计算机网络中英文互译

计算机网络中英文互译
计算机网络中英文互译

AN (Access Network) 接入网

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line):非对称数字用户线

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line):非对称数字用户线

ATU (Access Termination Unit) 接入端接单元

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) 地址解析协议

ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) 自动重传请求

BER (Bit Error Rate) 误码率

CBT (Core Based Tree) 基于核心的转发树

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) 无分类域间路由选择

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) 数字用户线

DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) 离散多音调

DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) 数字用户线接入复用器

DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) 距离向量多播路由选择协议EGP (External Gateway Protocol外部网关协议

FTTH (Fiber To The Home) 光纤到家

FTTB (Fiber To The Building) 光纤到大楼

FTTC (Fiber To The Curb) 光纤到路边

FCS (Frame Check Sequence) 帧检验序列

HDSL (High speed DSL):高速数字用户线

IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol内部网关协议

ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) 网际控制报文协议

ISP (Internet Service Provider) 因特网服务提供者

ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) 网际控制报文协议

IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) 网际组管理协议

LCP (Link Control Protocol) 链路控制协议

LLC (Logical Link Control) 子层逻辑链路控制

LAN (Local Area Network) 局域网

MAC (Medium Access Control) 媒体接入控制

MOSPF (Multicast Extensions to OSPF) 开放最短通路优先的多播扩展

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) 城域网

NCP (Network Control Protocol) 网络控制协议

NAT (Network Address Translation) 网络地址转换

NIC (Network Interface Card) 网络接口卡

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) 光内部网关协议

ODN (Optical Distribution Node) 分配结点

PAN (Personal Area Network) 个人区域网

PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) 点对点协议对等方式(P2P 方式)

PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode) 协议无关多播-稀疏方式PIM-DM (Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode) 协议无关多播-密集方式RTO (RetransmissionTime-Out) 超时重传时间

RPB (Reverse Path Broadcasting) 反向路径广播

RARP(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) 逆地址解析协议

SAP (Service Access Point) 服务访问点

SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) 服务访问点

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) 屏蔽双绞线

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) 同步数字系列

(Synchronous Transfer Module),即STM-1级同步传递模块

SDSL (Single-line DSL):1 对线的数字用户线

TTL (Time To Live) 生存时间(8 位)记为

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol传输控制协议

TPDU (Transport Protocol Data Unit) 运输协议数据单元

UIB (User Interface Box) 用户接口盒

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 用户数据报协议

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) 无屏蔽双绞线

VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) 变长子网掩码

VDSL (Very high speed DSL):甚高速数字用户线

WAN (Wide Area Network) 广域网

选择确认SACK(Selective ACK)

因特网名字与号码指派公司ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) 标志字段的最低位是MF (More Fragment)。

标志字段中间的一位是DF (Don't Fragment

码分多址CDMA

第1 级同步传送信号STS-1 (Synchronous Transport Signal)

第1 级光载波OC-1,OC 表示Optical Carrier

RADSL (Rate-Adaptive DSL):速率自适应DSL,是ADSL 的一个子集,可自动调节线路速率)。

IP 数据报

版本:占4 位,指IP 协议的版本。目前的IP 协议版本号为4 (即IPv4)

首部长度:占4 位,可表示的最大数值是15 个单位(一个单位为4 字节)因此IP 的首部长度的最大值是60 字节。

区分服务:占8 位,用来获得更好的服务在旧标准中叫做服务类型,但实际上一直未被使用过。1998 年这个字段改名为区分服务。只有在使用区分服务(DiffServ)时,这个字段才起作用。在一般的情况下都不使用这个字段

总长度:占16 位,指首部和数据之和的长度,单位为字节,因此数据报的最大长度为65535 字节。总长度必须不超过最大传送单元MTU。

标识(identification) 占16 位,它是一个计数器,用来产生数据报的标识。

标志(flag) 占 3 位,目前只有前两位有意义。标志字段的最低位是MF(More Fragment)。MF = 1 表示后面“还有分片”。MF = 0 表示最后一个分片。标志字段中间的一位是DF (Don't Fragment) 。只有当DF = 0 时才允许分片。

