3.英语四级汉英段落翻译指导

A Guide to the Translation of Passages

from Chinese into English

汉英段落翻译指导

在句子汉英翻译学习阶段，我们知道要做好翻译工作需要关注如下八个方面：

1.词义差异: 注意选词的广义、狭义之别；褒贬的不同；强弱和政治分寸的把握：

农业是国民经济的基础。

Agriculture is the foundation of our national economy.

这些年来，我国的农业、林业、牧畜业和渔业都得到了相应的发展。Over the years, corresponding developments have been made in our farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.

他那八十高龄的母亲已于上月去世。

His mother passed away at an advanced age of eighty last month.

臭名昭著的麦卡锡终于一命呜呼哀哉了！

Notorious McCaththy did kick the bucket at long last！

注意词的搭配习惯：

青山绿水\green hills and blue streams; 青云直上\rise in the world; 浓咖啡\strong coffee; 浓墨淡写\paint with thick ink and a light touch

注意某些汉语词的特有说法要根据意思解释性表达：

建立“一站式”服务中心，为外国投资者提供审批业务“一条龙”

服务。

Set up the "One-Stop" Service Centre to provide a coordinated process service for foreign investors in obtaining approval.

其间多次实行权力下放，但都只限于调整中央和地方、条条和块块的管理权限。

We tried to delegate power to lower levels on a number of occasions. But this was limited solely to readjusting the administrative power of the central and local authorities and of the different departments and regions.

2.文化背景差异:

对于有些地域文化特色过于突出的词语要灵活改译。

怎么？难道是摆的“鸿门宴”？打算要干掉他们吗？

What? Are we setting a trap? Planning to get rid of them?

他们召开了一个诸葛亮会，深入探讨了如何进一步深化政治体制改革的问题。

They held a brainstorming session to make further explorations into how to deepen the reform of our political system.

婆婆经常对她的男人埋怨说：“你媳妇就是个扫帚星。自从她过门，我们家就三灾六难，没有消停过。”

Her mother-in-law often complains to her husband,"Your wife is just a bane(祸害，灾星). Since she married you, our family has been suffering one disaster after another."

不应给农民打白条。

We should not issue IOUs (错译：blank paper )to the farmers.

旅游搭台，经贸唱戏，形成我市独特的经济开发格局。

With tourism paving the way for economic and trading activities, we should develop our city's economy into a pattern of its own feature.

必须始终不渝地坚持两手抓，两手都要硬的方针，加强精神文明的建设。

We must unswervingly give equal importance to economic development on one hand and to the development of socialist culture and ideology on the other hand.

搞现代化建设一定要坚持以经济建设为中心，要有两手，只有一手是不行的。

In going for modernization, efforts must be made to keep economic development as the central task, and equal importance should be attached to both aspects for stressing only one aspect is not enough. 发展才是硬道理。抓住机遇，发展自己，关键是发展经济。Development is the most essential criterion. The key to seizing the opportunity and developing ourselves lies in expanding the economy.

3.意合与形合:

生物工程也是一种工程，是一种与传统意义截然不同的工程。Bioengineering is also a kind of engineering. However, it is an

engineering that is different from that with conventional sense.

如果想摸底，这又是一个底，这是一个带根本性的底。

If you want to sound us out, there is one thing you will learn, a thing which is fundamental in nature.

不搞改革，不坚持开发政策，我们制定的战略目标就不可能实现。这是一个关，这个关必须过。

We cannot reach our strategic goal unless we carry out reforms and adhere to the open-up policy. This is a pass which we must go through.

4.分句与合句:

旧中国的农业发展水平极为低下，有80%的人口长期处于饥饿或半饥饿状态，遇有自然灾害，更是饿殍遍地。

For long periods of time in the old days 80 per cent of the population suffered from starvation or semi-starvation because of the extreme backwardness of agricultural production. Natural disasters nearly always resulted in widespread deaths from starvation.

亚洲是一个有着悠久历史和重要地位的大洲。她是人类文明的摇篮之一，对人类文明的进步和科学文化的发展作出过辉煌的贡献。Asia, a vast continent with a long history and increasing strategic importance, is one of the cradles of human civilization and has made brilliant contributions to human progress and scientific and cultural development.

要着眼于搞好整个国有经济，抓好大的，放活小的，对企业实施战略性改组。

Aiming at improving the state sector of the economy as a whole, we shall effectuate a strategic reorganization of state-owned enterprises by well managing large enterprises while adopting a flexible policy towards small ones.

