在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料
文献出处：U Gretzel. The business model innovation of online travel in E-commerce environment [J]. Tourism management, 2015, 31(2): 179-188.
原文
The business model innovation of online travel in E-commerce environment
U Gretzel
Abstract
Online travel industry as the combination of tourism and the Internet, have different characteristics with the traditional tourism. In this process, the Internet is always playing an important role in the world. With the progress of the society, the Internet technology perfect fusion together with the traditional commerce, has given rise to a new economic form, namely the electronic commerce. Electronic commerce appeared was penetrated into society at an alarming rate of all walks of life, to bring all walks of life the subversive, new changes. The speeding up of the modernization process, making online travel services and online travel services business model also have different characteristics and features.
Keywords: e-commerce, online travel, business model
1 Introduction
Compared with a previous any technological revolution in the computer network is widely used for the symbol of the social impact of modern science and technology revolution in both depth and breadth is unprecedented, it is in the human into the information age also created a new industry, information technology industry. Electronic commerce if it shows strong vitality and influence, its impact on the society as a whole both in breadth and in depth are far more than any time before the scientific and technological achievements. On the one hand, it forced firms to transfer the line of sight to the traditional business constraints, across the existing competition boundaries to create a new market. On the other hand, it also create conditions for the adjustment of enterprise business model. Enterprise business model, its essence is business model design and implementation of business model of systemic framework and tools. Therefore, in this with differentiation, personalized for the demand of the mainstream market environment, companies can create, practice its strategy is
essentially refers to the enterprise business model innovation is valid.
The biggest characteristic is to customers of tourism demand elasticity, sensitive to the environment. The penetration of the thorough application of the Internet and e-commerce is bound to have a significant impact on the development of the industry. Therefore, the enterprise can be in a whole new perspective of business model innovation as the starting point is the access to resources, improve ability and the key to achieve strategic competitive advantage.
2 Literature review
The rise of online travel services and development, and changed from the wooden curve of the development of tourism industry and tourism enterprises operating mode and business process, influence is more, I want to focus ten online travel service management, the relationship of relevant interest groups, business model, sales, and pure way, successful experience and the development trend of the future.
Fesenraaier (2008) analyzed the business situation and business models. Think there are three kinds of operation mode: general tourist information service website, online travel booking service agents, travel service and travel products suppliers directly. Analyzes the travel website works in the United States, the U.S. travel sites is the brand cooperation, preferential prices, the network marketing, service fees and other measures to boost profits.Sigak (2007) discusses the social network such as the use and management of new technology of web 2.0, web 2.0 combined with online travel is a new innovation, will set up a new online travel business model, the use and management of web 2.0 will be to influence business decisions.Reuver, etc. (2008) studied the importance of online travel website domain name online, online domain influence consumer concern for its tourism website on the Internet, analyze the importance of the search engine's influence on online travel and tourism search engine.Olson (2010) through the travel sites, travel sites users and tourism service providers to three aspects of survey, reveals the most is a regional tourist destination travel website supplier organization, provides comprehensive local tourism information and online services. Analyzed the user's satisfaction, discuss the obstacles
for realizing the online travel service lies in technology and finance, Internet speed is slow and high cost, and put forward the possible methods to improve the quality of service of online travel.Terwiech (2005) studied the NYOP consumer behavior, analysis to simulate the NYOP intermediate distributors and bargaining between a group of consumers buying and selling model.NYOP middlemen to accept potential buyers choose to accept or reject after quotation. Bargain buying and selling model through price discrimination to show us how to use this NYOP business model set limits the price the retailer and get a better profit.Fay (2004) studied the NYOP business model of repeated issue quotation. Enterprise’s single bid of Priceline it may cause repeated bidding procurement, paper studies the limit consumer the behavior is not conducive to the number of bid NYOP company's profits. Results show that the number of repeat for the impact on the profit is not unified, too high and too low will repeat to NYOP bidding behavior and the impact on profits.
3 Online travel enterprise business model analyses
3.1 The summary of online travel related
3.1.1 The meaning of online travel
Online tourism is refers to the use of the Internet technology route query reservation and travel products, online services and other related tourism products, include sharing tourism process through the network or tourist experience, and the interactions between passengers. Specific include: tourism and the corresponding prepared; ongoing interaction and tourism after the sharing and review. In general, the online travel is the travel service industry and the combination of electronic commerce, with the "online" to serve "tourism", and got a new forms of operation in the service industry, in a narrow sense, tourism electronic commerce, broadly speaking is the online travel industry chain.
