阅读理解微观解题技巧(一)学生

阅读理解微观解题技巧（一）

技巧一细节理解题

【水平诊断】Winners are great at overcoming problems. For example, if you were late because your car broke down, maybe you need to have your car examined more regularly. Or, you might start to carry along with you the useful phone numbers, so you could call for help when in need. For another example, if your colleague causes you problems on the job for lack of responsibility or ability, find ways of dealing with his irresponsibility or inability rather than simply blame the person. Ask to work with a different person, or don’t rely on this person. You should accept that the person is not reliable and find creative ways to work successfully regardless of how your colleague fails to do his job well.

When your colleague brings about a problem, you should ______.

A. find a better way to handle the problem

B. blame him for his lack of responsibility

C. tell him to find the cause of the problem

D. ask a more able colleague for help

【诊断指导】细节理解题在阅读理解题中占有很大比例，主要考查学生对于阅读材料中的某一具体事实或细节的理解。有些细节理解题可以直接从文中找到答案，有些则需要在理解的基础上将有关的信息进行甄别、筛选后才能得出正确答案。

【题干表现形式】

●From the passage we know that ______.In the passage, the author states that ______.

●The writer mentions all of the items listed below Except ______.Which of the following statements is NOT true?

●Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?

●Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the third paragraph?

【解题方法】

1. 对于直接或间接细节题，可以采用三步解题原则。

1）关键词筛选。利用查读（Scanning）技巧查找相关信息。3）相邻和夹逼原则。

〖例题〗（2全国I卷）There were smiling children all the way. Charily they knew at what time the train passed their homes and they made it their business to stand along the railway, wave to complete strangers and cheer them up as they rushed towards Penang. Often whole families stood outside their homes and waved and smiled as if those on the trains were their favorite relatives. This is the simple village people of Malaysia. I was moved.…

The day passed fast and I even forgot to have my lunch until I felt hungry. I looked at my watch and was surprised that it was 3:00 pm. Soon the train pulled up at Butterworth. I looked at the people all around me. They all looked beautiful. When my uncle arrived with a smile, I threw my arms around him to give him a warm hug (拥抱). I had never done this before. He seemed surprised and then his weather-beaten face warmed up with a huge smile. We walked arm in arm to his car. I looked forward to the return journey.

What did the author remember most fondly of her train trip?

A. The friendly country people.

B. The mountains along the way.

C. The crowds of people in the streets.

D. The simple lunch served on the train.

2. 对于排序细节题，采用首尾定位法。即先找出第一个动作或步骤和最后一个动作或步骤，迅速缩小选择范围。〖例题〗（湖北卷）Gerner manages school facilities (设施) for Clark County, Nevada, a district roughly the size of Massachusetts. By 2018,143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded public-education system. Gerner needs 73 new schools to house them. Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes (样品); they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009. The district will then assess how well the schools perform, and three winners will copy those designs in 50 to 70 new buildings.

Which order of steps is followed in carrying out the project?

A. Assessment－Prototype－Design－Construction.

B. Assessment－Design－Prototype－Construction.

C. Design－Assessment－Prototype－Construction.

D. Design－Prototype－Assessment－Construction.

3. 另外，我们还要观察干扰项的特点：有相当一部分事实细节题的选项照抄了原文的部分信息，这样的选项往往都是迷惑项，而将原文句子换一种形式表达的选项往往是正确的答案。因此，做此类题时要注意不能认为选项用词与原文相似的就是答案。

技巧二主旨大意题

【水平诊断】(上海C篇) “Get yo ur hands off me, I ha ve been stolen,” the laptop, a portable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: a program that lets owners give their property a voice when it has been taken.

The program allows users to display alerts on t he missing computer’s screen and even to set a spoken message. Tracking software for stolen laptops has been on the market for some time, but this is thought to be the first that allows owners to give the thief a piece of their mind.

Owners must report their laptop missing by visiting a website, which sends a message to the model: a red and yellow “lost or stolen” sign appears on its screen when it is started. Under the latest version（版本）of the software, users can also send a spoken message.

The message c an be set to reappear every 30 seconds, no matter how many times the thief closes it.” One customer sent a message saying,’ You are being tracked. I am right at your door’,” said Carrie Hafeman, chief executive of the company which produces the program, Retriever.

In the latest version, people can add a spoken message. For example, the laptop’s speakers will say: “Help, this laptop is reported lost or stolen. If you are not my owner, report me now.”

The Retriever software package, which costs $29.95 but has a free trial period, has the functions of many security software programs .Owners can remotely switch to an alternative password if they fear that the thief has also got hold of the access details.