5.重复与简化:

避免重复:

我们能去掉不良作风，保持优良作风。

We can get rid of a bad style and keep the good.

一定的文化，是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予伟大的影响和作用于一定社会的政治和经济。

Any given culture is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society, and the former in turn has a tremendous influence and effect upon the latter.

故意重复:

这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天。

This is the springtime for the revolution, this is the springtime for the people, this is the springtime for science!

中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。

What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong, whether it

concerns the Chinese or foreigners, whether it concerns the dead or the living.

简化：

中国政府将采取更加有力的措施，进一步健全耕地保护制度，切实加强基本农田保护。

Chinese government will adopt still more effective measures to improve the land preservation system and strengthen the protection of basic farmland.

各级政府都要切实加强对改革的领导，扎扎实实地做好工作，不断把改革推向前进。

The governments at all levels should strengthen their leadership in these reforms and do a solid job of propelling the reform forward.

进一步开展节约能源的宣传，努力提高全社会节能意识。

The idea of saving energy should be promoted to the general public.

6.主语的省略与增添:

主语的省略：

你愿意人如何待你，你就应如何待人。

Do as you would be done by.

宁为鸡首，不为牛后。

Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.

主语的增添：

没有安定的政治环境，干什么都不成。

Nothing can be accomplished without a stable political environment.

成都新改建的府南河两岸将修建许多草坪和居民大楼。

Plenty of lawns and apartment houses will be built along both the banks of the newly-renovated Funan River.

没有改革开放，就没有今天的经济发展。

Without reform and opening to the outside world, there would be no economic development of today.

祖国的地下到处都埋藏着丰富的矿产资源。

In our motherland hidden underground everywhere is a wealth of mineral resources.

7.定语的不同译法:

定语可根据句子的不同情况分别采用名词、形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语、定语从句，甚或同位语等方式来进行翻译。

8.状语的不同译法:

状语可根据句子的不同情况分别采用副词、形容词短语、介词短语、非谓语动词短语、状语从句，甚或定语从句等方式来进行翻译。

以上简要概述了单句的常用翻译技巧，下面说说汉英段落的翻译。

到了汉英段落翻译学习阶段，翻译的单位由小到大，包括词、词组、句子、句群、段落、篇章等，其中句子既要考虑词、词组、从句

等的搭配和协调，本身又相对独立，历来是翻译训练和研究的主要对象。由单个句子的翻译过渡到段落乃至篇章的翻译，我们需要考虑的因素有所增加。一群句子放在一起构成段落，不会是简单的堆砌；他们在语义上是一个整体，共同传达某些意思，所以相互之间必然存在逻辑关系。为了把句子之间的关系表达明白，我们必须注意语序和用词，保证行文内在的连贯性。同时，正象一个句子中的各个词语互为语境一样，一个段落里的各个句子也互为语境，这使得每句话的含义更加明确，单句翻译时经常遇到的歧义现象在段落里很少出现。

作为一种以意合为主的语言，汉语句子之间的关系往往通过语序的安排就一目了然。英语则是一种以形合为主的语言，句子之间的关系常要借助功能词语来阐明，常用者如and, but, as, if, when, while, thus, therefore, however, in addition, what's more, as a result 等等。因为汉英之间存在这种差别，翻译段落时我们经常需要根据英语的表达习惯，在准确理解原文的前提下，适当添加功能词语，使译文更加流畅、连贯、自然。

作为相对完整的语言单位，段落经常围绕一个中心意思展开论述或描述，所有句子都服务于这个中心思想。既然如此，每个句子在结构上的独立性自然而然受到削弱；翻译过程中，我们不妨根据需要，把原文的句子打散重组，使译文更符合英语语言的固有叙述方式，使其自然流畅，增强其可读性。

汉英段落翻译测试题内容涉及中国的历史、政治、文化、经济、社会发展等方面。因此：

1.我们平时要多阅读涉及中国历史、政治、文化、经济、社会发展等方面内容的英语文章，注意积累具有中国特色的词汇，了解如何用地道的英语去表达, 着力提高自己的语法与词汇基本功。例如：安乐死: mercy-killing; euthanasia; painless death

