考研英语长难句分析之_特殊句式

第五讲特殊句式及长难句解析

1．简单句、并列句、复合句

从句: 名词性：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

形容词性：定语从句

副词性：状语从句--- 时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式

2．省略句、比较结构、倒装句、分割结构

英语中还有一些特殊句式，出现在阅读理解中，势必会成为我们理解文章的障碍。但是，特殊句式还是有语法规律的，因此，如果我们能熟练应用特殊句式的语法规律，在阅读中一眼就能识别并领会这些特殊语法现象，障碍就基本克服了。

1.省略句

资料47 To err is human; to forgive, divine.

Brevity is the soul of wit. 文体畅晓，其智乃见。（省略是将句子中的赘述部分删去，避免重复，使句子更简洁，加强表达内容的连贯性和逻辑性。被省略的部分大多是主语、谓语或谓语中的助动词等。文章中的省略现象会使句子成分短缺，造成句子不完整，如果看不出句子中省略了什么成分，就容易造成对文章的理解困难。

省略句一般只有当各组成部分有共同的成分才可能出现省略。对于这类句式，其难点在于发现省略成分，一旦找出并补充完整，句意理解就会大大简化。

省略句如果出现在翻译中，在翻译的时候，一定要把省略的部分翻译出来，否则会扣分。A：and 连接的并列句的省略

材料48页：Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（2002）

分析：很明显，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem，是一个省略句，with 做状语一般表示伴随，这一个分句只有一个状语加一个名词结构，构不成一个完整的句子。实际上，与前句相同的成分才会被省略，前一句的谓语部分是：will continue to be rejected. 所以，后一分句补充完整就是：with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected.

练习：1. The reasons for poverty are many, but for the most part center on illiteracy, the lack of opportunities and in some cases pure laziness. (主语the reasons)

2.He majors in English, and I, in French. (谓语major )

3.Self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are

dismay. (省略主谓)

B：状语从句中的省略

规则：当主句的主语与从句主语一致时候，且从句的谓语动词是Be动词时候，从句可省略主谓。See 材料48页1. 让步状语从句2 时间状语从句

3．If handled properly and not misused, the clone technology will only bring more benefit than disaster to mankind. (条件状语从句)

4．Some people look as if afraid of nothing. (方式状语从句)

5．The computer is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary. （比较）真题例句1 Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun.

这是复合句。in which引导定语从句，修饰astronomical body. 介词except引起的短语作

状语。在介词短语like our own后面省略了planet. revolving为现在分词短语作定语，修饰our own planet. 翻译时根据汉语习惯，将状语提前译出。

译文事实上，除了像地球这样围绕太阳旋转的行星以外，我们不知道是否在其他类型的天体上也有适合生命存在的条件。

真题例2：Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.

【解析】本句是由三个并列结构的短句组成，其中后两个分句clinical depression controlled 和cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure都承第一个分句省略了can be。此句注意不要将后两个平行结构的分句看成了独立主格结构。

【翻译】髋骨出了问题可以更换，临床的忧郁症可以控制，白内障仅用30分钟的外科手术便可以切除。

2．比较结构

英语比较结构最主要分为两种

一：平级as…as结构，这种结构的基本模式是：as+形容词或副词原级+as, 通常表示事物之间某方面一样；翻译：A和B 一样；和B一样，A……

否定形式not as/so…as, 表示两者程度不等，

not as/so … as 前者不如后者A不如B People are not so honest as they once were.

not so much …as 与其不如

See 材料48页

二：比较级than 结构，表达事物之间差别

1）less… than…(与其…不如…，可等同于not as much… as)等等。See 材料49页Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. See 材料51页【分析】less...than可以理解为“不是……而是……”。

【翻译】在实践中，科学不是依靠事先有准备的试验，而是依靠实验观察者有所准备的头脑。

2）more…than结构，这种结构的基本模式是：形容词或副词比较级+than，其否定形式多用not as/so…as, 形容词或副词比较级前常用much, far, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal等词语修饰；See 材料50页

The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.

和有些政客们在演讲中愿意公开承认的事实相比,人类生存状态和社会不公正现象目前已经非常复杂,这种复杂性要求社会结构进行根本性改革.

Medicine is more an art than a science.

3) no more than See 材料51页

The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.

译文：心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。

4) no less than

the more people online, the more potential customers there are。

The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.

