2017年美国留学-哈佛大学教学特色

2017年美国留学-哈佛大学教学特色
2017年美国留学-哈佛大学教学特色

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教学特色

立思辰留学360介绍,直到19世纪,创建了一个半世纪的哈佛学院仍然以英国的牛津大学、剑桥大学两所

大学为模式,以培养牧师、律师和官员为目标,注重人文学科,学生不能自由选择课程。19世纪初,高等教育课程改革的号角在哈佛吹响了,崇尚“学术自由”和“讲学自由”。“固定的学年”和“固定的课”的老框框受到冲击,自由选修课程的制度逐渐兴起。

1839年,哈佛大学再次发动课程改革。1841年,哈佛正式实行选课制,但在保守势力的反对下很快又有所倒退。

19世纪60年代,美国爆发了“南北战争”。南北战争为美国资本主义的发展开辟了道路,生产力突飞猛进,科学技术工作者的地位逐步提高,工程师、自然科学家和工业技术人才得以和律师、官员等并驾齐驱。形势的变化对高等学校的课程改革十分有利,选修制再次兴起,哈佛又一次走在了改革的前列。

1869年,年仅35岁的埃里奥特担任哈佛大学校长,此后他担任校长40年,是推行选课制的主将,在他的领导和推动下,哈佛大学全面实行选修制。到1895年,只有英语和现代外语仍为必修课,其它均为选修课。美国许多高校纷纷步哈佛大学后尘,减少或废除必修课,增加选修课。

按照自由选修制的要求,攻读一种学位,可有16门课程供学生选修,只要符合规定,便可取得相应的学位。这种方法打破了固定的四年学制,成绩优异者三年内即可取得相应的学位,可称得上是“不拘一格降人才”了。在埃里奥特的努力下,哈佛大学招聘名流学者任教,选修课程开设超过其它大学,学生的知识面扩大,学习潜能得以充分发挥。

埃里奥特的教育思想和课程改革对美国高等教育的发展具有深远影响,他强调高等学校要给予学生三个法宝:一是给学生学习上选择的自由;二是使学生在所擅长的学科上有施展才能的机会;三是使学生的学习从被动的行为转化为自主的行为,使学生从对教师的依赖和从属关系中解放出来。

立思辰留学介绍,1909年,洛厄尔出任校长,他在保留自由选课制优点的前提下又提出了新的教改方案,从1914年起,实行“集中与分配”制。所谓“集中”,是指从16门可供选择的课程中,必须选修6门本系的专业课,以保证重点;所谓“分配”,是指另外的6门课程从3个不同的知识领域中各选两门,以保证学生具有比较广泛的知识面。余下的课任学生自由选择。这种制度既保证专业课学习的深度,又能扩大学生的视野,也可给学生的个人爱好留下适当的余地。

1933年,化学家科南特担任校长,他励精图治,于1940年主持成立专门委员会,研究课程改革。经过5年的反复研究,提出了专门报告,主张加强普通教育。哈佛大学按照专门报告的建议,又作了5年实验,在1951年正式推行“普通教育”制度。按照普通教育制度的规定,第一,一、二年级的学生,要从自己所在的系中选修6门专业课,再从人文、社会、自然三大类别的普通教育课中各选一门,共3门课,另外还需从其他系的课程中至少选3门;第二,三、四年级也设有普通教育课,没有学过一、二年级普通教育课的,不得选修三、四年级的普通教育课;第三,攻读硕士和博士学位的学生可以选修一部分三、四年级的普通教育课;第四,学生不得选修属于同一个考试组的两门课。这样做,普通教育和专业教育结合的

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很紧密,而且先后有序,互相衔接。这种办法吸取以前制度的优点,加以综合,形成了以通讯教育为基础,以集中与分配为指导的自由选修制度。

哈佛大学学生成绩的计分方法一般有四种:第一,按A、B、C、D、E五级计分,A为最高分;第二,及格和不及格;第三,满意和不满意;第四,有学分和无学分。

哈佛大学的课程改革并没有停滞不前,他们又进而研究在普通教育中哪些课程是核心课程,或称基础课程。他们深切认识到,不论学习任何专业,都必须有深厚的基础知识。

德里克·博克于1971年出任校长,他十分关注大学本科的基础教育,采取了有力的措施。20世纪初,美国一般大学文科的课程是按照纵深与横亘相结合的原则来设置的,既让学生对某一领域有比较深入的理解,又要求学生对其他领域有较为广泛的涉猎。到20世纪中期,则要求学生在知识广度方面对人文科学、社会科学和自然科学三个领域有概括的基本的理解。到了六、七十年代,以上的课程模式再度受到挑战,由于人类的知识领域空前扩大,各学科之间过去的传统界限已被冲破,使得传统的文科课程结构处于不得不改革的局面。