片偏移(13 位)指出:较长的分组在分片后某片在原分组中的相对位置。片偏移以8 个字节为偏移单位。

生存时间(8 位)记为TTL (Time To Live)数据报在网络中可通过的路由器数的最大值。

协议(8 位)字段指出此数据报携带的数据使用何种协议以便目的主机的IP 层将数据部分上交给哪个处理过程

首部检验和(16 位)字段只检验数据报的首部不检验数据部分。这里不采用CRC 检验码而采用简单的计算方法。

源地址和目的地址都各占4 字节

UDP报文段的首部格式

用户数据报UDP 有两个字段:数据字段和首部字段。首部字段有8 个字节,由4 个字段组成,每个字段都是两个字节。

源端口:源端口号。在需要对方回信时选用。不需要时可全用0.

目的端口:目的端口号。这在终点交付报文时必须要使用。

长度:UDP用户数据的长度,其最小值是8(仅首部)。

检验和:检测UDP用户数据报在传输中是否有错。有错就丢弃。

PPP 协议的帧格式

?标志字段F = 0x7E (符号“0x”表示后面的字符是用十六进制表示。十六进制的7E

的二进制表示是01111110)。

?地址字段A 只置为0xFF。地址字段实际上并不起作用。

?控制字段C 通常置为0x03。

?PPP是面向字节的,所有的PPP帧的长度都是整数字节。

TCP 报文段的首部格式

源端口和目的端口字段——各占2 字节。端口是运输层与应用层的服务接口。运输层的复用和分用功能都要通过端口才能实现。

序号字段——占4 字节。TCP 连接中传送的数据流中的每一个字节都编上一个序号。序号字段的值则指的是本报文段所发送的数据的第一个字节的序号。

确认号字段——占4 字节,是期望收到对方的下一个报文段的数据的第一个字节的序号。数据偏移(即首部长度)——占4 位,它指出TCP 报文段的数据起始处距离TCP 报文段的起始处有多远。“数据偏移”的单位是32 位字(以4 字节为计算单位)。

保留字段——占6 位,保留为今后使用,但目前应置为0。

紧急URG ——当URG =1 时,表明紧急指针字段有效。它告诉系统此报文段中有紧急数据,应尽快传送(相当于高优先级的数据)。

确认ACK——只有当ACK = 1 时确认号字段才有效。当ACK = 0 时,确认号无效。推送PSH (PuSH) ——接收TCP 收到PSH = 1 的报文段,就尽快地交付接收应用进程,而不再等到整个缓存都填满了后再向上交付。

复位RST (ReSeT)——当RST = 1 时,表明TCP 连接中出现严重差错(如由于主机崩溃或其他原因),必须释放连接,然后再重新建立运输连接。

同步SYN——同步SYN = 1 表示这是一个连接请求或连接接受报文。

终止FIN (FINis)——用来释放一个连接。FIN = 1 表明此报文段的发送端的数据已发送完毕,并要求释放运输连接。

窗口字段——占2 字节,用来让对方设置发送窗口的依据,单位为字节。

检验和——占2 字节。检验和字段检验的范围包括首部和数据这两部分。在计算检验和时,要在TCP 报文段的前面加上12 字节的伪首部。

紧急指针字段——占16 位,指出在本报文段中紧急数据共有多少个字节(紧急数据放在本报文段数据的最前面)。

选项字段——长度可变。TCP 最初只规定了一种选项,即最大报文段长度MSS。MSS 告诉对方TCP:“我的缓存所能接收的报文段的数据字段的最大长度是MSS 个字节。”

窗口扩大选项——占3 字节,其中有一个字节表示移位值S。新的窗口值等于TCP 首部中的窗口位数增大到(16 + S),相当于把窗口值向左移动S 位后获得实际的窗口大小。

时间戳选项——占10 字节,其中最主要的字段时间戳值字段(4 字节)和时间戳回送回答字段(4 字节)。

MAC 帧格式

类型字段用来标志上一层使用的是什么协议,

以便把收到的MAC 帧的数据上交给上一层的这个协议。

数据字段的正式名称是MAC客户数据字段

最小长度64 字节- 18 字节的首部和尾部= 数据字段的最小长度

FCS:当传输媒体的误码率为1?10-8 时,

MAC 子层可使未检测到的差错小于1?10-14。

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