法律英语讲座之8+侵权行为法(上)

法律英语讲座之8+侵权行为法(上)
法律英语讲座之8+侵权行为法(上)

法律英语

今天我们要介绍的法律英语内容可能是与各位读者的生活最为息息相关的——侵权行为法(Tort Law)的内容。1人们在日常生活中总是要碰到各种各样的利益纠纷,最常见的就是“侵权行为”一类的法律问题。那么下面我们就来看看英美法系中一些重要的侵权法方面的概念以及它们的表达方式。

(一)历史渊源

The history of Anglo-American tort law can be traced back to the action for trespass to property or tothe person.

英美侵权行为法的历史可追溯到侵害财产权或者侵害人身权之诉。

Trespass to property or to the person,可以说是侵权法上最重要也是最基本的概念,它告诉我们侵权法的基本分类:对人身(tort against person)和对财产(tort against property)的侵犯这两类。所以聪明的读者可能已经了解笔者接下去介绍的思路了吧。

在转入正题之前,笔者觉得有义务向大家介绍一下几个容易混淆的法律名词:

Crime & Tort

相信大家都能理解crime (犯罪)和tort(侵权)同属于wrong (不法行为)一个大类之下,但它们的区别如何呢?请看例句的解释——

A crime is an act so reprehensible that it is considered a wrong against society and state as a whole, aswell as against the individual victim.

犯罪是一种不仅危害受害者个人而且危害整个国家和社会的应受严厉谴责的行为。

Simply stated, a tort is a wrong. It is a private wrong (civil as opposed to criminal) resulting from abreach of a legal duty derived from society's expectations regarding proper and improper interpersonalconduct.

A tort is any socially unreasonable conduct, which is not contractual, for which a court will grantmonetary damages or an equitable remedy to compensate an individual for his/her injury. The rights andduties involved in a tort case may arise from either statute or common law.

A crime is an offense against the public, and criminal law does not seek to compensate the victim. Tortincludes both deliberate wrongs (intentional torts) and inadvertent or accidental wrongs (negligent torts),as well as wrongs for which the offender is held liable regardless of motivation or ability to prevent the injury(strict liability). Tort law is perhaps the broadest and most volatile area of civil law.

简单来讲,侵权就是不法行为。它是一种私法意义上的不法行为(与刑事相对的民事行为),基于违反法律义务这一事实而产生,这种义务源于社会对有关正确或不正确的人际行为的预期。

侵权行为是所有社会中不合理的行为,它不同于契约关系,法院可以通过判以赔偿金或某种衡平性的补救对他/她所遭受的伤害进行补偿。某一侵权案件中所包含的权利与义务,或基于法令条例,或基于判例法而产生。

与此相对应,犯罪行为是对公众利益的侵害,而且刑法并不寻求对受害人的补偿。侵权既包括预先准备的违法行为(故意的侵权行为),又包括疏忽的或意外性的行为(过失侵权行为),还侵权行为法(上)

(李湛意 上海外国语大学法学院)法律英语讲座之八

32

法律英语

有那些不论违法者的动机或阻止损害的能力,均应负责的行为(严格责任)。可以说,侵权法可能是民法中范围最广、又最缺少稳定性的领域。

从历史的角度看,英美国家最初是将不法行为(wrongs)分成felony(重罪)和non-felony(非重罪)这两类的,而felony 与今天crime的内容基本重合,而non-felony则渐渐演化成了今天的侵权行为。而且它还有一个另外的名字misdemeanor 。

(二)故意侵害人身

在英美法系中,故意侵害人身权包括了以下六个方面:

1.恐吓与非法侵犯(assault and battery)

2.非法拘禁(false imprisonment)

3.施加精神损害(infliction of mental distress)

4.诽谤(defamation)

5.侵犯隐私权(invasion of the right to privacy)

6.虚假表述(misrepresentation)

这可能与我们中国司法体系的分类有一些区别,所以我们更加应该仔细看一看其中的内涵。a.关于assault的定义:

Any intentional, unexcused act that creates in another person a reasonable apprehension or fear ofimmediate harmful or offensive contact is an assault.