If a thief accesses the internet with the stolen laptop, Retriever will collect information on the internet service provider in use, so that the police can be alerted to its location.

Thousands of laptops are stolen every year form homes and offices, but with the use of laptops increasing, the number stolen while their owners are out and about has been rising sharply.

Other security software allows users to erase data remotely or lock down the computer.

Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?

A. With no Retriever, thousands of laptops are stolen every year.

B. A new soft ware provides a means to reduce laptop theft.

C. Retriever has helped to find thieves and lost computers.

D. A new program offers a communication platform with the thief.

【诊断指导】主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中不可缺少的阅读题型之一，而且难度相对比较大。细分起来，主要考查学生对于文章的中心思想、作者的态度以及写作意图等的阅读理解。

【设题方式】考查文章的中心思想

1.The main idea/key point of the passage is that ______. 2 The passage is mainly about ______.

3．From the passage we can learn/conclude that ______.4.Which of the following statements best express the main idea of the passage?

考查文章的标题The best title/ headline for this passage is ______. 2 Which of the following is the best title?

3What would be the best title for the text? 4The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ______.

【解题技巧归纳】

主题句是归纳表达文章中心思想的句子，它的出现主要有四种情况：

主题句在开头。主题句在结尾。主题句在中间。无明显的主题句，但是各小节可能有主题句。

〖例题1〗（2辽宁卷）

Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.

One of the studies looked at nearly 400northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.

A second study ,looking at nearly 1000 grown-ups in New Zealand, found lower education levels among 26-year –olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood .But the results don’t prove that TV is the cause and don't ride out

that already poorly motivated youngsters may wash lots of TV.

What would be the best title for this text?

A. Computers or Television

B. Effects of Television on Children

C. Studies on TV and College Education

D. Television and Children's Learning Habits

〖例题2〗（北京卷）

When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance，the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important…

Music tells us who we are…

Music provides a kind of perception（感知）that cannot be acquired any other way …

The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols…

So music education is far more necessary than people seem to realize.

What is the main idea of the passage?

A．Music education deserves more attention. B．Music should be of top education priority.

C．Music is an effective communication tool. D．Music education makes students more imaginative.

【课堂检测】

（I）The art of reading fiction is largely a matter of inferring meanings. To infer means to understand facts which are not directly stated—only suggested. Inference is one of the commonest ways of knowing things: a child holds his knee and cries; this action implies his feeling; an observer infers that the child is hurt. To infer accurately in everyday life requires caution in observing; to infer skillfully in fiction requires caution in reading; both require disciplined imagination.

The short-story reader can expect to find certain basic elements in any story. For example, all stories involve a person or persons, in a particular setting, faced with a demand for a response. The response called for may be a physical action, such as defeating an adversary(对手) or escaping from a danger; or it may be a mental action, such as adjusting to others or within oneself. In either case, the short story is a description in two ways: first, it shows the motives for a given human action; second, it makes a point about the general human situation. Such descriptions, however, rather than being stated directly, usually are implied by the elements of the story.

When the reader of a story understands all the facts and their interrelationships, he is ready to infer the significance of the story as a whole—its comment on the human situation. This comment, or theme, is the seed from which the story grew. It is also the idea by which all the separate elements of the story are governed, while these in turn further shape and modify the theme. In addition to action, character, and setting, these elements include structure, mood, tone, and point of view.

Fiction reading requires an awareness of all the ways in which a story communicates. It also requires attention to detail. What the author provides is a network of points which serve as clues to his meaning. He invites the reader to develop the meaning by inference, actually to create much of the story himself and so make it part of his own experience.

1. According to the author, “infer”means “______”.

A. knowing facts beyond the statement

B. looking for more evidences for the statement

C. finding out a different meaning from the statement

D. adding some facts to the statement

2. What is the implied meaning of the last sentence?

A. Inferring can really help the reader develop imagination and enrich himself.

B. Inferring can help the reader write a story of his own.

C. The reader should look for an experience described in the story he reads.

D. The experience described in the story will leave a great impact on its reader.

3. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Inferring is an art of writing.

B. Inferring is a need in fiction writing.

C. Inferring is the basic skill in reading fiction.

D. Inferring is common in reading.

（II）Research shows that childhood friendships are important indicators of future success and social adjustment.

Children’s relationships with peers(同龄人) strongly influence their success in school, and children with fewer friends are more at risk of dropping out of school, becoming depressed and other problems.