3.1.2 The characteristics of online travel
Depending on the technology of online travel refers to the network through online access and booking travel products, and can travel through the network to share or travel experience. Online travel and primarily due to the traditional tourism mode and refer to the difference of information, not in addition to no other difference.
Online travel service is a kind of means, through the Internet or mobile Internet to facilitate everybody. No matter traditional website is now online travel agency, is with the nature of the agents, provide passengers with scenic area as the center of the related tourism products experience, the ultimate goal of all of them is to get benefits, to maximize profit.
Online travel cost is low; the travel agency for the launch of advertising is increased, but the return on investment is small. It can take advantage of the Internet, reducing the costs of tourist information filtering. Through the vertical search engine, users can learn different price differences, price-sensitive online users will be able to buy relatively cheap travel products, as a result, passengers can travel through online channels to get product price, price advantage. Online travel to maximize the integration of the world in the fan of tourist information, diversified services to realized. Mobile network application is breakthrough space constraints, promoted the growth of online travel. The travel speed of network marketing, transmission range is wide, advertising effect is obvious. Tourism product differentiation, service content, the advantage of diversity and tourism users do not need to on-the-spot investigation, can through online access to other tourists travel information sharing. Network interactive advantage user confidence is in the tourism product, the tourism become a group of potential customers.
3.2 The online travel business model and its operation
Online travel market size, and has huge potential, online travel companies in competition, many different kinds of business models, and to diversify its business model include:
The agent service is business model. See this business model is more. The online travel companies act as the role of intermediate distributors, provide trading services for users and product suppliers, and draw a certain proportion in the trading commission. The business model of the lower trading revenues, but the income is stable.
Single reservation mode, subdividing the individual content of tourism experience, have special only responsible for hotel reservation website, only
responsible for car rental Booking website and only make a reservation for flight Booking website, etc., such as hotel reservation services only Agora and Booking, etc., only provide Avis car rental service.
Social media everything is business model. The model through the Internet for reviews of tour and travel guides, tourism information sharing, novel share gathered a large number of the target group of social interaction, produce traffic, at the same time use the display of the contents and advertisements in mass effect, its main source of profits is content display and ads. This new online is travel enterprise profit model with https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee15867276.html, on behalf of the enterprise.
Users' bid mode is namely the NYOP business model. The business model pioneered in the United States, the main business hotel reservation, ticket booking, tankers, car rental and destination scenic area cooperation business, with the product quantity and relatively fixed price to get the corresponding goods, online travel service providers as intermediate distributors have pricing power, provide fuzzy information to consumers, the asymmetric information of earn commodity price bidding behavior. Income is higher; the model of single deal main profit source is the product of the difference.
E-commerce development model is online tourism Commodity Exchange acceleration, goods online mall. Due to the traditional tourism holds the proportion of the resources, the advantage of electric business model makes the traditional travel agencies to consider online services, using the offline products online sales network, both online and offline sales channels. Tourism market in the future, there will be no difference between traditional tourism and online travel sites, online travel companies to offline channels, and traditional tourism enterprises start to online service channel, tourism enterprises double channels of the online and offline two-way integration of the business model inevitable trend. Related business model a relatively stable earnings, due to the power of the web, price difference is not obvious, profit space is small.
4 Conclusions
Online travel industry is the development trend of intelligent tourism and social
services, so the development of online travel service business model to the intelligent and high quality of service development. Information to continue to strengthen, the advantages of using new technology to adapt to the needs of social development, meet people's needs, intelligent is means. Tourism is a service industry experience, the ultimate purpose is to improve the service and customer satisfaction, information into a consumer experience, no matter how tourism landscape changes, to serve the community for the purpose. Future, information technology will further development, the development of the online travel industry chain are built on the basis of the mobile network to develop, the online travel service from the user needs to have the necessary quality of service, moreover also requires attention to two-way integration of online and offline business.
