虚拟语气-时态倒退法

虚拟语气-时态倒退法
虚拟语气-时态倒退法

虚拟语气----高考重点难点

英语中虚拟语气是通过时态的变化来体现的。我们试图从句子时态的改变来推论出虚拟的构成。只要同学理解了这一点,就可以举一反三。掌握虚拟语气。

定义:虚拟语气是用来表示假设的,与事实相反或者不大可能实现的情况。主要通过动词时态的变化来体现。

规则:对于一个已经学过从句,又能正确使用时态的学生来说,掌握虚拟语气并不难。英语的虚拟语气是将句子动词原本应该使用的时态向后退一步,以表示该句与事实相反。后退的方法如下:

实际应用的时态------退------虚拟语气应用的时态

现在时--------退------过去时 do----did

现在完成时-----退-----过去完成时 have done-----had done

一般过去时----退----过去完成时 did----had done

一般将来时----退----过去将来时 will-----would

过去将来时----退----过去将来完成时 would-----would have done

情态动词 Can, may, shall------could, might, should

注:在虚拟语气中不用was,所有人称都用were.

虚拟语气在条件句中的应用:

1.If I have money, I will lend it to you. (主将从现)

If I had money, I would lend it to you.

第一句话没有使用虚拟,表示我很可能会借你钱。第二句话使用了虚拟,表示我不可能借你钱。用虚拟只是一种委婉的说法。对于两句的时态,正像我们上面所讲的,一般现在时退到一般过去时,一般将来时退到过去将来时。

2. If I have time, I will go to see you.

If I had time, I would go to see you.

请注意比较上面两句话不同的含义与时态的变化。

3. If I am you, I will buy that car. (假设句)

If I were you, I would buy that car.

由于我不可能是你,所以第一句话必须虚拟,因而第一句是错误的句子,但我们可以从中看出时态的变化。为了方便理解在下面的例句中都会给出一个假设句,但假设句只是为了逻辑说明。在实际应用中是不存在的,也就是错的。

4. 假设句:if it snows in summer, it will be great fun.

虚拟句:if it snowed in summer, it would be great fun.

如果夏天能下雪,那该多有意思。

从句:一般现在时---退---一般过去时 snows---snowed

主句:一般将来时---退---过去将来时will be ---would be

题:If there were no sun, the earth (would) not only be dark, it (would) also become extreme cold. 没有太阳是不可能的,所

以是虚拟语气,对将来的虚拟退过去将来:will 退would.

5. 假设句:if I brought my checkbook yesterday, I would pay by check.

虚拟句: if I had brought my checkbook yesterday, I would have paid by check.

如果昨天我带支票来了,我就会付支票。(实际没付支票)

过去时-----退----过去完成时 Brought---- had brought

过去将来时---退----过去将来完成 would pay----would have paid

6. 假设句: if I had your address in New York, I would call on you before I came back to China.

虚拟句:if I had had your address in New York, I would have called on you before I came.

如果我有你在纽约的地址,我回中国以前,就去看你了。

从句:一般过去时----退----过去完成时 had---- had had

主句:过去将来时---退---过去将来完成时 would call on------ would have called on

题: I didn’t see your sister at the meeting, if she___, she would have met my brother.

A.Has come

B. did come

C. came

D. had come

表示对过去时间的虚拟,过去时退过去完成时,过去将来时退过去将来完成时。

7. 假设句:if you haven’t finished the homework by now, you will not be allowed to see the film this evening.

虚拟句:if you hadn’t finished the homework by now, you would not be allowed to see the film this evening.

如果你到现在还没做完作业的话晚上就不让你去看电影了。

从句:现在完成时-----退-----过去完成时 haven’t finished---hadn’t finished

主句:一般将来时----退-----过去将来时 will be allowed-----would be allowed

时间交错:错综句:

8. 假设句: if he took my advice, he will be a scientist.

虚拟句: if he had taken my advice, he would be a scientist.

如果他以前听我的建议,他将会成为一个科学家。

从句:过去时-----退-----过去完成时 took----had taken

主句:一般将来时----退-----过去将来时 will be----would be

9. 假设句:if you were there, the meeting might go smoothly.

虚拟句:if you had been there, the meeting might have gone smoothly.

如果你要是在,会就会开的更顺利。

从句:过去时---退---过去完成时 were------had been

主句:过去将来时----退----过去将来完成时 might-----might have gone

注:情态动词的时态倒退的方法与一般动词一样,如can, may等情态动词可以把他看做将来时,could, might看做过去将来时,could have done, might have done看做过去将来完成时。

10. 假设句:if there was more snow last year, we will have a good harvest this fall.

虚拟句:if there had been more snow last year, we would have a good harvest.

如果去年多下一点雪,今年秋天就会有个好收成。

从句:过去时---退----过去完成时 was----had been

主句:一般将来时---退---过去将来时 will have -----would have

虚拟条件句中if的省略:

如果虚拟条件句中有were, should或者had done,通常可将were, should或had 放在句首,if 可省略。

Eg: if I had studied more, I would have passed the test.

---- Had I studied more, I would have passed the test.

