职称英语理工类押题试卷(二)

全国职称英语等级考试理工类押题试卷(二)

第一部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)

下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

1The windchill factor, the combination of low temperature and wind speed, strikingly increases the degree of cold felt by a person who is outdoors.

A effectively

B remarkably

C certainly

D unquestionably

2Once thought doomed to extinction, southern sea otters are now stringently protected through the efforts of naturalist groups.

A rigorously

B minimally

C federally

D guardedly

3The park is a good place for strollers.

A carriages

B walkers

C sprinters

D campers

4At age twenty-five Orson Welles stunned the film world with his movie Citizen Kane.

A amused

B amazed

C frightened

D offended

5The disease, rust, stunts a plant's growth and leads to the destruction of the plant.

A enhances

B moderates

C stops

D hinders

6he Weddell seal of Antarctica can dive to a depth of about, 1,600 feet and remain submerged for as long as an hour and ten minutes.

A underwater

B fearless

C unconscious

D breathless

7Vice-President Lyndon Johnson became President of the United States following the death of John F. Kennedy and was subsequently elected to a full term in 1964.

A duly

B finally

C later

D therefore

8The outcry against the government's policies will subside only if a compromise is reached in the assembly.

A die down

B succeed

C proceed

D be dislodged

9The Texas Opera Theater was established as a subsidiary of the Houston Grand Opera in order to give young singers performing their experience.

A hall

B rival

C patron

D branch

10Benjamin Franklin was not the first to suggest the relationship between lightning and electricity, but his experiment with a kite was original.

A define

B confirm

C examine

D propose

11Louis Sullivan, a famous American architect, varied his structures to suit the local climate.

A modify

B enhance

C accommodate

D avoid

12In statistics, the mathematical mean is obtained by dividing the sum of a group of scores by the number of scores.

A total

B square

C numerator

D list

13Fortified medieval towns were often surrounded by two water moats.

A protected

B encircled

C flooded

D supplied

14The future survival of the bald eagle is still an important American ecological concern.

A migration

B population

C existence

D evolution

15The children's story writer known as Dr. Seuss proved that the simplest stories for children could have characterization and suspense.

A structure

B history

C excitement

D plot

第二部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)

阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请在答题卡上把A涂黑;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请在答题卡上把B涂黑;如果该句的信息在文章中没有提及，请在答题卡上把C涂黑。

Winners and Losers

Why are the biggest winners in the past decade of trade globalization mostly in South and East Asia, whereas the biggest losers are mostly in the former Soviet bloc (集团) and sub-Saharan Africa? History is a partial guide: East Asia has a long trading tradition, lately reinvigorated (给以新的活力) by the Chinese adoption of market economics. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, was sheltered from free-market forces for more than 70 years. In Africa, some countries are

disadvantaged because of inadequate infrastructure (基础结构);many countries have little to trade but commodities, the prices of which have fallen in recent years.

In some regions, certain countries have suffered by adopting misguided policies; often under pressure from International Monetary Fund. First among these is Russia, which in the early 1990s tried to embrace capitalism before first building the institutions that make capitalism work, such as an independent bank system, a system of business law, and an adequate method for collecting taxes. Encouraged by the IMF, the World Bank and the U. S. Department of the Treasury, President Boris Yeltsin's regime privatized the state-owned industrial sector, creating a class of oligarchs (寡头政治集团成员), who, knowing how unstable conditions were at home, sent their money abroad instead of investing it at home.

In contrast, China, the biggest winner from globalization, did not follow the IMF formula. Of the former states of the Soviet bloc, only a few, notably Poland and Hungary, managed to grow, which they did by ignoring IMF advice and adopting expansionary plans, including spending more than they collected in taxes. Botswana and Uganda are also success stories: despite their disadvantages, their countries achieved vigorous growth by creating stable civil societies, liberalizing trade and implementing reforms that ran counter to IMF prescriptions.

16Japan has a long trading tradition.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

17Russia was wrongly guided by the IMF.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

18All African countries followed the IMF formula.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

19The Soviet Union was a capitalist country.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

20Australia is one of the biggest winners from globalization.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

21China did not take IMF advice.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

22Many high officials in Russia have much benefited from privatization.

A Right

B Wrong

C Not mentioned

第三部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)

阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1、3、4、6段每段选择1个正确的小标题;(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

English and English Community

1There is no denying that English is a useful language. The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small tribes of people from northern Europe who settled in England. Their languages became more and more similar to each other. Finally, the language had enough uniformity to be used by all speakers in England. The people were united into a speech community through their shared language.

2 A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities. The people who make up the community share common language. Often they live side by side, as they do in a neighborhood, a village, or a city. More often they form a whole country. National boundaries, however, are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community. A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.

3We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community. For convenience, we may classify the speakers into two groups: one in which the speakers use English as their native language, the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education, commerce, and so on.

4English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language. English has been adopted as the language of air traffic, commerce, as well as international diplomacy. Moreover, English is the language of the majority of published materials in the world so that education has come to rely heavily on an understanding of English.