译文
电子商务环境下的在线旅游模式创新
U Gretzel
摘要
在线旅游业作为旅游业与互联网的结合,有着与传统旅游业不同的特点。在此过程中,互联网始终扮演着举足轻重的角色。随着社会的进步,互联网技术与传统商务完美融合在一起，催生了一种全新的经济形态,即电子商务。电子商务一出现就以惊人的速度渗透到社会的各行各业,给各行各业带了颠覆性的、全新的变化。现代化进程的加快,使得在线旅游服务和在线旅游服务商业模式也有着不同的特点和特征。
关键词：电子商务，在线旅游，商业模式
1引言
与以往的任何一次科技革命相比,以计算机网络广泛应用为标志的现代科技革命对社会的影响无论是在深度上还是广度上都是史无前例的,它在把人类带入了信息时代的同时也缔造了一个全新的产业——信息技术产业。电子商务一经出现就显示了极强的生命力和影响力,它对整个社会的影响无论是在广度还是在深度上都远远超过了之前的任何一次科技成就。一方面,它迫使企业将视线转移到传统的商战限制性因素之外,跨越现有的竞争界限去开创全新的市场。另一方面,
它也为企业商业模式的调整创造了条件。企业的商业模式,其本质是设计商业模式并实施商业模式的系统性框架和工具。因此,在这个以差异化、个性化为主流的需求市场环境下,企业能否开创、实践其战略实质上是指企业的商业模式创新是否有效。
旅游业的最大的特点就是客户需求弹性大、对外界环境敏感。互联网的深入应用以及电子商务的渗透必定会对整个行业的发展产生巨大的影响。因此,企业能否以全新的视角把商业模式创新作为出发点是企业能否获得资源、提升能力并进一步取得战略竞争优势的关键所在。
2文献综述
在线旅行服务的兴起与发展,从根木上改变了旅游业的发展曲线与旅游企业的操作方式及业务流程,影响较多,主要集中十在线旅行服务的经营情况、相关利益群体的关系、商业模式、销售柒道、成功经验及未来的发展趋势。
Fesenraaier (2008)分析了经营情况和商业模式。认为运营模式有三类:一般旅游信息服务网站、在线旅游预订服务代理商、旅游服务和旅游商品的直接供应商。分析了美国旅游网站的运作方式,美国旅游网站多是以品牌合作、降价优惠、网络营销广告、服务佣金等措施提升利润。Sigak等(2007)探讨了社会化网络新技术web 2.0的使用和管理,web 2.0与在线旅游结合是一种新的创新,将开辟全新的在线旅游商业模式,web 2.0的使用和管理会对企业决策产生影响。Reuver等(2008)研究了在线旅游网站在线域名的重要性,在线域名影响消费者对其旅游网站在互联网上的关注程度,分析搜索引擎的重要性及旅游搜索引擎对在线旅游的影响。Olson（2010）通过对旅游网站,旅游网站用户和旅游网站服务供应商三个方面的调查,揭示了多数旅游网站供应商是区域性的旅游目的地组织,提供全面的当地旅游信息和在线服务。分析了用户的满意程度,讨论实现网上旅游服务的障碍主要在于技术和财务,上网速度慢且费用高,并提出可能的方法来提升在线旅游的服务质量。Terwiech（2005 )研究了NYOP的消费者行为,分析模拟了NYOP中间销售商和一组消费者之间讨价还价的买卖模型。NYOP中间商接受潜在买家的报价后选择接受或拒绝。讨价还价的买卖模型通过价格歧视向我们展示如何利用这种NYOP商业模式设定限制价格并获得较优的零售商利润。Fay (2004)研究了NYOP商业模式的重复报价问题。Priceline企业的单次出价的限制可能会导致部
分重复的招标采购,论文研究了限制消费者出价次数的行为是否不利于NYOP公司的利润获取。结果表明重复竞价的次数对利润的影响并不统一,过高和过低的竞价都会致NYOP的重复竞价行为,并对利润产生影响。
3在线旅游企业商业模式分析
3.1在线旅游相关概述
3.1.1在线旅游的含义
在线旅游是指利用互联网技术进行旅游路线查询和旅游产品预定,及其他相关旅游产品的在线服务,还包括通过网络分享旅游过程或旅游经验、旅客间的互动等。具体包括：旅游及相应的行前准备；旅游进行中的互动以及旅游结束后的分享和点评。综合来讲，在线旅游就是把旅游服务业与电子商务相结合,用“在线”来为“旅游”服务,从而得到了一个新的服务业态,狭义上讲就是旅游电子商务,广义上来讲就是在线旅游产业链。
3.1.2在线旅游的特点
在线旅游是指以网络技术为依托,通过在线网络查阅和预订旅游产品,并可以通过网络分享旅游或旅行经验。在线旅游和传统的旅游主要是预订方式和查阅信息的区别,没除此之外没有其他任何的区别。在线旅游是一种服务手段,通过网络或移动互联网来方便大家。不论传统的旅行社还是现在的在线旅游网站,都是具有代理中介的性质,提供旅客以景区为中心的相关旅游产品体验服务,它们的最终目的都是获取利益,达到利润最大化。
在线旅游业成本低;旅行社对于广告的投放日趋加大,但投资回报率却较小。它能利用互联网的优势,降低了旅游者的信息筛选成本。通过垂直搜索引擎,旅游用户可以了解到不同的价格差异,对价格敏感的在线用户能够买到相对比较便宜的旅游产品,因此,旅客可以通过在线途径获得旅游产品价格的认知,获得价格的优势。在线旅游能以最大限度的整合世界范刚内的旅游资讯,进行差异化多元化的服务。移动网络的应用更是突破了空间限制,促进了在线旅游业的发展。网络营销的传播速度快,传播幅度广,广告宣传效果明显。旅游产品差异化、服务内容多样性的优势。旅游用户不需要实地考察,就可以通过在线网络获取其他游客分享的旅游信息。网络的互动优势加深了旅游用户对旅游产品的信任,成为潜在顾客群。
3.2在线旅游的商业模式及其运营
在线旅游市场的规模庞大,且有着巨大潜力,在线旅游企业纷纷展开竞争,多种各样的商业模式出现,并向多样化发展，其商业模式包括：
代理商服务商业模式。这种商业模式比较多见,在线旅游企业充当着中间销售商的角色,为用户和产品供应商提供交易服务,同时在交易中提取一定比例的佣金。这种商业模式的交易营业收入较低,但是收益稳定。
单一预定模式,将旅游体验的各个内容进行细分,有专门只负责酒店预定的网站、只负责租车预定的网站和只预定订机票的网站等,如只提供酒店预定服务的Agoda和Booking等,只提供租车服务的Avis。
社交媒体化的商业模式。该模式通过互联网进行旅游点评和游记攻略等旅游信息的分享,新颖的社交互动分享聚集大量的目标群,产生流量,同时利用聚众效应进行内容展示和广告植入,其主要利润就来源于内容展示与广告植入。此新型在线旅游企业盈利模式的代表企业有https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee15867276.html,。