【分析】本句主干使用了the more…the more…（越……越……）的结构。you have 是省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰先行词foreign capital; 现在分词结构helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure作foreign capital的后置定语。逗号之前是由which引导的非限定性定语从句which today is an electronic infrastructure，修饰前面的Third Wave infrastructure。

【翻译】你拥有的用于建造第三次浪潮基础设施（今天主要指电子基础设施）的外国资金越多，你将越富有。

3．倒装结构

倒装是一种语法手段，用以强调某一句子结构或某一句子成分。

倒装分为两种：将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装；只将助动词（包括情态动词）移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装。

Then began a hot debate between the two parties. (完全倒装)

Never have we found him in such a good mood.（部分倒装）

理解倒装句的有效对策是找到句中的主语、谓语，进而将谓语动词还原到主语之后按照正常语序再来完整的理解该句话。

See 材料51页

☆例句分析：see 材料59页

Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition.

【解析】本句是全部倒装句，正常语序为The picture…is emerging from the 1980 census…, 倒装的原因是这个句子主语the picture 后面的现在分词结构developing more and more regional competition作nation的后置定语。句末是由as引导的时间状语从句，表示一种伴随状态。【翻译】1980年美国人口普查表明：国家内部地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。

4.分隔结构

所谓分隔结构，就是两个语法或语义关系密切的成分之间插入了其他成分，造成原本应该紧靠一起的两个成分相分离的现象。常见的分隔形式有：1. 主语与谓语的分隔

This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.

【分析】本句主干是This success…led Ericsson to conclude…,逗号之间的过去分词结构coupled with later research…将主语This success和谓语led分隔开，构成了分隔结构。此分隔结构中现在分词短语showing…作定语，修饰later research；由that引导的宾语从句that memory itself is not genetically determined,作showing的宾语。主句的宾语Ericsson之后的不定式结构to conclude…作宾语补足语，此不定式结构中又包含一个宾语从句that the act…is more…than…,作conclude的宾语，其中包含一个more…than…的比较结构。

【翻译】这项成功以及后来表明记忆本身并不是由基因决定的研究使埃里克逊得出这样的结论：记忆是一种认知行为，而不是天生的。

2. 谓语动词与宾语的分隔、See 材料54页

3.定语或定语从句与先行词的分隔等

Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.

【分析】本句主干是Here is an example…of a story…。example和其定语of a story之间插入了一个非限定性定语从句which I heard at a nurses’ convention，形成分隔结构，给阅读带来障碍。story后面又跟一个由which引导的定语从句which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors，此定语从句中又包含一个because引导的原因状语从句。【翻译】下面以一个我在一个护士大会上听到的故事为例。这个故事的幽默效果很好，因为听众对医生都有同样的看法。

此外还有介词与其宾语被分隔、同位语或同位语从句与先行词的分隔等。

、

对于分隔结构，只有从结构上和语义上弄清它才能避免理解上的错误，在阅读时，一定要把语义相关的部分找到并且联系起来，这样才能真正理解句子意思。简言之，只有先找出了整个句子的主干，句子理解起来就不难了。

5.否定句

Not no hardly 不考考啥？

由思维习惯所形成的固有思维定势，使否定比肯定难于理解。通常，否定难点有以下三类：Until否定结构、双重否定、否定转移。

Until否定结构，指not…until…这个句型。但这个结构经常以变体的形式使用，就是把until 部分提到句首，变成until…,…not..., 在对该句理解时until部分理解为直到……，not理解为去掉not的肯定。

Until recently, scientists have been unable to devise a drill which would be capable of cutting through hard rock at great depths.

【分析】这个句子结构并不复杂，但很容易被误解。这句话很容易按照英文字面顺序被错误的理解为“直到最近，科学家们一直不能设计出……”。但注意，这里的Until recently，scientists have been unable…要理解为“直到最近，科学家们才能……”。

【翻译】直到最近，科学家们才得以设计出一种可以钻透极深处坚硬岩石的钻头。

双重否定是指句子中有两个否定成分，两者互相抵消，表示肯定意义。

Ill-mannered tourist guides are hardly unknown in Kunming.

【分析】…………并不罕见。

否定转移，其难点在于对句中否定内容的理解，为了更便于理解句子的意思，我们可以把主句的否定词移至从句或从句的否定词转至主句进行理解。

Don’t cry because it is over, but smile because it happened.

【分析】我们看到，这里形式上是否定谓语cry，但实际上是否定原因从句。因此，这句不能理解成“别哭，因为已经结束了”。

【翻译】不要因为感情结束而伤心落泪，要因为曾经经历而微笑面对。

一言九鼎，但安特吉（Entergy）公司显然不是这样。这家公司是新英格兰地区的主要能源供应商。当它在上周宣布摒弃一个长久的允诺的时候——即不再遵守该州严格的核能规定，其这一举动理所当然引起了佛蒙特州（V ermont）人们的强烈愤慨。

相反，公司的所作所为恰恰背离它当初曾许下的承诺：在联邦法院上挑战佛蒙特州法规的合宪性。为了竭力维持佛蒙特杨基（Yankee）核电站的运行，背信弃义是它采取的部分手段。这可谓惊世之举。