安全门：theft-proof door(防盗门); emergency exit

摆脱贫困：shake off poverty \ get rid of poverty

摆样子(作秀)：do something for show

瓷饭碗：unstable position

保税区：bonded area

保值储蓄：inflation-proof deposit

步行街：vehicle-free street pedestrian precinct \ plaza

超前消费：overconsuming

抢购：panic buying; buying spree

乘警：vehicle police

闯红灯：run a red light

吹风会：backgrounder

钉子户：recalcitrant

法盲：legal illiteracy

和稀泥：try to smooth things over

挥金如土：spend money like water

住房公积金：housing accumulation fund

关系网：network of personal connections

和平统一：peaceful reunification

害群之马：black sheep

黑孩子：off-the-book baby

红颜白发婚姻：May-to-December marriage

害“红眼病”：be green-eyed

“黄牛”：scalper

（非法）回扣：kickback

健美裤：form-fitting pants

交际花: social butterfly

交通事故多发地段：black spot

经济作物：cash crops; industrial crops

哭穷：poor-mouth

论资排辈：promote in order of seniority

拳头产品：major product; key product

三角债：chain debts; debt chains

三角恋爱：eternal triangle; love triangle

"三脚猫"：Jack of all trades but master of none

扫黄打非运动：开展一场大规模的\ 声势浩大的扫黄打非运动：launch a large-scale \ gigantic and vigorous campaign to wipe out pornography and illegal publications

扫黄打黑：wipe out pornography and strike criminal syndicates 收尾工作：round-off work

私房钱：private savings

跳槽：job-hop

外向型经济：export-oriented economy

"向钱看"：money-oriented; money-mania; money-grabbing; money-mad

双眼皮手术：eyelid-slicing operation

"下海"：risk one's fortune (in the world of business)

文明游客：well-mannered visitor

武术：martial arts

无名小卒：small potato

无期徒刑：life imprisonment

相声：comic dialogue; cross talk 说相声：perform a comic dialogue

乡村工业：rural industry

乡镇工业：township industry

小道消息：grapevine (telegraph); hearsay; back alley news

新闻人物：newsmaker

刑讯逼供：sweat

休闲服：playclothes \ 休闲鞋playshoes

学文化：learn to read and write

业余工作：bywork

易拉罐：easy-open tin; pop-top

隐形眼镜：contact lenses

硬指标：unalterable quota

有色金属：non-ferrous metals

"有喜"：be in the family way; be pregnant

与国际接轨：be geared\switched to the international conventions 早恋：calf love

杂技：acrobatics

杂技是技艺的一种。包括蹬技、手技、顶技、踩技、口技、车技、爬杆、走索，以及各种民间杂耍等。通常也把戏法、魔术、马戏、驯兽包括在内。中国杂技艺术历史悠久。"Acrobatics" is a vital branch of artistry. It includes juggling with hands and feet, hand tricks, balancing objects on the head, treading with the feet, vocal mimicry, trick-cycling, pole-climbing, rope-walking, and folk variety shows. Very often, conjuring, magic, circus and animal performing arts are in the program. Chinese acrobatics has a very long history.

斬\宰客：rip off the customers

走穴：perform in a temporary troupe in one's spare time (of actors, singers, or dancers)

走出低谷：bottom out

走共同富裕的道路: take the road to common prosperity

针灸和针刺麻醉：acupuncture & moxibustion, and acupuncture

anesthesia

中国是世界上第一个使用针刺麻醉的国家。几千年来，郎中一直用在人体一些特别的穴位上扎针的方法来消除疼痛。这些穴位沿着我们称之为“经络”的通道排列起来。1957年，一些医生想试试能不能延长止痛时间以进行手术。他们开始用针刺麻醉来拔牙，切除扁桃体，取得了一些成绩。此后，针刺麻醉就广泛应用于从脑手术到切除却出阑尾炎等各种手术中去了。

China was the first country in the world to use needle anesthesia. For thousands of years, the old practitioners used to kill pain by inserting needles at some special points in the body. These points are arranged along the "channels" which we call "jingluo". In 1957, some doctors tried to find whether they could stop the pain long enough to perform an operation. They started to pull out teeth and take out tonsils with acupuncture anesthesia and had some success. Since then, it has been widely used for operations ranging from brain to appendix operations.

和常规麻醉相比，针刺麻醉有明显的优点。针刺不痛，很快，而且很便宜。手术中病人意识一直保持清醒。一些病人甚至能在手术做完后自己从手术台上下来，走回病房去。同时，针麻很安全，又没有后遗症或副作用。如果病人身体太弱，年纪太大，可能会受不了甚至死于普通麻醉。用针麻，手术可安全进行。所以针麻在许多别的国家也受到欢迎。

Acupuncture anesthesia has some very obvious merits compared with conventional anesthesia. It is painless, very quick and very cheap. The patient remains conscious throughout the operation. Some patients can even climb down from the operating table right after surgery and walk back to their wards by themselves. Moreover, it is very safe and free from after effects or side effects. If a patient is too weak or too old, he might be unable to stand ordinary anesthesia; he might die under it. But with needle anesthesia, operations can be done safely. That is why it has been well received in many foreign countries as well.

汉译英和写作中比较实用的三个语法项目是从句、非谓语动词和虚拟语气，考生应对这三个语法熟练掌握；词汇则需要掌握四级大纲规定的词汇，活用式词汇必须要能够正确朗读、拼写和准确运用，认知词汇最好也要有一定程度的掌握。

2.注意积累和掌握相应的汉译英翻译技巧，增强根据汉语中的某个词或结构就能够判断应该采用英语中对应的哪个语法或句型的能力。

3.做题步骤

（1）浏览全文，判断主要时态和语言要求；（2）分句研读，先确定句型和句子的主干部分，再看关键词的翻译；（3）连词成句，注意句子与句子之间的逻辑关系，适当增加连接性的词语；（4）通读全文，查漏补缺。

4. 特别提示：

（1）一般情况下，建议多用简单句，在有把握的前提下，适当使用从句或并列句，为译文增色；（2）如遇某个汉语词一时找不到特别对应的英语词，要尽量用意义相近的词语代替，不可不翻译；（3）尽量保证所有的汉语信息都在英语译文中有所体现，不能漏译信息。例一

天人合一是中国古代哲学关于天人关系的一种观点。强调天与人的关系不可分割。天或天命是万物的主宰。人性是天所赋予的。另一种观点则认为，天是自然，人是自然的一部分，天人是合一的。"The theory that man is an integral part of nature" is an ancient Chinese philosophical concept concerning the relationship between heaven and man. This theory declares that heaven and man are inseparable, that heaven or the mandate of heaven is the lord over all things and that human nature is an endowment(捐赠（的财物）) of Heaven. Another view considers that heaven is nature, that man is part of nature and that heaven and man are integrated.

例二

长江三峡是瞿塘峡、巫峡、西陵峡的总称，全长193公里，是世界最大峡谷之一。瞿塘峡居西，峡口绝壁对峙，如两扇大门。巫峡居中，山势峻拔奇丽。巫山十二峰中，神女峰秀丽挺拔，最迷人。最东是西陵峡，滩多水急，礁石林立，航道曲折。

“The Three Gorges on the Yangtze River”____ the Jutang, the

Wu and the Xiling ____ all together 193 kilometres, is one of the longest in the world. In the west, is the Jutang Gorge, at the mouth of which precipices(悬崖，峭壁) on both sides resemble two big doors. In the middle lies the Wu Gorge, where cliffs are tall and precipitous and the sights extraordinary. Of the twelve peaks, the Peak of Shengnu is tallest, most graceful and enchanting(令人着迷的，令人陶醉的). The Xiling Gorge, in the east, is noted for its swift water rushing over a course made tortuous by many reefs(礁) and sandbars （沙滩）.

例三

昆曲，又称“昆剧”。优秀传统剧种之一。最早是流行于江苏昆山的民间戏曲，后经戏曲音乐家和艺人的合作，创制昆山腔。表演动作与声腔十分优美，舞蹈性强，是中国古代完整的民族戏曲表演体系。对其它剧种有很大影响。

"Kunqu opera" is one of the traditional Chinese operas and its music is known as Kunqu. It originated from early folk operas popular in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province. Later on, opera musicians and actors jointly created new melodies（曲调，旋律）, which then spread far and wide. People called them "melodies of Kunshan opera" or Kunshan opera. The melodies for Kunshan opera are very beautiful. Dance also plays an important role in these performances. Kunqu opera developed its own distinctive modes of performance.

Among time-honored(历史悠久的) Chinese national operas, it has exerted great influence on other operas.

例四

围棋（the game of go）起源于中国，是世界上最古老的棋类。围棋是一种智力型运动，学围棋既可锻炼提高人们的逻辑思维能力，又能陶冶情操，培养人们顽强、冷静、沉着的性格。因此，它越来越受到现代年轻人的欢迎。现在，世界上已有40多个国家和地区开展了围棋运动。其中，以中国、日本、韩国的围棋运动水平最高。围棋已发展成为一种重要的国际体育竞赛项目。

The game of go, originated in China, is the earliest form of chess in the world. Playing go exercises the brain and enhances one's sense of logic. At the same time, it can also cultivate temperament, and build up character of perseverance and calmness. Therefore, go has become more and more popular with modern young people. Today, it has spread to more than 40 countries and regions. Players from China, Japan and the Republic of Korea are of the highest skill in the world. Go has been developed into a very important international contest.