用户自主出价模式,即NYOP商业模式。该商业模式首创于美国,主要经营酒店预定、机票预定、油轮和汽车租赁以及目的地景区合作等业务,以相对固定的产品量和价格获得相应的商品,在线旅游服务商作为中间销售商拥有定价权利,向消费者提供模糊信息,利不对称信息的竞价拍卖行为赚取商品差价。该模式单笔交易的收益比较高,主要利润来源是产品的差价。
电子商务发展模式,线上线下旅游商品交融加速,商品在线商城化。由于传统旅游业掌握着较人比例的资源,电商模式的优势使得传统旅行社考虑在线化服务,利用网络把线下产品线上销售,实现线上和线下的双渠道销售。在今后的旅游市场,将不会有传统旅游和在线旅游网站的区别,在线旅游企业向线下渠道进行展,而传统旅游企业始向线上服务渠道延伸,旅游企业的线上和线下双向融合的双渠道经营模式足必然趋势。屯子商务模式的盈利比较稳定,由于网络的力量,价格差异不明显,盈利空间较小。
4结论
在线旅游业的发展趋势是智能旅游和社会服务,那么在线旅游服务商业模式的发展也要向智能化和高质量的服务发展。信息化的优势要继续加强,利用新的技术适应社会发展的需要,满足人们的需求,智能化是手段。旅游业是服务体验行
业,最终的目的就是提高服务和消费者满意度,信息化为消费者体验服务,不论旅游格局如何变化,都要以服务社会为目的。未来,信息化技术将进一步发展,在线旅游产业链的发展都是建立在移动网络大力发展的基础上,在线旅游服务从用户需求出发要有必要的服务质量,此外还要求关注线上和线下的双向融合经营。
英文论文及中文翻译
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee15867276.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
生态旅游英文文献
Gee Journal 31.4457-465457?1993 (Dec) by Kluwer Academic Publishers Ecotoufism in the Small Island Caribbean Weave~ David B., Prof. Dl:, UniversiO, of Regina, Luther College, Regina, Saskatchewan $4S OA2, Canada ABSTRACT: Ecotourism-related strategies can serve to enhance the tourism industries of small Caribbean islands, which are presently dominated by a 3S (sea, sand, sun) product. In the first place, the principles of Alternative Tourism can be applied to 3S tourism in order to minimize negative environmental impacts. Secondly, diversionary ecotourism opportunities can be promoted to diversify the tourism product, thus providing a nature-oriented alternative to resort-based tourists. Thirdly, regional ecotourism, catering to ecotourists, can be fostered in mountainous interiors, peripheral islands, undeveloped coastlines, rural agricultural areas and in offshore reefs. A fourth strategy, exemplified by Dominica, entails a comprehensive ecotourism approach for destinations in which 3S tourism is undesired or unsuited. Introdactien The concept of ecotourism has attracted a considerable amount of interest among both academics and non-academics since the term was first introduced in the mid-1980s (see for example Boo t990; Goriup 1991; Lindberg 1991; Nelson, Butler and Wall 1993; Whelan 1991; Ziffer 1989). In a frequently cited definition, Ceballos-Lascurain (1988) characterizes ecotourism as Tourism that involves travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific object of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural aspects (both past and present) found in these areas. While this definition is useful in stressing the environmental orientation of ecotourism, it is clear that the term has also come to be associated with a range o f characteristics which collectively define an "alternative tourism" (AT) paradigm (Dernoi 1981; Krippendorf 1987; Singh, Theuns and Go 1989). This paradigm has emerged as an alternative to "conventional mass