Otherwise与定语从句

Otherwise与定语从句
Otherwise与定语从句

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◎ 文 / 张满胜

本期我们来分析otherwise 在定语从句中的用法。首先请看2013年考研英语(一)完型填空中的一句话。

This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary.

本句的难点是than would otherwise have been necessary 这一部分,其中的otherwise 用在定语从句结构中,并与虚拟语气搭配使用。之所以要用虚拟语气,是因为otherwise 的基本含义是“在相反的情况下”或“要不然的话”,表达的是与前面提到的真实情况相反的一个假设情形。Otherwise 的这一用法既可以出现在that/which/who 引导的普通定语从句(下文统称为“that 定语从句”)中,也可以出现在than 引导的特殊定语从句(下文简称为“than 定语从句”,关于than 引导的定语从句讲解请见本刊2008年12月号和2009年1~2月合刊)中。下面我们分别来看otherwise 在that 定语从句和than 定语从句中的用法特点。

Otherwise用于that定语从句

would 等情态动词,而相应的if 虚拟条件句被省去了。

在that would otherwise be uneconomical 这个定语从句中,that 指代services ,因此这个定语从句相当于一个虚拟主句:“The services would be uneconomical.”既然有了虚拟主句,那么if 虚拟条件从句在哪里?这就涉及该句型的第二个特点。

特点二:定语从句中出现的otherwise 是针对主句所述情形进行的相反假设,相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not for …”。

例1中的主句they support the services 可以写成虚拟条件从句if it were not for their support ,或者写成if they didn’t support the services ,这也就是otherwise 所表达的含义。将这个虚拟条件从句与上面的虚拟主句结合起来,就构成这样一个完整的虚拟句:“The services would be uneconomical if it were not for their support.”所以,例1的句子相当于下面的两句话。

在此类定语从句中,关系代词that 可以充当定语从句的主语或非主语(如宾语、表语),otherwise 所表达的虚拟可以是对现在虚拟,也可以是对过去虚拟。下面我们来具体分析。

That 充当定语从句的主语

在关系代词t h a t 充当主语的定语从句中,如果otherwise 表达的虚拟是对现在虚拟,otherwise 就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not for …”,此时that 定语从句的结构为“that would otherwise +动词原形”。请看下面的例句。

1. They support the services that would otherwise

be uneconomical.

他们对这些服务提供了极大的支持,要不然的话,这些服务将会花费不菲。

下面就利用这个例句来向大家揭示otherwise 用于that 定语从句时的用法特点。

特点一:定语从句相当于一个虚拟主句,常用到

New Oriental English

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Otherwise用于than定语从句

掌握了otherwise在that定语从句中的用法,我们就容易理解otherwise在than定语从句中的含义和用法特点了。参照上述三个特点,otherwise用于than定语从句时的用法特点可以归纳如下。

特点一:定语从句相当于虚拟主句,改写的时候要注意采用否定形式(这一点不同于that定语从句)。

特点二:Otherwise相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not for …”或“if it had not been for …”。

特点三:定语从句的基本含义是“要不然,就不会出现定语从句所描述的情形”,注意这里采用了否定形式(这一点不同于that定语从句)。Than充当定语从句的主语

如果是对现在虚拟,otherwise就相当于虚拟条件句“if it were not for …”,此时than定语从句中的结构为“than would otherwise +动词原形”。请看下面的例句。

5. Big chains thrive because they provide goods

and services of greater variety, better quality, and lower cost than would otherwise be available.

大型连锁商店之所以能蓬勃发展,是因为它们所提供的产品和服务种类更多、质量更好、成本更低。如果没有这样的大型连锁商店,就不会有这样的产品和服务。

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14.New Oriental English for …”,此时that定语从句的结构为“that somebody would otherwise +动词原形”。请看下面的例句。

3. This (anesthesia) allows patients to undergo

surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain that they would otherwise experience.

这(麻醉)能够让病人在手术和其他治疗过程中免受折磨和痛苦。要不然的话,他们就会受这些罪。

本句的关系代词that指代先行词distress and pain,充当experience的宾语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“They would experience distress and pain if it were not for anesthesia.”(如果没有麻醉,病人就会遭受折磨和痛苦。)

如果是对过去虚拟,otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it had not been for …”,此时that定语从句中的结构为“that somebody would otherwise have +过去分词”。请看下面的例句。

4. He was lured into a crime that he would not

otherwise have committed.