这种冲突自2002年以来就出现了苗头。在2002年，公司购买佛蒙特州仅有的一所核电站——位于佛蒙镇上的一个日益老化的反应堆。作为让州政府批准这项购买协议的条件，公司同意在2012年以后向该州的管理部门申请经营权。在2006年，佛蒙特州更进一步，要求核电站的任何执照延期必须经过佛蒙特州立法部门的审批。当时，公司也照着做了。

或许是Entergy公司从未真正想履行这些承诺，或者是根本没有预见未来会发生的状况。事故接连不断发生，包括2007年冷却塔部分垮塌以及地下管道系统发现了泄露，让人们对佛蒙特Yankee核电站的安全性及Entergy公司的管理产生了严重怀疑——尤其在公司在对管道泄露问题上做出了误导性表述之后，人们更加怀疑。佛蒙特州的参议院被Entergy公司的行为激怒了，在去年以26票对4票否决了Entergy公司的一个延期申请。

现在，公司突然声称，因为2006年制定的法案，2002年的那个协定便失效了，并且只有联邦政府才具有对核电站问题的监管权。这个案件涉及的法律问题还很模糊：尽管最高法院已经规定各州在核电站的监管上有一定的权力，但是法律学者认为佛蒙特州的情况将会提供一个先例，来验证这些权力可能延伸到何种程度。当然，人们真正担心的是，如果各州都制定自己的法规，随之便产生修补性法规。但是，如果Entergy公司能够遵守诺言的的话，这种争论也就没有意义了。

该公司似乎已经得出结论，它在佛蒙特州已名誉扫地，那么和州政府打一场官司也不担心会遭受更大的损失。但是，这样做还是会产生严重的影响。公众出于信任，才允许经营核电站。Entergy公司在美国还经营其他11个反应堆，其中包括普利茅斯（Plymouth）的“朝圣者”（Pilgrim）核电站。公司保证让Pilgrim核电站安全运转，并向联邦政府申请，批准其延长20年的经营许可。但是，当核研究委员会（NRC）在审查公司申请的时候，应该切记Entergy 公司的哪些诺言还靠得住。

考研英语语法精讲讲义(4)：特殊句型之倒装

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基本句型

主谓宾定状表

I like watching the romantic movies in my spare time.

He is a famous teacher in this university.

谓语动词的助动词

watch--- do

watched--- did

watches--- does

has/have watched--- has/have

had watched--- had

can watch --- can

全部倒装

——谓语动词放置在主语之前

An old man lives in the city center.

= In the city center lives an old man.

A temple stands on the mountain.

= On the mountain stands a temple.

全部倒装？

强调句中的地点副词或状语

There goes the bus.

In the city center lives an old man.

Under the tress sat a wounded soldier.

With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation house-holds.

考研阅读全部倒装难点：

分词结构的倒装

(a) All kinds of sea animal bodies are buried in the deep sea.

(b) Our teacher was walking at the head of the line.

Buried in the deep sea are all kinds of sea animal bodies.

Walking at the head of the line was our teacher.

(a) Added to the stress is their opportunity for stress. (2008)

(b) Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

部分倒装

——主语和谓语动词位置不变，将谓语动词的助动词放置到主语的前面。

Only with you can I feel happy.

Little does he care about what I said.

什么时候需要部分倒装？

（1）句首出现否定词never, nor, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, few等

I never trust you.

= Never do I trust you.

He seldom believes the information from the Internet.

= Seldom does he believe the information from the Internet.

(2)否定词组在句首

He no longer works for the money, but for the personal development.

= No longer does he work for the money, but for the personal development.

(3) only+状语/状语从句在句首

We can achieve the goal only in this way.

= Only in this way can we achieve the goal.

(a) Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.

(b) Only when the meeting was over was he able to meet his friend.

(4) so 或so引导的短语放在句首要部分倒装

He saw the film. So did she.

【? So he did. 】

- She is a student.

- So am I.

He ran so fast that we couldn’t catch up with him.

= So fast did he run that we couldn’t catch up with him.

She speaked so loudly that everyone could hear her clearly.

= So loudly did she speak that everyone could hear her clearly.

Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yes terday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.

（5）让步状语从句的倒装

Although I am young, I can live by myself.

= Young as I am, I can live by myself.

= Young though I am, I can live by myself.

Although he is a child, he has learned to earn a living.

= Child as he is, he has learned to earn a living.

= Child though he is, he has learned to earn a living.

Although I like you very much, ……

= Much as I like you,……

= Though as I like you, ……

Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysics have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

特殊句型

Hardly …when…

No sooner…than…

一……就……

No sooner(Hardly) had we reached home than (when) it began to rain.

Hardly had the football match begun when it started snowing.

No sooner had he arrived at the station than the train began to leave.