Making and Keeping Friends Is More Than Child’s Play

When 6-year-old Rachel returned to school on a recent Monday morning, her eyes immediately scanned the playground for her friend Abbie. Though they were only separated by a weekend, the girls “ran right into each other’s arms and hugged”, recalls Rachel’s mother Kathryn Willis of Gilbert. “It was like a scene from a movie.”

Most parents instinctively(本能地) know that having friends is good for their child. Experts agree that friendship is not simply child’s play, but a powerful predictor of social adjustment throughout life.

A Skill for Life

“Childhood friendships serve as a very important training ground for adulthood,”says Dr. Robbie Adler-Tapia, psychologist with the Center for Children s Health & Life Development at the East Valley Family Resource Center.

Researcher William Hartup states, “Peer relations contribute significantly to both social and cognitive(认知的) development.”Hartup concludes that the single best childhood predictor of adult social adaptation is not school grades or classroom behavior, but rather, how well a child gets along with other children.

The work of Arizona State University professor of developmental psychology Gary Ladd proves that just as being able to make and keep friends is beneficial to kids, so is the lack of friends detrimental.

Good Friendships Don’t Just Happen

Experts agree that it is essential for children to establish high-quality friendships. But, researchers warn, these friendships don’t necessarily just happen. Often, a good friendship begins with involved parents.

Valley psychologist Dr. Lynne Kenney Markan believes kids should be taught social skills in much the same way they are taught math and reading.

Bad Company

Many parents worry about the quality as well as the quantity of their child’s friendships.

“When she was in 1st grade, her supposed‘best friend’began calling her names and threatening to hurt her,”says Mindy Miller. “My daughter wasn’t allowed to talk to or even look at other girls in her class. It really crushed(压垮) her spirit. I told my daughter she didn’t need a ‘friend’like that.”

“I’ll bend over backwards to help my son get together with a friend I think is good for him,”Adler-Tapia says. “I don’t look at it as manipulation(操纵), just positive parental involvement.”

1. The underlined word “detrimental”could be replaced by “______”.

A. aggressive

B. disappointing

C. ridiculous

D. harmful

2. We can learn from the passage that high-quality friendship most probably results from _____.

A. social skills and good study habits

B. school grades and classroom behaviors

C. academic success and social adaptation

D. positive parental involvement and social skills

3. From the last paragraph we can conclude that Dr. Robbie Adler-Tapia agrees that ______.

A. parents should regard making friends as something that just happens

B. it’s wise for parents to support and encourage healthy peer relationships

C. parents only need to help their children to cope with difficult social situations

D. parents are supposed to encourage their children to make as many friends as they can

阅读理解微观解题技巧（二）

技巧三词义猜测题【水平诊断】

（安徽卷C篇）When Frida Kahlo’s paintings were on show in London, a poet described her paintings as “a ribbon(丝带) around a bomb”. Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time. Sadly, she is actually a much bigger name today than she was during her time.…

What does the phrase “a much bigger name” in paragraph 1 most nearly mean ______?

A. a far better artist

B. a far more gifted artist

C. a much stronger person

D. a much more famous person

【诊断指导】

在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分为五类：●旧词新义，主要考查词汇表中未出现的词义。合成词、转化词和派生词。

●“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解。

●“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名词增多，这些词往往有一定的文化背景。超纲词汇。

该类题常见的考查形式有：

1.The phrase “…” in the sentence could be replaced by ______.

2.The word “…” in the paragraph refers to ______.

3.What is the meaning of the underground word in the paragraph? / What does the underlined word mean?

4.Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “…”?

5.The word “…” most nearly means ______.

【解题技巧归纳】要点一：定义解释法

〖例题〗（安徽卷）Of course, the good of oxen is not limited to plowing. In fact, they are seen as “boats on land” for their ability to carry loads.

The words “boats on land” underlined in Paragraph 2 refer to ______.

A. animals for taking goods

B. creatures for pulling plows

C. treasures of the folk culture

D. tools in the farming economy

要点二：利用举例法

〖例题〗（福建卷）In his book, he has challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting(融化) of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.

The underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to ______.

A. freezing points

B. burning points

C. melting points

D. boiling points

要点三：语境推断法

〖例题〗（全国卷I）I had always travelled to Malaysia by plane or car, so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread. I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I signed and sat down to read my Economics.

Which of the following words can best take the place of the word “relish” in the second paragraph?

A. choose

B. enjoy

C. prepare for

D. carry on

要点四：同义词法

〖例题〗（江苏卷）Some family names were made by adding something to the father’s name. English-speaking people added –s or –son. The Johnsons are descendants of John; the Roberts family’s ancestor was Robert. Irish and Scottish people added Mac or Mc or O. Perhaps all of the MacDonnells and the McDonnells and the O’Donnells are descendants of the same Donnell.