他是被引诱犯罪的,要不然的话,他是不会犯的。

本句中关系代词that指代先行词crime,充当commit 的宾语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“He would not have committed the crime if he had not been lured into it.”(如果他当时没有受引诱,他就不会犯罪了。)

由此可见,在t h at不充当主语的定语从句中,otherwise的用法同样符合上文总结出的三个特点。

a. They support the services.

他们对这些服务提供了支持。

b. The services would be uneconomical if it were

not for their support.

如果没有他们的支持,这些服务将会花费不菲。

由此我们可以得出此类定语从句的语义特点,具体见下文“特点三”的论述。

特点三:定语从句的基本含义是“如果不是主句所描述的那样,就会出现定语从句所描述的情形”。

上面的例句是对现在虚拟,如果是对过去虚拟,otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it had not been for …”,此时that定语从句的结构为“that would otherwise have +过去分词”。请看下面的例句。

2. With the teacher’s help, I found many errors that

would otherwise have been overlooked.

在老师的帮助下,我发现了很多原本可能被忽略的错误。

本句中定语从句的关系代词that指代先行词many errors,充当定语从句的主语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“Many errors would have been overlooked if it had not been for the teacher’s help.”(如果当时没有老师的帮助,很多错误就会被忽略了。) That不充当定语从句的主语

除了主语,that也可以充当定语从句的宾语或表语。在这样的定语从句中,如果otherwise表达的是对现在虚拟,otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not

本句的关系代词t h a n 指代先行词“g o o d s a n d services of greater variety, better quality, and lower cost ”,充当定语从句的主语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“Goods and services of greater variety, better quality, and lower cost would not be available if it were not for big chains.”(如果没有这样的大型连锁商店,就不会有这样的产品和服务。)注意,虚拟主句中添加了否定词not ,说成would not be available ,才能表达than 定语从句的含义。

如果是对过去虚拟,otherwise 就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it had not been for …”,此时than 定语从句的结构为“than would otherwise have +过去分词”。

本文开头的句子就是这种情况(This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary)。该句中的otherwise 用于than 定语从句,关系代词than 指代先行词30 more GMAT points ,充当定语从句的主语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“Thirty more GMAT points would not have been necessary if it had not been for such a decrease.”(如果没有这个降分,GMAT 考试多出的30分本来是不需要的。)句首的this 指代原题的前文中提到的平均0.075的降分。整个句子意思如下:这个(平均0.075的)降分看起来也许不多,但要消除它的影响,一名申请者的GMAT 考试就要多考出本来不需要的30分。

Than 不充当定语从句的主语

在than 充当宾语或表语的定语从句中,如果是对现在虚拟,otherwise 就相当于虚拟条件句“if it were not for …”,此时than 定语从句中的结构为“than somebody

综上所述,otherwise 用于定语从句中的句型结构可以归纳为下表。定语从句类型

关系词所充当的成分

对现在虚拟

对过去虚拟

that 定语从句

that 充当主语

that would otherwise +动词原形

that would otherwise have +过去分词 that 不充当主语that somebody would otherwise +动词原形that somebody would otherwise have +过去分词

than 定语从句

than 充当主语

than would otherwise +动词原形

than would otherwise have +过去分词 than 不充当主语

than somebody would otherwise +动词原形

than somebody would otherwise have +过去分词

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New Oriental English

. 15

would otherwise +动词原形”。

有统计数据表明,学历越高挣钱相对会越多,用英文可以这样表达:“Well-educated people make more money than those less well-educated.”另一方面,我们也可以与自身进行比较,比如可以说:受过良好教育的人所挣的钱比他们不受良好教育的情况下挣得多。这时就需要用到上面讲到的otherwise 虚拟句型了。

6. Well-educated people make more money than

they would otherwise do.