5Learning second language extends one's vision and expands the mind. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culturel;a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage.

23Paragraph 2 ___________24Paragraph 3 ___________

25Paragraph 4 ___________26Paragraph 5 ___________

A The Wide Use of English

B Historical Account of English and Its Community

C The Advantages of Learning a Second Language

D The Composition of the English Community

E The Threat That English Poses to Other Languages

F The Definition of a Speech Community

27Only through the shared language ___________.

28The idea of the national boundaries in often different from ___________.

29Speakers are classified into two groups ___________.

30An understanding of English ___________.

A that of a speech community

B can a speech community be formed

C in order to learn English better

D for the sake of simplicity

E has played an important role in the field of education

F is widely used in several areas of public activity

第四部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

Hair Detectives

Scientists have found a way to use hair to figure out where a person is from and where that person has been. The finding could help solve crimes, among other useful applications.

Water is central to the new technique. Our bodies break water down into its parts: hydrogen and oxygen. Atoms of these two elements end up in our tissues and hair.

But not all water is the same. Hydrogen and oxygen atoms can vary in how much they weigh. Different forms of a single element are called isotopes. And depending on where you live, tap water contains unique proportions of the heavier and lighter isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen.

Might hair record these watery quirks? That's what James R. Ehleringer, an environmental scientist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, wondered.

To find out, he and his colleagues collected hair from barbers and hair stylists in 65 cities in 18 states across the United States. The researchers assumed that the hair they collected came from people who lived in the area.

Even though people drink a lot of bottled water these days, the scientists found that hair overwhelmingly reflected the concentrations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in local tap water. That's probably because people usually cook their food in the local water. What's more, most of the other liquids people drink including milk and soft drinks contain large amounts of water that also come from sources within their region.

Scientists already knew how the composition of water varies throughout the country. Ehleringer and colleagues combined that information with their results to predict the composition of hair in people from different regions. One hair sample used in Ehleringer's study came from a man who had recently moved from Beijing, China, to Salt Lake City. As his hair grew, it reflected his change in location.

The new technique can't point to exactly where a person is from, because similar types of water appear in different regions that span a broad area. But authorities can now use the information to analyze hair samples from criminals or crime victims and narrow their search for clues.

31What does the writer say about tap water? Which of the following is NOT correct?

___________

A Tap water reflects the concentrations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in different regions.

B Tap water is a kind of soft drink in the United States.

C Tap water contains unique proportions of isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen.

D Tap water is used to cook food.

32James R. Ehleringer tried to find out___________.

A if our bodies break water down into its parts

B if it is possible to collect hair samples across the country

C if tap water contains unique proportions of isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen

D if the composition of hair can indicate exactly where people are from

33Which of the following statements is meant by the writer? ___________

A Ehleringer was successful in his research.

B Ehleringer failed in his research.

C Ehleringer can be a successful detective.

D Ehleringer's research proved successful in China.

34What does the last paragraph tell you? ___________

A The new technique can tell precisely where a person lives.

B Water supplied in different regions all come from the same source.

C Types of water used in different regions provide useful information for the police.

D Hair samples provide the most important clues to identify crimes.

35Which of the following is closest in meaning to the title? ___________

A Human hair may help detectives to solve crimes.

B Animal hair may help detectives to solve crimes.

C Detectives watch hairy criminals closely.

D Most detectives are hair specialists.

Why They Travel?

Scholars and students have always been great travellers. The official case for“academic mobility” is now often stated in impre ssive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.

Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.

In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of

course been the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.

Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention: there are far more centres of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students.

In addition one must recognise the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.

Frequently these specialisations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of collaboration and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centres of research and to meet each other in conferences and symposia. From these meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalized schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus.

But as the specialisations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there had been an Opposite movement towards interdisciplinary studies. These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world, and by recent advances in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. This trend has led to a great deal of academic contact between disciplines, and a far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.

36According to the passage, scholars and students are great travellers because

__________.

A standards are higher at foreign universities

B their governments encourage them to travel

C salaries and conditions are better abroad

D they are eager for new knowledge

37The writer says that travel was important in the past because it __________.

A was a way of spreading ideas

B broke down political barriers

C led to economic progress

D made new ideas less schooling

38The writer claims that it is important for specialists to be able to travel because

_________.

A there are so many people working in similar fields

B there is a lot of social unrest at universities

C their follow experts are scattered round the world

D their laboratories are in remote places

39The writer thinks that the growth of specialist societies and periodicals has helped scholars to __________.