例五

蚯蚓

蚯蚓（earthworm）是一种有益的动物。在地面上它是其它动物的食物。在地下，它为田野和花园制造肥沃的土壤。

蚯蚓能挖洞，而洞穴能使土壤疏松，因而使空气和水更容易达到植物的根部。这些洞穴还有利于土壤的排水。

蚯蚓把枯萎的树叶、草和花瓣拖进洞穴中。当这些植物垃圾腐烂以后，就使土壤肥沃。

蚯蚓对制造优良的表层土壤所起的作用是其它任何动物都比不上的。据估计，五万条蚯蚓一年内能在一英亩的土地上制造大约十八顿优良土壤。

The Earthworm

The earthworm is a useful animal. On the ground it is food for other animals. Under the ground, it makes rich soil for fields and gardens.

Earthworms dig tunnels that loosen the soil and make it for air and water to reach the roots of plants. These tunnels help keep the soil well drained.

Earthworms drag withered（枯萎的）leaves, grass and flowers into their burrows（地洞，藏身处）. When this plant litter decays it makes the soil more fertile.

No other animal is so useful in building up good topsoil. It is estimated that in one year fifty thousand earthworms carry about eighteen tons of fine soil to the surface of an acre of land.

例六

中国是个礼仪（amenity）之邦, 凡事注重规矩。就拿喝酒来说，

也有很多有意思的事儿。比如在宴席上，如果想表示对长辈或者上级的尊重，晚辈就会主动举杯敬酒（toast）, 在喝掉酒之前，两个人会碰一下酒杯表示亲近，碰杯的时候，晚辈举杯不能比长辈高，这表示尊重。主动敬酒的人会把一杯酒全部喝完，以此表示自己的诚意。中国人喝酒一般比较热闹，大家说说笑笑，气氛融洽。

China is a country of amenity, attaching the importance to rules in everything. Taking drinking for an example, there are so many interesting things. For example, at a banquet, if someone wants to express his \ her respect to their elders or superiors, he \ she will toast. Before drinking the wine, they will touch their cups to show their affection. When they begin to drink, the younger's cup will be lower than the superior's to show his \ her respect. The person who toasts on his \ her own will empty one cup of wine at one go to show his \ her sincerities. It's a jolly time when the Chinese drink wine. On this occasion, everyone will be in a friendly mood.

例七

庭院是胡同中的一种独特的传统民居。庭院民居也被称为“四合院”。由于它特别的布局，四合院被比拟成一个中心带花园的盒子。四合院只有一个门通向外面的胡同，所以当这扇门被关闭的时候，这所庭院就和外边的世界失去了联系。因此，家庭成员们能完全沉浸在宁静中并享受着安宁的家庭团圆之乐。这种住宅形式符合中国古代的家庭传统及其发展方式。

The courtyard is a unique traditional civilian residence in the hutongs. It is also called "Siheyuan". Due to its special layout, it is compared to a box with a garden in the centre. There is only one gate leading to a hutong, so when the gate is closed the courtyard loses touch with the outside world. Therefore family members can fully enjoy tranquility and share the happiness of a peaceful family union. The construction mode for residential houses is in keeping with China's ancient family tradition and its development.

例八

在大兴安岭，有山必有林，有林必生云。凡晴日拂晓之时，或雨过天开之后，都会出现云海奇观。有时如轻纱飘逸，有时如絮团簇拥。来得急，散得快，须臾之间便无影无踪。

In the Greater Hinggan Mountains, trees grow on every mountain, and clouds arise from every forest. At dawn on a clear day or right after a rain, a sea of clouds will rise and drift over the woods, ethereal （轻飘的，飘渺的）as a silk veil or clustered（群集，丛生）like piles of cotton. They disperse as abruptly as they emerge, vanishing out of sight in an instant and leaving no trace behind.

例九

可能是中国的电视小品不太容易让老百姓过上一把瘾了，于是电视里又兴起把几个外国人弄到台上。导演都跟商量好了似的，让他们在台上装疯卖傻。我真纳闷儿，怎么到中国来的外国人一上了舞台，