tourism" (CMT), which has been criticized as an often inappropriate form of tourism, especially for smaller destinations. CMT characteristics, outlined and contrasted in Tab 1 with the AT model, tend to appear during the middle and later stages of a destination's cycle of evolution (Butler 1980; Christaller 1963; Stansfield 1978). With respect to accommodations, attractions, market and economic impact, the argument can be made that ecotourism and AT are merely other names for the early "exploration" stage of the resort cycle, when relatively unspoiled areas are opened up to further tourist incursions by a few pioneer travellers. However, as pointed out by Weaver (1991), what distinguishes this "circumstantial" AT from "deliberate" AT is the lack of regulations and policies which attempt to ensure that the activity is maintained at environmentally, economically and socially sustainable levels. "Deliberate" ecotourism, the subject of this paper, is therefore very" much associated with intentions of identifying and working within the carrying capacities of a particular area, and o f discouraging the emergence of a CM T product where it is deeme d to be undesirable or inappropriate. The recent proliferation of ecotourism case studies, based largely in the underdeveloped world, is not surprising in light of deliberate ecotourism's status as the fastest growing form o f tourism (Whelan 1991). For example, Dearden (1989) and Zurick (1992) examined the p h e n o m e n o n of mountain trekking in Nepal and northern Thailand respectively, while Boo (1990), and Fennell and
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https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee15867276.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
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华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
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乡村旅游与可持续发展【外文翻译】
外文翻译 译文 标题：乡村旅游与可持续发展 资料来源: 亚诺什学院 - 布达佩斯经济科学大学 作者：塔玛拉拉茨 - 拉斯洛坡格左 引言 乡村旅游是旅游产业的一个部分，这在匈牙利显得尤为重要。在一个国家没有壮观的自然景观，没有海滨、高山、雨林、珍奇动物的情况下，迷人的村庄、温泉、河流和湖泊这些旅游资源可以利用起来。优美环境与当地人们传统的热情接待相结合，能够提供给游客愉快的体验，让游客在安静的环境中得到放松并且欣赏到文化景观。 一方面，乡村旅游业的发展使匈牙利旅游资源呈现多样化，使国家形象更加多姿多彩。另一方面，乡村旅游是刺激经济增长的一种手段，促进了欠发达地区的产业发展，并改善当地居民的生活水平。 如果乡村旅游要发挥其真正的作用，在某种程度上得到进一步的发展，那么在其自身发展的基础上，就要确保资源的长期可持续性发展。那么，什么是乡村旅游的可持续发展方式？如何对其可持续性进行监测来达到促进农村发展的目的？本文试图回答这些问题，并且通过提出匈牙利乡村旅游指标来了解被认为是这种类型的旅游的目前情况。 旅游业可持续发展 可持续发展的概念是由世界环境与发展委员会在1987年的布伦特兰报告中关提出来的，可持续发展定义为“发展，以满足当代人的需求又不损害子孙后代能满足自己的需要”。 旅游业是世界各地最重要的经济活动之一，1997年世界各地国际运送超过6.17亿人，年收益产生448亿美元（WTO，1998年），这是一个重要的经济力量。1996年产生生产总值3153.3亿美元，为255万人创造就业机会，参与生产应用程序。旅游业生产值占到世界10.7%的国内生产总值，766亿美元用于投资应用程序，每年都
中英文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
中文和英文简历和专业英语材料翻译
韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced