2012职称英语卫生类超值新增阅读及15篇完形填空

2012职称英语教材-卫生类 5篇新增阅读理解第1页2012职称英语教材-卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文第13页

2012职称英语教材-卫生类阅读理解

（注：+表示A级文章；*表示B级文章；其他为C级文章）

第八篇

Eat Healthy

"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.

According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.

Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.

Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.

It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.

词汇：

orphan n.孤儿

belly n.肚子

nutrition n.营养

waistline n.腰围

paycheck n.薪金支票

注释:

1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员

2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!

3. take too many bites 吃得太多

4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount

recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。

5. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a

good deal. 事情是这样的，美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。

练习：

1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their children

A to save food.

B to wash the dishes.

C not to waste food.

D not to eat too much

2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?

A Because Americans associate quantity with value.

B Because Americans have big bellies.

C Because Americans are good eaters.

D Because Americans are greedy.

3. What happened in the 1970s?

A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.

B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.

C The United States produced more grain than needed.

D The American waistline started to expand.

4. What does the survey indicate?

A Many poor Americans want large portions.

B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.

C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150 ,000 per year.

D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.

5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?

A They work long hours.

B They live from paycheck to paycheck.

C They don't want to be healthy eaters.

D They want to save money for their children

答案与题解：

1. C 本题问的是:美国父母总是叫他们的孩子干什么?文章开头说到，每个美国孩子都能从父母或爷爷奶奶那里听到这样的话，"吃光你盘子里的东西"，"做清盘俱乐部的成员"。这些话表达的意思就是不要浪费粮食。因此C 是正确的答案。

2. A 本题问的是:美国饭馆为什么饭菜给得多？第二段相关的话是这么说的：美国人在传统上把东西值不值是跟数量联系在一起，因此大多数的饭馆给的量大。这些饭馆乐于让顾客们抱怨饭菜给得太多而不乐于让他们抱怨饭菜给得太少。所以A 是正确的答案。

3. D 本题问的是：20 世纪70 年代发生了什么？文章第三段是这样说的：一位宾州大

学营养教授，Barbara Rolls ，告诉《今日美国》20 世纪70 年代饭馆给的饭菜的量开始增加，与此同时，美国人的腰围也开始增大。所以D 是对的。

4. A 本题问的是：调查报告说明了什么？选项B、C和D 所说的数字不对。因此唯有

A 是正确的。A说的是：许多美国穷人希望量大。这个信息可以在第四段中找到。相关的句子是这么说的：许多吃不起精美正餐的美国人仍然要量大。

5. C 本题问的是:下面的哪种说法不带合美国工人的实际情况？ C 说的是：他们不想做吃得健康的人。这个说法是不对的。最后一段的第一句话是这么说的：美国工人不是不想做吃得健康的人。因此C 正确。

第十九篇

Prolonging Human Life

Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.

Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.

When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.

词汇：

dependency n.依赖性

contemporary α.现代的

obligation n. 义务

insurance n. 保险

welfare n.福利

senile αdj. 衰老的

grave αdj. 严肃的

convalescent αdj.康复的

sponsor v. 发起，资助

institution n. 机构

注释:

1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。句中的prolonging human life是动名词短语。由动名词短语作句子的主语时，句中动词必须用单数形式。如: Collecting stamps is his hobby.

2. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活着的很多人生于一百年以前，他们会死于各种儿童疾病。

3. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因为有更多的人寿命更长，所以在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就更多。

4. the dependency load: 抚养人口数量。

5. In times of famine: 在饥荒年代

6. go on welfare : 靠福利救济

go on 有许多意思，其中的一个意思是"依靠……过活"。例:

Many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce.

(工作难找时，许多人靠政府救济金过日子。)

7. grave problems: 严重的问题

8. convalescent hospitals: 康复医院;疗养院

9. profit-making organizations: 赢利机构

10. dumping grounds: 垃圾场

练习:

1. The writer believes that the population explosion results from

A an increase in birthrates.

B the industrial development.

C a decrease in death rates.

D cultural advances.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures

A it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive.

B infants could be left dead in times of starvation.

C parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children.

D death was considered to be freedom from hardships.

3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?

A Many of them have a very hard life.

B They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.

C They rely mainly on their children for financial support.

D Most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after.

4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase "this need" refers to

A the need to prolong the lives of old people.

B the need to enrich the life of the retired people.

C the need to build profit-making nursing homes.

D the need to take care of a sick and weak person.

5. Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals?

A Sympathetic.

B Unfriendly.

C Optimistic.

D Critical.

答案与题解:

1. C 第一段最后一句说：In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. 事实上，是由于死亡率的下降，而不是出生率的上升，导数了人口爆炸。因此，选项C是正确答案。

2. B 第二段第四句说：In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. 在灾年，可能会容忍婴儿死亡，因为，如果他们的父母饿死了，他们也无法生存，而如果父母生存下来可重新生儿育女。因此，选项B是正确的答案。

3. A 第二段倒数第二句是这么说的：In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. （在美国，许多退休人员依靠社会保障金生活，其数额之小差不多使人穷困潦倒。）可以看出，在美国许多退休人员的生活是很艰难的。这正是选项A表达的意思，因而选项A是正确的答案。

4. D 第三段第三句：Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. （当今，由于家庭中大多数人都出去工作或上学，家里常常没有人来照顾有病或虚弱的人。）"this need" 出现在下面这个短语中："To meet this need"（为了满足这种需要），它指句子前面的care for a sick or weak person。这正是选项D表达的意思。

5. D文章昀后一句说: …most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.大多数机构只不过是倾倒垂死的人的"垃饭场"，所谓的"照顾"都是由收入低、超量工作、技术水平低下的人员提供的。作者如此措辞显然是对大多数机构的强烈批评。因此，选项D是正确答案。

*第二十四篇

Sleep Lets Brain File Memories

To sleep. Perchance to file? Findings published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz's.

Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University5 and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from6 the somatosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory

consolidation. A second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.

Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body's tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.

"Our study suggests that this impairment12 may contribute to the memory deficits13 that occur as people age." Convit says. "And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition.14" Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check15, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.

词汇：

perchance adv. 偶然；可能

online n. 在线的

stow vt. 贮藏，堆装

emanate vi. 发源

somatosensory adj. 体觉的

neocortex n. 新（大脑）皮质

oscillation n. 振荡

intertwine v. 缠绕

spindle n. 纺锤体

ripple n. 波动，脉动

diabetes n. 糖尿病

recollection n. 回忆

shrinkage n. 收缩

impairment n. 损伤

intrigue n. 引起。。。兴趣（或好奇心）

cognition n. 认识

注释：

1. file memories：归档并储存记忆。file：意为"to put or keep (papers,etc. ) in useful order for storage or reference"（把…归档）。

2. To sleep. Perchance to file? ：从莎士比亚笔下哈姆雷特的独白中的名句" To sleep: perchance to dream. "改编而来。

3. the Proceedings: (科学文献、会议文献)汇编，常用复数形式。

4. zzz：（拟声词）打鼾声

5. Rutgers University：美国新泽西州立大学(the State University of New Jersey)。

6. emanating from：发源于。

7. neocortex：新(大脑)皮质，尤指大的高等哺乳动物大脑中新生长的部分，也叫做neopallium。neo-：前縀，意思是"新的"。

8. thehippocampus：大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物，也称"海马状突起"，在泛记过程中起主要作用。

9. tens of milliseconds：几十毫秒

10. age-associated memory decline：与年龄相关的记忆衰退

11. administer：实施

12. this impairment：指上句中hippocampus shrinkage.

13. memory deficits：记忆衰退

14. …the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition：令人兴奋的可能性，即不断改善葡萄糖容许量可以完全改变对某些与年龄相关的认知问题。

15. keep glucose levels in check：限制葡萄糖水平。in check：在控制中，被阻止。

练习：

1. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence "To sleep. Perchance to file?"? A Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?

B Does brain have memories when one is sleeping?

C Does brain remember files after one falls asleep?

D Does brain work on files in sleep?

2. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?

A The electrical activity is emanating from the somatosensory neocortex.

B Oscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus.

C Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation.

D Somatosensory neocortex plays it primary role in memory consolidation.

3. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?

A People with poor memory have high glucose tolerance.

B People with good memory have low glucose tolerance.

C Memory level has nothing to do with glucose tolerance.

D The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance.

4. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage?

A There is no relation between memory and hippocampus shrinkage.

B The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one's memory.

C The more hippocampus shrinks, the better one's memory.

D The less hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one's memory.

5. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?

A To prevent hippocampus shrinkage.

B To control weight.

C To exercise.

D To control glucose levels.

答案与解释:

1. A文章第一段告诉我们，科学新发现进一步支持了一种理论，即，当人体进入睡眠状

态时，大脑对在白天形成的记忆进行组织和储存。To sleep. Perchance to file?见注释1和注释2。

2. C 第二段告诉我们，科学家分析了老鼠的脑电波，尤其是从somatosensory neocortex 和hippocampus两个区域发出的脑电波。该段是后两句指出，这两个大脑区域的活动是互相作用的。第二段并没有说somatosensory neocortex或hippocampus起主导作用。

3. D 该段倒数第二句提供了答案。

4. B 第四段的后一句中their brain scans，指上句中的subjects

5. D 锻炼身体和体重控制能保持葡萄糖水平，闲此，去健身房就有了另外一个理由。

+第三十四篇

Who Want to Live Forever?

If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?

The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists have already extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have families of their own.

"Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work."

Longer lives don't just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. "We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I don't think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer," says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan."The question is 'What will we get as a society? 'I suspect it won't be a better society."

It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?

Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents，or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.

Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age-skill，wisdom and good judgment.

On the other hand，more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals，making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss?

Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people，and more on making life comfortable for the old.

And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be

more wisdom，but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact ，they are less enthusiastic about everything.

The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances，we need to think about these changes now. " If this could ever happen，then we'd better ask what kind of society we want to get，" says Daniel Callahan. "We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out."

词汇:

mice / mais / n. 老鼠(复数)

sibling / 'sibli? / n. 兄弟姐妹

bioethicist // n. 生物伦理学家

注释:

1. brothers and sisters born 50 years apart 出生年份相隔50年的兄弟姐妹

2. We had better not go anywhere near it 我们最好离它远点，这里的it指代前面讲的anti-ageing technology.

练习:

1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might enable an individual to do?

A Spending more time with his family.

B Having more education.

C Realizing more dreams.

D Working longer.

2. Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph?

A Marriages in the US today are quite unstable.

B More and more people in the US today want to get married.

C Living longer would make it easier for people to maintain their marital ties.

D If people live longer ，they would stay in marriage longer.

3. All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPT

A Communication between employers and employees would be more difficult.

B More money would be used by employees in payment of their employees.

C The job market would be more competitive.

D It would be more difficult for young people to be promoted to top positions.

4. An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is that

A it places more emphasis on educating the young.

B it is both wise and energetic.

C it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new.

D it welcomes changes.

5. Which of the following best describes Callahan 's attitude to anti-ageing technology ?

A Optimistic.

B Pessimistic.

C Reserved.

D Negative.

答案与题解：

1. B长寿使个人能做的事主要在第三、四段里讲到，作者没有提到长寿可以让人更多地接受教育。

2. A本题答案以下面的这两句话为依据:People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. 暗示美国人目前的婚姻关系已经十分脆弱。

3. B文章的第九段讲了寿命延长、退休推迟可能带来的种种问题，但作者没有提到雇佣者需要更多的钱来支付员工的工资。

4. C答案可以在第十、十一这两段里找到。

5. C本题的答案依据可以在最后一段里找到。Callahan 认为在搞清楚长寿社会会给我们带来哪些问题之前，最好不要急着搞抗衰老的技术。可见他对抗衰老技术的发展是有保留的。

+第四十篇

Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others

Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors inf1uence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.

Those conclusions are important because recent ，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science ，who was lead investigator on the study.

Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.

The research involved 87carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions ，spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women ，reportedly healthy ，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.