A spend less time travelling

B cut down research costs

C develop their ideas more quickly

D keep up with current developments

40Developments in international cooperation are often, it is suggested, the result of

__________.

A friendships formed by scholars at meetings

B articles in learned journals

C the work of international agencies

D programs initiated by governments

Geography and Movement

To understand how astrology works, we should first take a quick look at the sky. Although the stars are at enormous distances, they do indeed give the impression of being affixed to the inner surface of a great hollow sphere surrounding the earth. Ancient people, in fact, literally believed in the existence of such a celestial sphere. As the earth spins on its axis, the celestial sphere appears to turn about us each day, pivoting at points on a line with the earth's axis of rotation. This daily turning of the sphere carries the stars around the sky, causing most of them to rise and set, but they, and constellations they define, maintains fixed patterns on the sphere, just as the continent of Australian maintains its shape on a spinning globe of the earth. Thus the stars were called fixed stars.

The motion of the sun along the ecliptic is, of course, merely a reflection of the revolution of the earth around the sun, but the ancients believed the earth was fixed and the sun had and independent motion of its own, eastward among the stars. The glare of sunlight hides the stars in

daytime, but the ancients were aware that the stars were up there even at night, and the slow eastward motion of the sun around the sky, at the rate of about thirty degrees each month, caused different stars to be visible at night at different times of the year.

The moon, revolving around the earth each month, also has an independent motion in the sky. The moon, however, changes it position relatively rapidly. Although it appears to rise and set each day, as does nearly everything else in the sky, we can see the moon changing position during as short an interval as an hour or so. The moon's path around the earth lies nearly in the same plane as the earth's path around the sun, so the moon is never seen very far from the ecliptic in the sky. There are five other objects visible to the naked eye that also appear to move in respect to the fixed background of stars on the celestial sphere. These are the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and the Saturn. All of them revolve around the sun in nearly the same plane as the earth does, so they, like the moon, always appear near the ecliptic. Because we see the planets from the moving earth, however, they behave in a complicated way, with their apparent motions on the celestial sphere reflecting both their own independent motions around the sun and our motion as well.

41The ancient people believed that ___________.

A the earth was spinning on the axis of the sky

B the sky was a hollow sphere spinning around the earth

C the patterns of stars on the sky would never change

D the stars around the sky were not stationary

42Which of the following is true about the motion of the moon? ___________

A The moon and the sun are moving in the same plane.

B The moon revolved along the ecliptic.

C The moon moves faster than the sun.

D The position of the moon can be found changed in an hour's time.

43It is stated in astrology that ___________.

A the sun is so distant from us that it was hard to follow its motion

B the sun was moving westward around the sky

C the motion of the sun is at the rate of about thirty degrees every week

D the motion of the sun is similar to the revolution of the earth around the sun

44All the other five planets ___________.

A always appear near the path of the sun

B are moving in a way more complicated than the earth does

C aren't moving around the sun as independently as the earth does

D are moving around the sun at the same speed as the earth does

45According to the passage which of the following is true? ___________

A A fixed star refers a star that is always stationary on the sky.

B Scientists can tell the motion of the earth from the motions of other five planets.

C Ancient people had scanty knowledge about the movement of the stars.

D All the stars on the sky can be seen all the year around.

第五部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)

阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

The Importance of Agriculture in China

The development of agriculture and the balance between food and population are China's

fun-damental economic problems. The classical histories praise emperors for devotion to agriculture and much of China's modern history is 46, which has been growing steadily.

Today, although agriculture accounts for only a quarter of the Gross National Product, it is still the main determinant of the standard of living and the principal occupation of at least 70 percent of the population.

Agriculture also 47 because industry needs both agricultural raw materials and food for its work force. The failure of agriculture to supply raw materials and food halted and later reversed the industrial progress of the 1950's. After 1960 new emphasis was placed on agriculture, and the slogan “griculture is the foundation of the economy” has remained a central Chinese economic policy ever since.

48, there is an indirect link due to the relationship between agriculture and foreign trade. Many of China's exports are 49 or consumer goods based on them. Flourishing agriculture, therefore, promotes exports. It also reduces the need to spend foreign exchange on imports of grain and cotton, therefore 50

A determines the progress of industry

B the story of the unfolding struggle to feed a peasant population

C either agricultural raw materials

D enlarging the capacity of the economy to import machinery and commodities for industry

E In addition to the direct links between agriculture and industry

F thus promoting both import and export

第六部分：完型填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)

阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案，涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

Avalanche and Its Safety

An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are 51 the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.

All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope 52 supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is 53 to cause an avalanche, 54 a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.

Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low 55 of avalanche. Snow does not 56 significantly on steep slopes;also, snow does not 57 easily on flat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow's angle of rest is 58 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb is: A slope that is 59 enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally, avalanche risk increases with 60;that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.

Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous 61 ，including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather 62 ，and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also 63 the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid 64 to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are 65 or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.

51A among B of C to D in

52A when B that C who D whose

53A mostly B likely C clearly D surely

54A are B will be C is D was

55A weight B form C risk D work

56A fall B flow C roll D gather

57A fall B flow C roll D gather

58A among B between C with D for

59A thick B thin C flat D rocky

60A use B time C snow D rain

61A journey B trip C fact D process

62A conditions B reports C forecast D event 63A increase B reduce C improve D remove 64A price B effort C attention D money

65A missing B grown C big D fresh