如果我多学习点,我就会通过考试。

If I were in your place, I wouldn’t say so.

----- Were I in your place, I wouldn’t say so. 如果我处在你的位置,我就不会这样说。

题:1. ____ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.

A.If it is not

B. were it not

C. had it not been

D. if they were not

虚拟条件句省略if条件句必须倒装,因条件句是过去时,所以应退过去完成时。

用介词短语表示虚拟条件:

11. 假设句:without your help, we will not be able to finish the work in time.

虚拟句:without your help, we would not be able to finish the work in time.

没有你的帮助我就不能按时完成这项工作。

一般将来时-----退-----过去将来时 will not be----would not be

12. 假设句:But for his good education, he would not get the job.

虚拟句:But for his good education, he would not have got the job.

幸亏他受过很好的教育,否则不会找到那份工作的。

过去将来时-----退-----过去将来完成时 would get-----would have got

在某些主语从句和条件状语从句中虚拟的用法:

在it is important, impossible, strange, vital, natural, essential, desirable, preferable, advisable, appropriate, surprising, sad that…..的句型中,主语从句在英国英语中用should+动词原形。在美国英语中省略should直接用原型。

在for fear that(以防….起见)引导的条件句中用法同上。

在unless, when, so (as) long as, suppose, in case, on condition 引导的条件状语从句中也可用虚拟语气,用法同上。

It is necessary that he (should) come on time to attend the meeting.

他按时来出席会议是必要的。

It is natural that he (should) love Mary. 他爱玛丽是很自然的事。

He took an umbrella for fear that it (should) rain.他带了一把伞,以防天下雨。

As long as my wife (should) get ready, we will go.只要我太太准备好了,我们就去。

注:在suggest, propose, demand, necessary, inquire, request, desire, insist, order, advise, agree等表示建议,要求,命令的动词后的宾语从句中,英国英语用should+动词原形,美国英语省略should用原型动词。

He insisted that we (should) get there on time. 他坚持我们要按时到那。

The dean proposed that the question (should) not be discussed at once.系主任提议这个问题不要马上讨论。

在think, expect, believe是否定形式时,宾语从句可用虚拟语气,should+动词原型, should不可省。

She said she never expected I should lend money to her.

Were (was) to 有时在虚拟条件句中用were (was) 表示试探的口气。

If you were (was) to do sth like that I would not marry you.

如果你要做那件事,我就不会嫁给你了。

Would have done, should have done上面两种用法也经常表示虚拟,意思是本应该做而没有做的事情。Would 表示从客观上讲,而should表示从主观上讲。

You would have taken taxi to come here. 你本应该坐出租车来这儿。(没坐车)

If I had known she was rich, I should have married her. 如果我知道她是个富翁,我本该娶她。(实际没娶她)

We ____last night, but we went to the concert instead.

A.Must have studied.

B. might study.

C. should have studied.

D. would study

Should (would) have done 表示过去本该做,而没有做的事情。

重要提示:掌握虚拟语气,最好的方法就是记住在本该用的时态上向后退一步,即表示虚拟。现在时退过去时,将来时退过去将来时,过去时退过去完成时,过去将来时退过去将来完成时。这样,在虚拟语气中就不会再犯任何错误,即使遇上错综虚拟语气,也不会错。最后,记住几个特殊用法,虚拟语气就算基本掌握了。

英语虚拟语气解题技巧及经典题型及练习题(含答案)

英语虚拟语气解题技巧及经典题型及练习题(含答案) 一、初中英语虚拟语气 1. If I you,I buy a bike for him. A.was,would B.was,could C.were,would D.were,could 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析:句意:如果我是你,我会给他买一辆自行车。buy sth for sb给某人买某物;本句用的是虚拟语气,表示与现在的事实相反,在虚拟语气中不能用was,而用were,因此选C。 考点:考查虚拟语气的用法。 2. If I ____Alice, I _____them the truth. A. was , would tell B. were ,would tell C. am, will tell D.is , will tell 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析:本题的含义是如果我是你,我将告诉他们真相,本题if引导的是一个虚拟的条件句,在虚拟句中,be用were,主句通常用过去的一种,will应该用would,故本题选B。 考点:if引导的虚拟条件句。 点评:在英文中条件句有两种,一种是真实的条件句,if后遇到将来时用一般现在时,一种是虚拟的条件句,if后用过去时,be用were,在英文的实际使用中应该注意它们的区别。 3.If I you, I the army. A.am, would join B.were, would join C.am, will join D.were, will join 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析:句意:如果我是你,我会参军.结合语境可知本句是对客观状况的虚拟,故用过去时态,主句用过去将来时态.选B. 考点:if引导的条件状语从句 点评:虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思,看假设的条件是否能够实现,能够实现是真实条件句,不能使用虚拟语气;假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气.判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。 1、与现在事实相反 若与现在事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”

英文论文各部分时态解析

论文中各部分的时态解析及使用举例Part 时态详细阐述 Abstract 现在时叙述背景细节 过去时简述文章类容,而文章中的内容是已经发生的 Introduction 现在时 用于描述一般现象,例如:“随着人们生活水平的提升, ***也***逐渐提高“ 现在完成时概括描述研究活动;简略引用(提及名字) 过去时 具体引用:引用前人的论述和研究成果,也可选择一般过 去时,例如:”谁谁谁在**年**月,做了**实验,发现。。。 Method 过去时 该部分是作者在本次研究中工作的自述,由于工作已于 写论文前完成,是过去发生的动作,常使用一般过去时现在时 提及某种数据收集方法或者数据分析方法,属于既定的 客观规律和方法,可以使用一般现在时。 Result /findings 过去时 该部分也是表达实验结果,实验结果也是已经发生的事 情,所以一般情况下用过去时态 现在时 少数情况,例如:“如图(表)所示。。**随着**升高而升 高”,这种情况属于看图(表)说话,所以用现在时 当results部分在描述研究结果的同时得出了一般性推 论,可以用一般现在时 Discussion 过去时总结本次研究结果,采用过去时 现在时 对研究结果进行进一步的讨论与解释,意在呈现研究结 果的意义时,应采用现在时 将来时用于表达对未来研究方向或前景的预测和愿望 Conclusion 过去时对于总结文章已经发生的步骤,结果,用过去时态 现在时或者 将来时 因为毕竟是总结,除了总结已经发生的,还有表明现在发 生的,已经展望未来要发生的

1)Abstract 摘要主要以一般现在时为主,比如研究背景介绍和现状下图中的叙述背景细节都建议采用一般现在时。 e.g.This paper analyses the impact of high temperatures on certain species. 如果涉及到所做的工作下图中的调查过程,也可以使用现在完成时或者是一般过去时。e.g.There has been a large body of research regarding the effect of carbon emissions on climate change. 英文论文写作各部分应用时态解析(图3) 2)Introduction 一般来说,Introduction(前言)需要包含被广泛被认知是事实的背景资料,说明本研究的重要性。如果是提及一般大众所认知的事实时,或者是文章的目的下图中均提及,需要用一般现在时。 e.g.The Earth revolves around the sun. The present paper deals with the possibilities for modifying the codes. 英文论文写作各部分应用时态解析(图4)

虚拟语气和倒装

Subjunctive mood (1) Nevertheless, should a fight follow, neither creature will be badly hurt, for the loser will save himself by making a gesture of submission. (Line 5) (2) If it had not had this disability it would have undoubtedly stayed in the jungle and hunted for food in the customary way. (Line12) If the human population had not increased so rapidly, people would have had more space and freedom. (Line 23) (3) If the caged lion, for example, were free to wander on the grassy plains of Africa, it would be continually active, ranging over long distances, hunting in family groups. (Line 15) 此三类句子体现了虚拟语气的三种时态变化。 (1)第1句中“should a fight follow”是表示将来情况的虚拟语气,意思为“if a fight should follow”,句中省略了“if”,将“should”提前,构成倒装,表示“万一,一旦”的意思。值得注意的是本句中的主句部分未使用虚拟语气。 (2) 第二部分这两句是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。这类句子,从句用“had +动词过去分词”,主句用“would/should/could/might + have + 动词过去分词”。 (3) 第3句是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。从句用“did/were”,主句用“would/should/could/ might + 动词原型”。 虚拟语气专项复习: A.虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况: if+主语+过去时+其他+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 例:If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你,我会带把伞。 If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。 If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。(事实:没带钱)If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了。(事实:学习不用功)2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 if+主语+had done +其他+主语+should/would/could/might+have done+其他 例:If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。 If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 ①if+主语+did/should/were to do+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 ② if+主语+did/be(were)+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 ③if+主语+should+do+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 例:If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。 If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 4、有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作不是同时发生时, ①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 如:If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了

(完整版)各种时态结构的总结

各种时态结构的总结 各种时态的主动结构: 一般现在时(表习惯性,经常性,反复性): 1.主语+am/is/are+其他 2.三单主语+动词-s/-es形式+其他 3.非三单主语+实义动词原形+其他 一般过去时(表动作发生在过去): 1.主语+was/were+其他 2.主语+实义动词过去式+其他 一般将来时(表动作发生在将来): 1.am/is/are going to+动词原形 2.will/shall+动词原形 过去将来时(表动作发生在过去的将来): 1.was/were going to +动词原形 2.Would+动词原形 现在进行时(表动作现在或目前正在发生):am/is/are +动词-ing 过去进行时(表动作过去某一时间正在发生):was/were+动词-ing 现在完成时(表动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响或结果;或者动作持续到现在或将来): has/have+动词过去分词(have/has done)(三单主语用has,其他人称用have) 过去完成时:(表过去某个动作之前的那个动作,即过去的过去)had+

动词过去分词(had done) 各种时态的被动结构:(done指过去分词)一般现在时:am/is/are done 一般过去时:was/were done 一般将来时:1,shall/will be done 2, am/is/are going to be done 过去将来时:1,would be done 2, was/were going to be done 现在进行时:am/is/are being done 过去进行时:was/were being done 现在完成时:have/has been done 过去完成时:had been done 含情态动词的被动结构:情态动词+be done 不定式的被动结构:“to be done”。

英语常见虚拟语气最全总结

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