1973年,博克校长任命亨利·罗索夫斯基(Henry Rosovsky)为哈佛文理学院院长,责成他负责研究文理学院的目标及哈佛本科教育中存在的种种问题,号召教师们献计献策,以集思广益,重新制定有关大学教学的目的和方法。罗索夫斯基任命威尔逊教授研究共同基础课问题,于1976年提出一项改革方案,即“威尔逊报告”。这份报告主张制定一种强制性的共同基础课程,以后又经过反复讨论、修改,并由罗索夫斯基院长亲自主持进一步的修改工作,结果于1978年提出了关于共同基础课的报告,并决定于第二年开始付诸实施。

在1978—2008年期间,所有本科生需完成七门主修以外的课程,作为核心课程的一部分;之后课程有变动,在2008年之后,所有本科生除了主修课程,还需完成八类的大学通识教育课程,它们分别是:美学与理解、文化与信仰、数学与简化解释、道德理解、生命科学、物理科学、世界与社会及美国与世界。另一方面,哈佛的研究生课程则非常多元化,并与其本科生课程有很大的关联。不过,有某一部分的学生及教育组织批评哈佛的本科生课程过于依赖助教,指这样会影响教育质素。

哈佛采用半学年/两学期制教学,每个学年从九月初开始直到五月中旬。本科生在每个学期/半学年里需完成四门指定科目,并须保持这个报读率以维持作为全职本科生的资格。每个主修科目均提供基础课程及高级课程供学生选择。以排名首4—5%成绩毕业的学生会获赋予最高荣誉“summa cum laude”学位,剩下的头15%的学生获“magna cum laude”的衔头,其余的30%则为“cum laude”。大学不同学科部均有不同的奖学金及奖项颁发。惟哈佛及很多其他的美国大学被批评出现“等级上涨”的情况,很多奖学金及荣誉的要求不断上升,例如:哈佛学院获得拉丁文学位荣誉的学生人数从2004年的90%,下降至2005年的60%。不过,也有报告指出,学生们的学习动力及拼搏精神却因此得以提升。

娜塔莉波特曼哈佛毕业演讲中英全文

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哈佛大学毕业典礼演讲稿——人生唯一目标是做自己奥普拉·温弗瑞:美国著名脱口秀主持人、媒体企业家。 奥普拉在哈佛大学2013届毕业典礼的演讲——人生唯一目标是做自己 我要分享的想法是:无论你有多么成功,也许你们会不断追求更高的目标,这就难免会遇到失意之时。我希望届时各位可以记住:世上并不存在失败,那不过是生活试图将我们推向另一个方向罢了。 当你身处困境时,看起来是一种失败。在过去的一年中,我时刻提醒自己牢记这一点。当深陷困境时,感到难过是正常的,给自己一点时间去思考即将失去的一切。关键在于:要从错误中汲取教训,因为所有经验,尤其是你犯下的错误,都将帮助你、推动你更好地做自己,确定下一步何去何从。生活的关键在于建立起一个内在的道德情感导航仪,为你指明方向。因为从今以后,当你用谷歌搜索自己的时候,搜索结果中会提到:“哈佛大学2013毕业生”。在这个充满竞争的世界,这的确是一张抢眼的名片。 我曾招聘过很多人,而每当我看到哈佛大学这个字眼时,我总是会坐直一些说:“他 们在哪?把他们统统带过来。”正是这张抢眼的名片可以成就你们的未来之路。你们可能成 为律师、议员、首席执行官、科学家、物理学家、诺贝尔奖及普利策奖得主,甚至深夜脱口秀节目主持人。但生活的挑战在于创建一份不仅陈述所期望的职位的履历,而且上面要明确成就怎样的自我。这份履历不仅需要表达你想成就一番怎样的事业,也要明确动机,除了头衔与职位,也要有达成目标的缘由。你的使命是什么?你的信仰是什么?你的目标是 什么?只有这样,当你不慎跌倒发现自深陷困境之时,才能帮助你重振旗鼓。 我是在1994年才认识到这一点的。那年我采访了一位凭一己之力积攒了1000美元 零花钱的小女孩,她将这钱捐出来帮助有需要的人。这个九岁大的小女孩促使我思考,仅凭一个存钱罐与雄心壮志就能做到这样,那我可以做些什么呢?于是我号召我的观众们捐 出他们的零钱,在一个月内,仅仅是一枚枚零钱硬币就募到了300万美金。我们用这笔 钱资助每个州的一位学子进入大学的殿堂。我所做的仅仅是号召我的观众,“尽己所能, 无论地域与地位,如果可能,请贡献出你们的时间、智慧与财力。无论你在哪里,请为他人送去自己的仁爱之心。”观众也用行动表明了一切。我们在12个不同的城镇建起了55 所学校,修缮了300栋被“丽塔”飓风和“卡特里娜”飓风摧毁的民宅。 创办“天使网络”的想法在我心中萦绕已久,也正是“天使网络”让我确定了心中的那个 导航仪。我决定不再单一地制作电视节目,还要关注节目的终极理念、采访对象、行业发展和慈善事业等等。无论我们追求什么,将我们团结在一起的信念胜过其他一切。作为一个19岁就出现在电视节目中的孩子,起初我并不明白这个道理,直到1994年才有所醒

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2017年艺术教育行业现状及市场前景分析报告 (此文档为word格式,可任意修改编辑!) 2017年9月

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