，利用IS仿真软件寻找有效的途径，解决系统的信号完整性问题。 1 系统简介 为了提高算法效率，实时处理图像信息，本图像处理系统是基于DSP+FPGA结构设计的。系统由SAA7111A视频解码器、TI公司的TMS320C6701 DSP、Altera公司的EPlK50QC208 FPGA、PCI9054 PCI接口控制器以及SBRAM、SDRAM、FIFO、FLASH等构成。FPGA是整个系统的时序控制中心和数据交换的桥梁，而且能够对图像数据实现快速底层处理。DSP是整个系统实时处理高级算法的核心器件。系统结构框图如图1所示。 在整个系统中，PCB电路板的面积仅为15cm×l5cm，系统时钟频率高达167MHz，时钟沿时间为0．6ns。由于系统具有快斜率瞬变和极高的工作频率以及很大的电路密度，使得如何处理高速信号问题成为一个制约设计成功的关键因素。 2 系统中信号完整性问题及解决方案 2．1 信号完整性问题产生机理 信号的完整性是指信号通过物理电路传输后，信号接收端看到的波形与信号发送端发送的波形在容许的误差范围内保持一致，并且空间邻近的传输信号间的相互影响也在容许的范围之内。因此，信号完整性分析的主要目标是保证高速数字信号可靠的传输。实际信号总是存在电压的波动，如图2所示。在A、B两点由于过冲和振铃[2]的存在使信号振幅落入阴影部分的不确定区，可能会导致错误的逻辑电平发生。总线信号传输的情况更加复杂，任何一个信号发生相位上的超前或滞后都可能使总线上数据出错，如图3所示。图中，CLK为时钟信号，D0、D1、D2、D3是数据总线上的信号，系统允许信号最大的建立时间[1]为△t。在正常情况下，D0、D1、D2、D3信号建立时间△t1<△t，在△t时刻之后数据总线的数据已稳定，系统可以从总线上采样到正确的数据，如图3(a)所示。相反，当信号D1、D2、D3受过冲和振铃等信号完整问题干扰时，总线信号就发生
大学英语精读2 课后翻译题答案
第一单元 1.她砰地关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间 那场争执就此结束。 Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word. 2. 出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气 感到有点意外。 The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American. 3. 约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。 Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone. 4. 当全部乘客都向出口处(exit) 走去时，他却独自留在座位上，好像不愿意离开这架飞机似的。 While all the other passengers made for the exit, he alone remained in his seat as if unwilling to leave the plane. 5. 这封信必须交给威尔逊博士本人。 The letter is to be handed to Dr. Wilson himself. 6. 南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。 While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth. 7. 你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他？ What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 8. 猎人一看见有只狐狸从树丛中出现并向他设下(lay) 的陷阱(trap) 方向跑去，脸上顿时闪出了兴奋的表情。 The hunter’s face lit up with excitement as soon as he saw a fox emerge from among the bushes and run in the direction of / make for the trap he had laid 第二单元 1) 会上有人建议任命一个十一人委员会来制定新章程。 It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution. 2) 这些青年科学家通过现场观察，获得了研究工作所需的第一手资料。 By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work. 3) 他很可能会因视力不好而被拒收入伍。 It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight. 4) 委员会成员在新机场最佳选址(location) 这一问题上持有不同意见。 The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport. 5) 亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。 Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's. 6) 我们产品质量的稳步提高在很大程度上是由于设备有所改进。 The steady rise in the quality of our products owes much to the improvement of our equipment. 7) 吉姆本想按照自己的判断行事，但他没有这样做，因为作为军人他得服从命令。Jim would have preferred to act on his own judgment, but he didn't because as a soldier he had to obey the order.