"Most of us like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt ，both because they like the taste of saltiness more ，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. "said Hayes. "Supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely ，consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor ，and at least for these foods，more is better ，so the supertasters seem to like them more. "

However ，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese ，Hayes noted. "For example ，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk ，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt ," he said. "A

supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced."

Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee ，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result ，Hayes explained ，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists ，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color.

"Some people ，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter ，while others ，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter. "he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness. "

词汇:

publicize v. 引起公众对…的注意;(用广告)宣传

dietary adj. 饮食的;规定食物的

ferment v. (使)发酵

geneticist n. 遗传学家

acuity n. 敏锐;尖锐

注释:

1. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences: 即Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences 宾州州立大学农学院。Penn 是Pennsylvania 的缩写，是美国宾夕法尼亚州州名。宾州州立大学建于1855年，在全国共有24 个分校。在句中，Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences 用作定语，修饰food scientist。

2. well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food:有关减少食物含盐量的大力宣传的做法.

3. left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others:使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合他们口味的食物。fare 相当于food。

4. lead investigator:研发项目负责人

5. …carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chips，on multiple occasion ，spread out over weeks:……经过仔细筛选的实验参与者，他们在几周内的不同时间里品尝加了盐的食物，如汤和薯条。

6. too pronounced:此处pronounced 为形容词，意为very noticeable ，conspicuous(明显的，显著的)。

7. supertasting：超重味感

练习:

1. In paragraph 2 ，John Hayes points out that

A it is good to health to eat food without salt.

B many people reject low-salt food completely.

C many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly

D food with reduced salt tastes better.

2. The fourth paragraph describes briefly

A. how to select subjects and what to do in the research.

B. how to identify supertasters and nontasters.

C. why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons.

D. why to select more male subjects than female ones.

3. The article argues that supertasters

A like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food.

B like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.

C consume less salt because they don't like intensive tastes.

D like to share salty cheese with nontasters.

4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?

A They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness.

B They like high-salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste.

C They prefer high-salt cheese，which tastes less bitter.

D They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health.

5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry?

A. Taste acuity is genetically determined.

B. Taste acuity is developed over time after birth.

C Taste acuity is related to one's eye and hair color.

D Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science.

答案与题解:

1. C 根据短文的第二段内容，很多人因为食物中的含盐量降低，所以必须做出很大努力( struggling) 去适应，而低盐食物对于他们来说，口味很不好(fare that simply does not taste…good to them) 。选项C有accept reluctantly (勉强接受)表达了这层意思，所以是正确的选择。A 、B 、D 三个选项均是错误的。

2. A 第四段介绍了科学家是如何设计这项研究的，它包含了研究对象的人数、性别、人选条件、咸度味感分级表等。选项A 概括了这方面的内容，所以是答案。而选项B 、C、

D 所述内容均不符合该段的意思。

3. B 短文的第五段提供了答案。supertaster 在这里的意思是:口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反义词，即，口味清谈的人。该段告诉我们，口味重的人消耗更多的盐;因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，所以口味重的人对快餐较为偏爱。选项B表达了上述内容，所以是答案。

4. C 短文第六段提供了答案。该段告诉我们，奶醋发酵会产生苦味，supertasters 不喜欢苦味，而高含盐量可以盖住奶酷里的苦睐，这是他们偏爱高盐奶酷的原因。所以，只有C 是正确选择。

5. A文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遗传学专家的实验。从这项实验中，Hayes 得出的结论是，Taste acuity( 味觉敏度)上的差异与他们头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异是同一类现象，也就是说，都是与生俱来的。第八段又说，这是一种biological difference (生物差异)，所以 A 是答案。B 说味觉敏'度是后天形成的，显然与作者的结论相左。C 说味觉敏度的差异与头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异有关，显然是错误的。D 的内容在最后两段都没有提到，所以不会是答案。

2012职称英语教材-卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文

（红色为书中选项答案）

1 Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found

The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.

Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.

The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.

The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.

Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.