The underlined word “descendants” in the last paragraph means a person’s ______.

A. later generations

B. friends and relatives

C. colleagues and partners

D. later sponsors

要点五：词义转折法

〖例题〗（山东卷）Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.

What does the underlined phrase “over-consumption” refer to?

A. Using too much packaging.

B. Recycling too many wastes.

C. Making more products than necessary.

D. Having more material than is needed.

要点六：词义搭配关联法

〖例题〗（山东卷）Tobacco taxes improve public health, they raise money and most particularly, they deter people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted.

The underlined word “deter” is Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.

A. discourage

B. remove

C. benefit

D. free

技巧四态度观点题

【水平诊断】（全国卷I）

The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习) for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one’s future development.

What is the author’s opinion on cramming? A. It leads to failure in college exams. B. It’s helpful only in a limited way. C. It’s possible to result in poor memory. D. It increases students’ learning interest.

【诊断指导】观点态度题是指测试作者或其他人的观点和态度以及文章基调的题目。这类问题无法直接从文章中找到答案，必须通过字里行间对于作者的用词、口气等进行认真揣摩，才能把握关键之所在。

观点态度题的题干中一般都含有attitude, opinion, believe, consider等词语。这类题目除了考查作者在整篇文章中所表现出来的态度和写作意图，以及作者的态度和评价外，还有作者的行文基调。常见的题干表现形式有以下几种：

1.What’s the opinion of the author in the passage?

2.What’s the writer’s attitude towards…?

3.What does the author mean by saying …?

4.From the … paragraph, what do you think the author wants to tell us?

5.Which of the following best describes the author’s tone in this passage?

6.The tone of the passage could best be described as ______.

【解题技巧归纳】

1.作者的观点和态度

〖例题〗（2天津卷）“I’m just amazed you still have the same stand for holding the pad and pencil after all these years,”

I say to her, walking back into the living-room with a sheet of paper and the pencil. “You still use a pencil. Can’t you afford a pen?”

What is the author’s original opinion about the wood stand?

A. It has great value for the family.

B. It needs to be replaced by a better one.

C. It brings her back to her lonely childhood.

D. It should be passed onto the next generation.

2. 文中人物的观点或态度。

〖例题〗（山西卷）“I think people in the old days had just as many troubles and worries,” Joyce said, “and I don’t think their life was better or worse, there were lots of things back then that I’m happy I don’t have to deal with nowadays, but on the other hand, life was simpler.”“We had a lot more time with our family, and it was hard being nice to each other all the time,” eleven-year-old Hilary said.

According to Paragraph 4, what’s Joyce’s opinion about life in 1900?

A. There were fewer problems for the family.

B. Life was simpler but worse than it is now.

C. There were things she liked and disliked.

D. The family had more time to stay together.

3. 文中事例所支持的观点。

〖例题〗（湖北卷）Feeling blue about the world ? “Cheer up,” s ays science writer Matt Ridley.”The world has never been a better place to live in, and it will keep on getting better both for humans and for nature.”

Ridley calls himself a rational optimist—rational, because he’s carefully weighed the evidence; optimistic, because that evidence shows human progress to be both unavoidable and good. And t his is what he’s set out to pro ve from unique point of view in his most recent book, The Rant anal Opting. He views mankind as a grand enterprise that, on the whole, has done little but progress for 100,000 years. He backs his finding with hard facts gathered through years of research.

Here’s how he explains his views.…

2) Brilliant advances

One reason we are richer, healthier, taller, cleverer, longer-lived and freer than ever before is that the four most basic human needs---food, clothing, fuel and shelter---have grown a lot cheaper. Take one example. In 1800 a candle providing one hour’s light cost six hours’ work. In the 1880s the same light from an oil lamp took 15 minutes’ work to pay for. In 1950 it was eigh t seconds. Today it’s half second.

The candle and lamp example is used to show that ______.

A. oil lamps give off more light than candles

B. shortening working time brings about a happier life.

C. advanced technology helps to produce better candles

D. increased production rate leads to lower cost of goods. 【课堂检测】

（I）Once many years ago, I pulled a family out of a burning car somewhere in Wyoming. Last week I received a telephone call from a woman who could not stop crying as she told me that one of my stories had saved her son from committing suicide. In closing she called me a hero.

That got me thinking about what a hero is. Was I a hero because I pulled a family out from a burning car? If so, how could I be a hero just because I wrote a story that saved someone's life?

