柳宗元《答严厚舆秀才论为师道书》高考试题原文及译文解析原文及翻译

柳宗元《答严厚舆秀才论为师道书》高考试题原文及译文解析原文及翻译
柳宗元《答严厚舆秀才论为师道书》高考试题原文及译文解析原文及翻译

柳宗元《答严厚舆秀才论为师道书》高考试题原文及译文解析原文及翻译

答严厚舆秀才论为师道书

柳宗元

严生足下:得生书,言为师之说,怪仆所作《师友箴》与《答韦中立书》,欲变仆不为师之志,而屈己为弟子。凡仆所为二文,其卒果不异。仆之所避者名也,所忧者其实也,实不可一日忘。仆聊歌以为箴,行且求中以益己,栗栗不敢暇,又不敢自谓有可师乎人者耳。若乃名者,方为薄世笑骂,仆脆怯,尤不足当也。内不足为,外不足当,众口虽恳恳见迫,其若吾子何?实之要,二文中皆是也,吾子其详读之,仆见解不出此。

吾子所云仲尼之说,岂易耶?仲尼可学不可为也。学之至,斯则仲尼矣;未至而欲行仲尼之事,若宋襄公好霸而败国,卒中矢而死。仲尼岂易言耶?马融、郑玄者,二子独章句师耳。今世固不少章句师,仆幸非其人。吾子欲之,其有乐而望吾子者矣。言道、讲古、穷文辞以为师,则固吾属事。仆才能勇敢不如韩退之,故又不为人师。人之所见有同异,吾子无以韩责我。若曰仆拒千百人,又非也。仆之所拒,拒为师弟子名,而不敢当其礼者也。若言道、讲古、穷文辞,有来问我者,吾岂尝嗔目闭口耶?

吾子文甚畅远,恢恢乎其辟大路将疾驰也。攻其车,肥其马,长

其策,调其六辔,中道之行大都,舍是又悉师欤?亟待谋于知道者而考诸古,师不乏矣。幸而亟来,终日与吾子言,不敢倦,不敢爱,不敢肆。苟去其名,全其实,以其余易其不足,亦可交以为师矣。如此,无世俗累而有益乎己,古今未有好道而避是者。宗元白。

(选自《柳宗元集》,有删节)

6.对下列加点词的解释,不正确的一项足(3分)

A.行且求中以益己益:充实

B.吾子无以韩责我责:指责

C.攻其车,肥其马,长其策攻:加固

D.不敢倦,不敢爱,不敢肆爱:吝啬

7.下列“其”字的用法与其他三项不同的一项是(3分)

A.仆之所避者名也,所忧者其实也

B.吾子其详读之,仆见解不出此

C.今世固不少章句师,仆幸非其人

D.仆之所拒,拒为师弟子名,而不敢当其礼者也

8.把文中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语。(8分)

(1)若乃名者,方为薄世笑骂,仆脆怯,尤不足当也。

(2)亟谋于知道者而考诸古,师不乏矣。

9.请简要概括作者拒绝做严生老师的原因。(4分)

参考答案:

6.B

7.B

8.(1)至于老师的名称,正被浮薄的世人所嘲笑谩骂,我懦弱胆怯,更是不足以承担了。

(2)尽快跟精通学问之道的人商量并且到古代典籍中验证,老师就不缺乏了。

9.不愿承担老师之名;实际才能不足以做老师;可以互相学习。

答案及解析版

6.对下列加点词的解释,不正确的一项是(3分)

A.行且求中以益己益:充实B.吾子无以韩责我责:指责

C.攻其车,肥其马,长其策攻:加固D.不敢倦,不敢爱,不敢肆爱:吝啬

【答案】B

【解析】“指责”,是望文生义的解释,“无以韩责我”句,是由前文“仆才能勇敢不如韩退之”而来,释为“要求”。

【评点】在今年出台的《考试说明》中,此题有可能变为解释题,实际上仍沿袭了以前题型,比较稳定。不过在120个实词的备考中,此题只出现了其中的一个词——“爱”。当然,能解读其它实词,可谓是真正能力的体现。

7.下列“其”字的用法与其他三项不同的一项是(3分)

A.仆之所避者名也,所忧者其实也B.吾子其详读之,仆见解不出此

C.今世固不少章句师,仆幸非其人D.仆之所拒,拒为师弟子名,而不敢当其礼者也

【答案】B

【解析】断定“其”字的用法,可从语法上解决,如“其实”“其人”“其礼”,“其”字后都是名词,而“其详读之”则不然,所以选B项。

A、C、D 三项中的“其”字作“那些”“那”讲,代词;B项中的“其”是祈使语气的副词,可译作“一定”,同“尔其无忘乃父之志”(《伶官传序》)中的“其”。

【评点】此题专考“其”字的用法,而不是多个虚词的用法,从一定程度上讲,是不难为考生的,体现命题人的胸怀的。

8.把文中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语。(8分)