受过良好教育的人能挣到更多的钱,如果没有良好的教育,他们就挣不到这么多钱。

本句中定语从句的关系代词t h a n 指代先行词money ,充当定语从句的宾语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“They would not make so much money if it were not for their good education.”(如果没有良好的教育,他们不会挣到这么多钱。)

如果是对过去虚拟,otherwise 就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it had not been for …”,此时than 定语从句的结构为“than somebody would otherwise have +过去分词”。请看下面的例句。

7. With the teacher’s help, the student got better

grades than he would otherwise have done.因为老师的帮助,这个学生考出了他本来考不到的好成绩。

本句中定语从句的关系代词t h a n 指代先行词grades ,充当定语从句的宾语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“He would not have gotten such good grades if it had not been for the teacher’s help.”(如果没有老师的帮助,他就考不出这么好的成绩。)

希望本文内容能帮助大家更清晰地了解otherwise 在定语从句中的用法。

Otherwise与定语从句

作者:张满胜

作者单位:

刊名:

新东方英语

英文刊名:NEW ORIENTAL ENGLISH

年,卷(期):2013(6)

本文链接:https://www.360docs.net/doc/0411809865.html,/Periodical_xdfyy201306005.aspx

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定语从句和同位语从句区别归纳

定语从句和同位语从句的区别 一、定语从句是形容词从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的;同位语从句是名词从句,其作用相当于一个名词,是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。例如: 1.We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。 2.We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。 例1中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词,其作用是修饰the news;例2中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词,是对the news的进一步说明。 二、定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分,可作主语、宾语、状语等;而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用,不作任何句子成分。例如: 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。 2. The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实,他们没有完成工作。 例1中的引导词that在从句中充当句子成分,作从句的主语,故为定语从句;例2中的that只起连接作用,引导从句解释fact的内容,不作任何句子成分,故为同位语从句。 引导从句的关联词that的功能不同:that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。 三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时,可以省略或被其他词代替;而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略,更不能被代替。例如: 1. The news that she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。 2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的。 例1是定语从句,that可省略;例2是同位语从句,that不能省略。 3. The reason why he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。 4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上,这一想法引起我们的注意。

定语从句与强调句和状语从句的区别

定语从句与其易混淆句型的辨析 众所周知,定语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点,老师、同学们都对此予以重点关注。由此造成了这样一种现象:做题时,一遇到从句就往定语从句上想,尤其容易把一些形式上与定语从句相似的句型(主要是同位语从句、强调句、地点和时间状语从句)也当作定语从句来理解,结果产生错误。因此,从某个方面来说,解答定语从句题的关键是弄清它和易混淆句型之间的区别。 一、定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句和同位语从句都置于被修饰的名词或代词之后,形式上非常相似,尤其是由that引导时,最难区分。实际上,两者的根本区别在于句法功能不同,与先行词的关系不同。 1. 句法功能不同 定语从句相当于一个形容词,用来修饰、描述或限制其前面的名词、代词(称为先行词)或整个句子;同位语从句则相当于一个名词,是先行词所述内容的展开,即说明先行词的具体内容。 定语从句的引导词that在从句中一定充当句子成分;而同位语从句中的引导词that(被称为连接代词)在从句中只起连接作用,不充当任何句子成分。 定语从句的引导词在从句中作宾语或状语时,可以省略或被其他词代替;而同位语从句的引导词则一般不能省略,也不能被代替。 例1The news (that / which)we picked up from his informal conversation is true.我们从他的闲谈中听到的那个消息是真实的。 例2The news that Mr Li will teach us English next semester is true. 李先生下学期将教我们英语这个消息是真实的。 点评:例1的中that从句是定语从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,用来限定the news,that在从句中作宾语,可省略。例2中的that从句是同位语从句,其作用相当于一个名词,本身就是the news的内容,that不能省略。 2. 与先行词关系不同 定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是名词或代词,当that省略时,定语从句本身是一个不完整的句子。而同位语从句通常与一些本身有具体内容可展开的名词连用,对这些名词进行补充说明或解释。常见的此类名词有:answer,belief,doubt,decision,explanation,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,possibility,problem,promise,question,reason,story,suggestion,thought,truth等。同位语从句本身是一个完整的句子,常用that连接而不是用which 引导,that本身不充当句子成分,表示疑问意义的名词(如doubt,question等)后也可用whether,who,what等疑问词引导。 例3The fact (that / which) she told me yesterday is very important.她昨天告诉我的事实非常重要。 例4The fact that she hasn’t known the result of the examination is clear.她还不知道考试成绩这个事实是显而易见的。

定语从句和同位语从句的区别

定语从句和同位语从句的区别 定语从句与同位语从句是高中英语教学内容的重点,也是英语阅读中的难点,它们相似的位置,使许多学生往往混淆,阻碍了对文章的理解。那么,如何正确地区分定语从句与同位语从句呢? 一、从意义上讲,定语从句的作用相当于一个形容词,是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的;同位语从句的作用相当于一个名词,是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。例如: 1.We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。(定语从句) 2.We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。(同位语从句) 二、从引导词的句法功能上讲,定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分,可作主语、宾语、状语等;而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用,不作任何句子成分。例如: 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。 2. The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实,他们没有完成工作。 三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时,可以省略或被其他词代替;而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略,更不能被代替。例如: 1. The news (that) she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。 2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的。 3. The reason why (= for which) he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。 4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上,这一想法引起我们的注意。 四、同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系,二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系,可用“主+系+表”结构来表示,即添加法。而定语从句所修饰的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语。例如:The news that he won the first place is true. 他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。 (上句若用“主+系+表”结构来表示,则是: The news is that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军。 意思合理,系表结构成立,故为同位语从句.) The reason (that )he explained is true. 五、定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是各类名词,可以有复数形式;而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位,(如:idea,plan,fact,theory,promise,hope,news,doubt,truth,information,suggestion,question,thought,belief,conclusion),一般没有复数形式。例如: 1. The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great.她得到的可能性似乎大些。(possibilities是定语从句的先行词,可用复数形式) 2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to go to school. 她的母亲很担心,她女儿有可能不喜欢上学。(possibility是抽象名词,后接的是同位语从句,一般不用复数形式) 六、由when, why, where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词,但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位。例如: 1. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得初次来北京的那天。 2. I have no idea when she will be back.我不知道她何时回来。 3. This is the house where I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住的房子。 4. The question where we shall have a meeting hasn't decided. 我们到什么地方去开会,这个问题没有决定。例1、3中的when和where引导的是定语从句,day 和house分别表示时间和地点;例2、4中的when 和where引导的是同位语从句。

定语从句与同位语从句的区分

定语从句与同位语从句的区分 一、定语从句相当于一个形容词, 它对先行词起修饰、描述和限制的作用。同位语从句相当于名词,属于名词性从句,它是对前面名词内容的具体表述,它们之间的关系是同位关系。试比较: The news that you heard is not true. 你听到的那个消息不是真的。(定语从句) The news that he has died is true. 他已经去世的消息是真的。(同位语从句,说明了news 的具体内容,即he has died) 二、同位语从句常跟在news, fact, promise, idea, word, message, hope, truth, answer, proposal, suggestion, order, information 等少数名词之后,而一般名词之后都可跟定语从句。如: The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。 He didn\\'t give the answer why he was late. 他没回答他为什么迟到这个问题。(同位语从句) Then rose a question where we should go. 于是产生了一个问题:我们该到哪里去?(同位语从句) 三、that 在定语从句中充当某一成分, 是关系代词; that 在同位语从句中不作任何成分,仅把主句与从句连接在一起,是从属连词。如: The fact that just now you talked about interests me. 你们刚才谈论的事情使我感兴趣。(定语从句) The fact that he failed in the exam made his parents very angry. 他考试没及格这个事实使他的父母很生气。(同位语从句) 四、when, where, why, how, who, whom, which 如果引导定语从句, 它们分别指前面先行词所表示的时间、地点、原因、方式、人和物,否则引导的就是同位语从句。试比较:

强调句与定语从句的区别

强调句与定语从句的区别 【原题复现】27.It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village the hostess cooked such a nice dinner. A. where B.that C.when D. which 【语法补漏】 强调句与定语从句的区别是:在定语从句中一般使用关系代词that, which,who, whom或关系副词when, where,why等,先行词(中心词)一般是名词或名词短语,而在强调句中,可以用副词、介词短语或从句来作被强调的内容。;而在强调句中则主要使用that,who; 有时强调句在形式上和定语从句、状语从句很相似。我们除了从意思上进行区分外,还能根据强调句的结构特点来进行判断,如能去掉It was...that...后,句子仍然通顺,就是强调句。这一点很重要. 试比较:①It is a question that needs careful consideration. ②It is novels that Miss Williams enjoys reading. 简析:句①是含有定语从句的句子,在此It是指示代词,It is a question是个"主语+系动词+表语"结构,如果去掉It is...that,句子结构就不完整了。句②是强调句,在此It是个引导词,没有具体含义,如果去掉It is...that,把语序稍加调整,句子结构仍然是完整的。 区分定语从句与强调句区分定语从句和强调句可用还原法,因为强调句的基本句式为It is (was)+被强调部分+that+句子的其余部分,因此只需将it is(was) 后面的部分还原到原来的句子中,如果成份完整,则为强调句,如果成份不完整则为定语从句。 1) It is this street _______I happened to meet him. It is in this street _______I happened to meet him. [ ] A.that B.where C.which D.from which 首先,我们看到主句部分为it is…结构,可能是定语从句可能是强调句,利用还原法,将两部分分别还原,得出1.I happened to meet him this street. 2.I happened to meet him in this street. 1句子成份不完整,为定语从句,用where;2句子成份完整为强调句,选that。 2) Where did you meet him? It is in the cinema_______ I met him. It is in the cinema_______ door faces west. [ ] A.that B.where C.whose D.which 仍然采取还原法,得出1.I met him in the cinema. 2.Door faces west in the cinema. 1句子成份完整,确定为强调句,用that选A;2明显不是一个意思表达清楚的句子,其实本句是一个省略句,全句为:It is in the cinema _______door faces west that I met him. 强调句部分已经省略,而句中door faces west 是一个定语从句,表示门朝西开的电影院,因此选C,whose 在做题中我们经常可以看见带有定语从句的强调句,这时仍可用还原法加以辨别: (1) Was it in the cinema _______Smith met you _______you saw the film? A.that, that B.whom, then C.where, that D.which, where (C) (2) Where did you found XingMing? It was in the office _______he worked. A.this B.which C.where D./ (C) 【高考题互动】 01、(08全国卷II’20) It was in New Zealand ___ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith. A. that B. how C. which D. when 02、(08天津卷’08)It was along the Mississippi River _______ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. A. how B. which C. that D. where 03、(08重庆卷’22)It was not until midnight they reached the camp site.

同位语从句与定语从句的区别(很经典的区别,有配套练习与答案)

同位语从句与定语从句的区别(配练习与答案) 一、复习定语从句 1.定义:该句子在复合句中作定语,像形容词一样起修饰作用。 2.特点:1)用陈述句语序。2) 去掉从句主句仍是一个完整的句子。 3.位置:位于所修饰的名词之后,该名词叫做先行词。 4.引导词:1)关系代词: a) 在从句中可做主语,宾语,定语。 b) 分为:先行词为人:who(主,宾),whom(宾),whose(定), that(主,宾) 先行词为物:which(主,宾), that(主,宾),whose(定) eg:The lady who is standing behind Tom is my sister. This is the book which I bought yesterday. c) 关系代词在从句中作宾语常常省略。 2)关系副词:a)在从句中作状语。 b)分为:when , where, why eg:He came last night when I was out. 新内容: 1.词类:同从的名词只能是抽象名词;定从可是名词也可是代词 I can’t stand the terrible noise that she is crying loudly. His mother did all she could to help him with his study. 2.性质:同从对前面的抽象名词进一步解释说明;定从对先行词进行修饰和限制。 The news that our team has won the game was true. The news that he told me yesterday was true.

定语从句、强调句相应练习

定语从句、强调句练习 1.All ____ should be done has been done. A. what B. which C. that D. whatever 2.Was it during the Second World War__he died? A.that B.while C.in which D.then 3.I feel it is your husband who__for the spoiled child. A.is to blame B.is going to blame C.is to be blamed D.should blame 4.I, ____ your best friend, will try my best to help you. A. who is B. who am C. that is D. which am 5.It was __ I met Mr. Smith in London. A.many years that B.for many years since C.since many years ago when D.many years ago that 6.It was the dean__walked by. A.where B.who C.what D.which 7.Leilei is the girl _____ pronunciation is the best in our class. A. whose B. who C. who’s D. that 8.Can you lend me the book ______ the other day? A. you talked about it B. that you talked C. about that you talked D. you talked about 9.The two old friends talked about the persons and places _____ impressed them most. A. which B. who C. where D. that 10.These articles are written in simple language, _____ makes it easy to read. A. that B. this C. which D. it 11.My father works in the factory _____ this type of truck is made.

同位语和定语从句

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同位语从句和定语从句的三点区别

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