Today I decided to look up the word “hero” in the dictionary to see exactly what it meant. It read “a person who does something brave”. As I read on, it also said “a person who is good and noble ”．

That statement impressed me more than the part about being brave. So I thought about something very important. Say I was walking into the local Wal-Mart Store and I happened to open, and hold the door for someone as a courtesy. As they passed me by, I said, “How are you today？” Most o f the time that would be no big deal, but this time let's say it was for someone who was deeply depressed and near the end of the rope.

That may have very well been the only kindness or courtesy shown to them in a very long time. Having been near “the end of my rope”, after my marriage of twenty years ended, I was in such a condition. I was within hours trying to get enough courage to end the pain and misery. When I returned home, someone had sent me a card in the mail which told me how much they would appreciate me as a friend. That wonderful card probably saved my life. That person, without even knowing it, saved a life and became a hero.

The many stories I kept writing in the following years saved the life of a teenage boy. In return that makes the person who sent me the card a double hero. I suppose that is why I fight so hard to help the children now living in the orphanages. Most children come out of these institutions with a very hard and bitter attitude against the world. The gifts we send them let them know that they have not been forgotten. Hopefully, most of them will never hurt anyone because of the kindness shown to them by those of us who cared. If it works, we will also become “Heroes”.

Gee, who would have ever thought that anyone can become a hero, and possibly save a life just by being kind and courteous to others? The best part of all is that becoming a hero is free to all who wish to wear such an honor. 1．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?

A. Why Should You Be A Hero? B．What Exactly Is A Hero?

C．I Am A Hero. D．Everyone Is a Hero.

2. The underlined word “courtesy” in Paragraph 4 means the behavior that is ______.

A. both polite and respectful

B. both brave and fearless

C. both thoughtful and considerate

D. both cute and kind

3. The underlined word “it” in the last sentence of Paragraph 5 refers to ______.

A. the wonderful card the writer received

B. the action of sending the card

C. the fact that the sender saved the writer

D. the fact that the sender was a true friend

(II) For over 2,000 years, the examination of the pulse has been a mysterious skill in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Although many Westerners may have know something about methods like inspecting, listening, enquring and pulse reading as a tool to determine physical condition was not common knowledge. It is therefore worth our effort to take a closer look at it.

There are three positions on each wrist which are used for analysis: the front, middle and back. These parts are analyzed at three different levels: superficial, middle and deep.

On the left wrist, the front position focuses on the condition of the heart and intestine(小肠), the middle position concentrates on the functions of the liver and gall bladder(胆囊), and the back position is connected with the kidney(肾). The lungs and large intestine are the centre of attention in the front position on the right wrist, with the middle position focusing on the spleen(脾) and stomach and the back taking note of the “Gate of Vitality Fire”. this is the heat provider for all bodily functions.

In regards to the various levels, the superficial level reflects the state of energy, the middle level shows the state of blood flow, and the deep level is an indication of the state of the Yin organs. Suppose that the pulse in the left middle position was soft and smooth, neither superficial nor deep, it would suggest that the liver and gall bladder are in a good state of health.

Checking the pulse is actually far more complex. Doctors need to be able to recognize 26 different pulse categories. For example, a scattered pulse which is irregular and hardly noticeable is a sign that a patient is critically ill and near death. Other categories include the rapid pulse, probably a sign of a fever, or the tense pulse, which may suggest that the patient is suffering from pain. Many pulses only have slight differences, thus, pulse examination is often seen as being more than just a skill but an actual art form.

This kind of medical diagnosis can be affected by many factors, so before any examination, it is important that patients are in a relaxed physical and mental state so they can get the most accurate reading. The morning is often the best time to take such a reading, as a busy day in the office or vigorous exercise before seeing the doctor can influence the quality of the pulse. The right amount of pressure must be applied by the doctor for the right duration of time. Patients’ characteristics are also o f importance. Children, for example, have quick pulses and athletes have slower than usual ones. Even seasonal influences need to be taken into account.

1. Which of the following is the most suitable title for this passage?

A. Chinese Pulse Checking.

B. Brief Introduction to Traditional Chinese Medicine.

C. What Makes a Good Doctor.

D. Difficulties in Pulse Checking.

2. The underlined phrase “take note of” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.

A. controlling

B. handling

C. reflecting

D. adjusting

3. From the passage we can infer that the writer believes ______.

A. Chinese medicine is too difficult to learn

B. pulse reading requires a long period of time study and practice

C. doctors need to be familiar with Chinese history

D. pulse examinations is unimportant and no longer necessary

重点短语及句式：

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