科普版英语六年级下册课文及翻译 (直接打印版)
Lesson 1 I’m not feeling well. Let’s talk （M=Mom, T= Tom） M: What,'s the matter, Tom T: I'm not feeling well, Mom M: Do you have a cold T: Yes, I think so. Could you give me some water, please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom. M: Tom, you must go and see a doctor. T: OK, Mom. M: It's cold outside. You must wear your coat. T: OK, Mom. Could you pass me my coat,please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom M: Tell me your teacher's number. I'll call him and tell him you are sick. T: OK. Here it is. 译文 (M=妈妈,T=汤姆) 妈妈:怎么了,汤姆 汤姆:我感觉不舒服,妈妈。 妈妈:你感冒了吗 汤姆:是的,我想是这样的。您能给我一些水吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:汤姆,你必须去看医生. 汤姆:好的,妈妈。 妈妈:外面很冷。你必须穿你的外套。 汤姆:好的,妈妈。您能把我的外套递给我吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:告诉我你老师的电话号码。我将给他打电话告诉他你生病了。
大学英语精读课后句子翻译
大学英语精读翻译 Unit1 1) 史密斯太太对我抱怨说，她经常发现与自己十六岁的女儿简直无法沟通。 Mrs. Smith complained to me that she often found it simply impossible to communicate with her 16-year-old daughter. 2) 我坚信，阅读简写的(simplified) 英文小说是扩大我们词汇量的一种轻松愉快的方法。 I firmly believe that reading simplified English novels is an easy and enjoyable way of enlarging our vocabulary. 3) 我认为我们在保护环境不受污染(pollution) 方面还做得不够。 I don’t think we’re doing enough to protect our environment from pollution. 4) 除了每周写作文外，我们的英语老师还给我们布置了八本书在暑假里阅读。 In addition to/Apart from writing composition a weekly basis, our English teacher assigned us eight books to read during the summer vacation. 5) 我们从可靠的消息来源获悉下学期一位以英语为母语的人将要教我们英语口语。
We’ve learned from reliable sources that a native English speaker is going to teach us spoken English next term/semester. 6) 经常看英语电影不仅会提高你的听力，而且还会帮助你培养说的技能。 Seeing English movies on a regular basis will not only improve your ear, but will also help you build your speaking skills. 7) 如果你们对这些学习策略有什么问题，请随便问我。我将更详细地进行讲解。 If you have any questions about these learning strategies, please feel free to ask me. And I’ll explain them in greater detail. 8) 那个加拿大女孩善于抓住每个机会讲汉语。这就是她为什么三年不到就熟练地掌握了汉语口语的原因。 The Canadian girl is good at seizing every opportunity to speak Chinese. That’s why she has gained a good command of spoken Chinese in less than three years. Unit2 1) 幸好附近有家医院，我们立刻把他送到了那里。 Fortunately there was a hospital nearby and we took him there at once.
英文翻译原文
南京师范大学泰州学院 英文翻译原文 年级： 2011级学号：12110330 姓名：申佳佳 系部：信息工程学院 专业：通信工程 题目：基于C51的数字测速仪设计与仿真 指导教师：焦蓬蓬 2015 年 4 月 5 日
Linux - Operating system of cybertimes Though for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make u p huge work station group, finish special effects of " Titanic " make , already can be re garded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Rece ntly, the manufacturers concerned have announced that support the news of Linux to i ncrease day by day, users' enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this piece wh at glamour, get the favors of such numerous important software and hardware manufa cturers as the masses of users and Orac le , Informix , HP , Sybase , Corel , Intel , Net scape , Dell ,etc. , OK? 1.The background of Linux and characteristic Linux is a kind of " free (Free ) software ": What is called free, mean users can o btain the procedure and source code freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc.. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research a nd development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and except fault , c an add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to participate in. As th e most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic o f the following: (1)Totally follow POSLX standard, expand the network operating system of sup porting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstandi ng design philosophy , and there are clean , stalwart , high-efficient and steady kernels , their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmer s, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix are totally compatible. (2)Real many tasks, multi-user's system, the built-in n etwork supports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 , Unix ,etc.. Network in various kinds of Unix it tests to be fastest in comparing and ass ess efficiency. Support such many kinds of files systems as FAT16 , FAT32 , NTFS , E x t2FS , ISO9600 ,etc. at the same time .