恐吓是指给他人造成了合理的恐惧,或使他人害怕并感到直接有害或攻击性的接触就要发生的,任何故意、未经允许的行为。

而且特别需要强调的是,这种恐惧被称为apprehension,与我们通常所说的fear是有所区别的。The completion of the act that caused the apprehension, if it results in harm to the plaintiff, is a battery,which is defined as an unexcused, harmful or offensive physical contact intentionally performed.

引起恐惧行为的完成(如果该行为给原告带来了伤害),就是“非法侵犯”,它的定义是“故意实施的未经允许、有害的或进攻性的身体接触”。

所以在侵权行为的诉讼中,只要原告证明接触(contact)的存在,且陪审团认为该接触具有进攻性,那么原告就具有赔偿权(right to compensation)。

具体来说,非法侵犯的损害赔偿可以是因为精神损害(emotional harm)、名誉损害(loss ofreputation)、或者身体损害(physical harm)这些理由而提出的。

A number of legally recognized defense can be raised by a defendant who is sued for assault or battery,or both:

1. Consent; 2. Self-defense; 3. Defense of others; 4. Defense of property.

这是四条受到恐吓或非法侵害指控者可以用来抗辩的理由:同意、自我防卫、防卫他人以及防卫财产

b.关于非法拘禁的定义:

False imprisonment is defined as the intentional confinement or restraint of another person's activitywithout justification.

非法拘禁是指无正当理由而对他人的活动故意实施关押或限制(the act of imprisoning orrestraining someone; the start of being imprisoned or restrained)。restraint限制;约束。justification 正当理由

c.关于诽谤

大家应该都听说过,诽谤分为两种,一种是slander,即口头上的诽谤;另一种是libel,即书面诽谤。但是除了这两种比较常见的形式外,还有一种被称为slander of title 或者disparagement of

法律英语

goods ,即权利诽谤,所有权的诽谤。请看下面的英文解释:

The tort of defamation also arises when a false statement is made about a person's product, business ortitle to property.

怎么样,解释得相当清楚吧!

d.对于隐私的侵犯主要包括:

(1) The use of a person's name or picture for commercial purposes without permission.

未经允许为了商业目的使用某人的姓名或照片。

(2) Intrusion upon an individual's affairs or seclusion.

侵犯他人事务或私生活。

(3) Publication of information that places a person in a false light.

公开使他人容易被别人误解的信息。

(4) Public disclosure of private facts about an individual that an ordinary person would find

objectionable.

公开披露能够引起普通人反感的他人的隐私情况。

objectionable 反对的

(三)故意侵害他人财产

Wrongs against property include (1) trespass to land and (2) trespass to personal property andconversion.

侵害财产权又分为:一、侵入他人土地;二、侵害他人动产与侵占他人财产。

a.关于侵入他人土地的定义

Any time a person, without permission, entered onto, above, or below the surface of land that is ownedby another or causes anything to enter onto the land, or remains on the land or permits anything to remainon it, such action constitutes the tort called a trespass to land.

根据普通法,任何未经授权、直接侵入他人地界的行为都可以被起诉。这种不法行为所侵犯的对象是享有实际占有权的人,而并不一定是享有土地所有权但没有实际占有权的人。构成这种不法行为不要求行为人有入侵之故意,也不一定要有实际损害结果,但要求行为人行为时有意志自由。

要注意的是,在这类纠纷中,如果被指侵害他人土地的一方可以提出该行为是经过了授权的(warranted action),比如他是为了解救一场危机而进入他人土地的,那么就可以构成完全辩护。

b.关于侵害他人财产

大家可能对conversion 这个概念感到陌生,请看下面的英文解释:

Whenever personal property is taken from its rightful possessor and placed in the service of another,the action of conversion occurs. Conversion is defined as any act depriving an owner of personal propertywithout that owner's permission and without just cause.

从中我们可以看出,conversion 实际指的是未经财产合法占有人同意,将财物移入他人名下的一种不法行为。在这类法律问题中,读者可能需要熟悉另外一个概念:占用性留置(possessorylien)。它指的是债权人清偿债务或履行义务前,有权占有特定财产的一种留置权。因为在这类法律纠纷中,如果被告一方能证明这种侵占属于占用性留置,即为了某种特定目的而实施的占用,那么被告的完全辩护就可以成立。这也是一种授权的行为(warranted action)。

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