2 Going on a diet （新增）

A typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart beating and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating properly and your brain running. They also keep your body warm. A person gains weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to reduce the number of calories that you consume per day. This is the basic principle behind going on a diet.

unfortunately，diets don't work for most people. They do lose weight but then go off the diet and put it back. Building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to maintaining a consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day

and how many you actually take in. The next step is to add ，exercise so that you can raise the number of calories you can consume per day.

Exercise charts can show you how many calories different forms of exercise can burn. Burning 250 or 500 calories per day can make a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can climb the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise partner. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. It's a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet.tight clothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish.

3 One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live

It’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?

in reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a few much vials. And the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain.

Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there’s a good reason to keep the virus —just in case t he disease puts in a reappearance.

How do we_deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.

4 Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of Cancers

Diet is second only to tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.

Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity . play a major role.

“Five percent of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese,” he said.

While tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent.

Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to

cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is increased when combined with smoking.

Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answers.

Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.

Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.

5 Men Too May Suffer from Domestic Violence

Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men.

"Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it often," Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health. "They often don't tell __ and__ we don't ask. We want to get the message out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to them "

The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical abuse , such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.

Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner __violence in the past five years, while 6. 1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.

Rates were lower for men 55 and older ,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.

Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.

However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as that suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of women

Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found.

*6 Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV Treatment

Bristol-Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2 for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.

Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market.3 Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4 Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.

Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIV In January the New England Journal of Medicine5published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to6that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8 The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9 Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline.

Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.

The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10 to approve the new pill.

There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11 Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV

*7 Exercise

Whether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.

How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of

strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those _of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard _to answer. Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.

What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon one’s physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.

*第八篇 Old And Active（新增）

It is well—known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world．A healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment.

Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body?

Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate．Although longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problem．The number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs．The country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them．

Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life. It’s important that the elderly play active

roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.

*9 Many Women Who Beat Cancer Don't Change Habits

Many women who battle breast cancer will tell you it's a life-changing experience. However, a new study shows that for many women, the changes aren't always positive or permanent.

Beth Snoke has watched her mother and both grandmothers battle and survive breast cancer So when she was diagnosed, there was no doubt in her mind what she had to do.

"I do exactly what the doctors say as far as the medicine that I'm on, as far as the vitamins, the diet, and the fitness. And I can't stress enough how important that is," says Beth Snoke. But a surprising new study shows that no every woman who beats breast cancer is getting that message. In fact, nearly 40% bf them say even after surviving breast cancer, they haven't made significant changes in the way they eat or how much they exercise.

"Not all survivors are taking advantage of this teachable moment and making positive health changes in their life," says Electra Paskett, PhD, at Ohio State University's Comprehensive Cancer Center. Paskett says diet and exercise have been proven to not only help women feel better during and after treatment, they may also play a role in preventing some cancers from coming back. Despite growing evidence, some women just aren't listening.

"Colon cancer survivors who exercise have actually been shown to have improved survival rates. So, yes, it is true that perhaps by making some of these healthy choices we can actually increase their health," says Paskett.

As a breast cancer survivor herself , Paskett knows first hand how much difference diet and exercise can make The challenge, she says, is to get more survivors to be more like Beth, during and after treatment.

Experts say exercising more and eating a healthier diet can also cut down on stress and help women overcome depression. There are more than 2 million breast cancer survivors living in the U.S. Of those, nearly a million have yet to change their diet or exercise routines.

*10 Hospital Mistreatment

According to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.

The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Overall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters

of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event.

More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without _ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _ typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks for punishment,”“being pushed, kicked or hit,”and having someone “threatening your reputation or career,”were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.

+11 Migrant Workers

In the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East,1where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including South Korea and Japan.

In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, 2 it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 3This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.

Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country.

One major problem which affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. In any case, migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive.

+12 Dreams（新增）

Everyone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our sense, so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．

One of the world's oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken .

From ancient times to the present day ,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books．

+13 Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack

German researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection from sudden death from cardiac arrest.

In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart’s rhythm. Those most at risk are pat ients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruption to heart rnythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.

Heart specialists at Freiburg’s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders of ECG data more precise.

The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only get into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use in a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,” Hagen Knaf says, “In this way changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken