英语动词重要分类及用法说明

英语动词重要分类及用法说明
英语动词重要分类及用法说明

英语动词重要分类及用法说明

■及物动词与不及物动词

根据后面是否带宾语,行为动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词(vt)后面要跟宾语,不及物动词(vi)不跟宾语。如:

They study hard. 他们勤奋学习。(study后没有宾语,是不及物动词)

I know them well. 我很了解他们。(know后有宾语them,是及物动词)

注:有的动词既可作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。如:

She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing是不及物动词)

She sang an English song just now. 她刚才唱了一首英文歌。(sing是及物动词)

■动态动词和静态动词

根据词义特点,行为动词可分为动态动词和静态动词。动态动词表示动作,如give, take, work, run等;静态动词表示感觉、情感、内心世界、相互关系等,如know, live, lie, exist, be, have, mean, seem, appear, sound, prove, concerns, hate, dislike, like, love, prefer, surprise, astonish, satisfy, contain, include, matter depend on, belong to, guess, suppose,imagine, believe, doubt, admire, envy等。

■延续性动词和非延续性动词

根据动作是否延续,行为动词又分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。如rain, live, work, learn等是延续性动词,go, come, leave, start, arrive, join, finish, end等是非延续性动词。

注:非延续性动词在肯定句中通常不与表示时间段连用的for短语连用。如:

[译]他离开这里三天了。

[误]He has left here for three days.

[正]He has been away from here for three days.

[正]He left here three days ago.

[正]It’s three days since he left.

■限定动词与非限定动词

限定动词在句中作谓语,有人称和数的变化。非限定动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三

种,在句中不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化(详见非谓语动词一章) 。如:

The room needs cleaning. 这房间需要清洁了。(needs在句中用谓语,是限定动词;cleaning 是动名词作needs的宾语,属非限定动词)

■实义动词和助动词(是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的)。

1. 实义动词

它指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如:

He lives quite near. 他住得很近。

I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢茶而她喜欢咖啡。

He both speaks and writes French. 他既会说也会写法语。

以上各句中的lives, like, likes, speaks, writes等均为实义动词,且在句中用作谓语。

2. 助动词

它与实义动词相反,指的是那些本身无词汇意义或意义不完全,不能单独作谓语的动词。助动词根据它的不同用途也可分为好几类,如用于构成进行时态、完成时态、将来时态等的时态助动词be, have, will, shall等;用于构成被动语态的语态助动词be;用于表示不同情态的情态动词。如:

He is looking for a job. 他在找一份工作。

I have almost finished the book. 这本书我几乎已经看完了。

Tomorrow will be the first day of autumn. 明天是秋天的第一天。

He was struck by a stone. 他被石头击中。

You can come some other time. 你可以在其他时间来。

第一句中的is为时态助动词,它与现在分词looking一起构成现在进行时;第二句中的have 也是时态助动词,它与过去分词finished一起构成现在完成时;第三句中的will仍为时态助动词,它与动词原形be一起构成一般将来时;第四句中的was为语态助动词,它与过去分词struck一起构成被动语态;最后一句中的can为情态助动词,在此表示“能力”,意为“能……”。

英语动词有五种基本形式

英语动词有五种基本形式,即动词原形、第三人称单数(现在式)、过去式、过去分词和现

在分词。

1. 第三人称单数的构成方法与名词的单数变复数规则大致一样,即:

(1) 一般情况下由动词后加-s构成:work / works,read / reads等。

(2) 以s, x, z, sh, ch 以及字母o结构的动词,后加-es:guess / guesses, mix / mixes, go / goes, buzz / buzzes, finish / finishes, catch / catches等。

(3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,应将y改为i 再加-es:fly / flies, study / studies等。

【注】①有个别的变化不规则,如have / has, be / is等。

②词尾-s和-es 读音规则是:在s, x, z, sh, ch 后的es读作[iz],其余的读[z]。

2. 过去式和过去分词的构成方法

分规则变化和不规则变化两种。不规则变化需逐个记忆,规则变化遵循以下原则:

(1) 一般情况下,在动词后加ed构成:work / worked, stay / stayed, shout / shouted 等。

(2) 在以-e结尾动词后只加d:close / closed, like / liked, live / lived, smile / smiled 等。

(3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,应将y改为i 再加-ed:study / studied, carry / carried 等。

(4) 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed:stop / stopped, admit / admitted, refer / referred, prefer / preferred等。

【注】(1) 以字母l结尾的动词,若末尾一个音节为重读音节,则必须双写l再加-ed,如control / controlled,但若末尾一个音节为非重读音节,则可双写l(英国英语)或不双写l(美国英语),如travel / travel(l)ed。

(2) 动词picnic(野餐)的过去式和过去分词是picnicked,不是picniced。

(3) 词尾-ed 读音规则是:在清辅音后读作[t],元音和浊辅音后读作[d],在辅音[t]或[d]后读作[id]。

3. 现在分词的构成方法

(1) 一般情况下,在动词后加-ing构成:work / working, sleep / sleeping, wait / waiting 等。

(2) 在不发音的-e结尾动词去掉e后再加-ing:smile / smiling, move / moving 等。

(3) 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ing:sit / sitting, plan / planning, refer / referring, occur / occurring等。

(4) 以字母ie结尾的动词,通常将ie改为y,再加ing:die / dying, lie / lying, tie / tying等。

【注】(1) 以字母l结尾动词,若末尾一个音节为重读音节,则必须双写l再加ing,如control / controlling,但若末尾一个音节为非重读音节,则可双写l(英国英语)或不双写l(美国英语),如travel / travel(l)ing。

(2) 名词变复数、形容词和副词变比较级和最高级、动词变过去式和过去分词等都有“改y 规则”,但动词的现在分词没有“改y规则”。

(3) 动词picnic(野餐)的现在分词为picnicking,不是picnicing。

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