⑴若乃名者,方为薄世笑骂,仆脆怯,尤不足当也。

译文:至于老师的名称,正被浮薄的世人所嘲笑谩骂,我懦弱胆怯,更是不足以承担了。

⑵亟谋于知道者而考诸古,师不乏也。

译文:尽快跟精通学问之道的人商量并且到古代典籍中验证,老师就不缺乏了。

【解析】第⑴句中的“乃”“薄世”“脆”“当”“也”是翻译中的难点,翻译时要当心:乃,这样;薄世,浅薄的世人;脆,脆弱;当,担当,承担。第⑵句中的“亟”“谋”“于”“知道”“考诸古”是难点,而且句子中有两处特殊句式:亟,急迫,迫切;谋,商量;于,跟,向;谋于,于……谋;知道,懂得学问道理;考诸古,考之于古,于

古考之,在古代(典籍)中考证它。

【评点】翻译虽然比以往高考减少了一句,但要把此两句翻译好,是比较困难的,因为里面的考查点太多。

注:“若乃名者”,译为“像这样名称的”,应该是正确的。

9.请简要概括作者拒绝做严生老师的原因。(4分)

【答案】不愿承担老师之名;实际才能不足以做老师;可以互相学习。

【解析】第一点在第一段中,即翻译题的第⑴句;第二点在第二段中,“仆才能勇敢不如韩退之,故又不为人师”;第三点在第三段中,“以其余易其不足,亦可交以为师矣”。

【评点】此题是新题,但命制得并不难,关键在于能否沉下心来认真读文章,从文中找来。

参考译文:

·尊敬的严秀才:我收到了你的来信,说要拜我为师,还批评我写的《师友箴》和《答韦中立书》两篇文章,想改变我不为人师的心志,准备委屈自己做我的弟子。举凡我所写的那两篇文章,那最终主旨没有不同。我避开的是老师的名头,担忧的是老师的内在,老师的内在一天也不能忘记。我聊且作歌来规劝自己,做事遵循自己内心来充实自己,小心翼翼地不敢闲散,还不敢自以为有可以在他人面前为师的资质。如果是个名人,将要被刻薄的世人讥笑辱骂,我脆弱胆怯,更加不能承受。内在的实力不足以为师,外来的笑骂不能够承受,众人即使真诚地逼迫我为师,我对你怎么办呢?说内在的重要性,我的

两篇文章中都是,希望你详细地阅读它们,我的认识和看法都在其中。

你所说的仲尼的说法,难道容易吗?仲尼是可以学习但是不能跟着做的。为学到了极高的境界,这就是又一个仲尼;没有到达极高的境界却要像仲尼那样去为师,就如同宋襄公酷爱称霸因而使得国家败亡,最终中箭死去。仲尼哪里是那么容易做的呢?马融、郑玄,这两个人仅仅是不能通达大义而拘泥于辨析章句的老师。当今世间有不少这样的老师,我幸而不是那样的人。你想成为那样的人,那就高兴地寄希望于你了。如果是在言说道理、讲解古事、穷究文辞上来做老师的话,本来就是我们所做的。我的才能与胆量比不上韩退之,所以不愿意为人师。人的认识是有相同有不同的,你不要用韩愈要求我。如果说我拒绝了千百个人,实际上又不是这样的。我所拒绝的是老师弟子的名头,不敢接受那师生的礼仪。如果是在言说道理、讲解古事、穷究文辞上有人来请教我的,我难道曾经怒目闭口过吗?

你的文章非常流畅旷远,那气势有如开了一条大道将要快马加鞭。加固车子,喂肥骏马,加长鞭子,协调好六根缰绳,顺着脱离边邪,不偏不倚的中正之道前行直通大都,除了这个哪里还要拜师呢?急于与懂得道理的人商量且拷问诸多古事,老师是不缺少的。希望你常来,我可以整天与你谈说,不敢疲倦,不敢吝啬,不敢放肆。假如去除师生的名头,保全师生的实际,用有余的交换不足的,也可以交换着做对方的老师了。这样的话,没有世俗的师生之累又对自己有益处,从古到今没有喜好道理却回避这个的。柳宗元回复。

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第四讲悼亡诗词鉴赏 【本章教学目的和要求】 一、了解古代诗歌中的独特类型——悼亡诗(词)及其概念内涵。 二、了解悼亡诗的特点和常用的抒情方法。 三、熟知悼亡诗的起源与著名篇章。 【教学重点与难点】悼亡词的不同风格;对悼亡情感的理解 【教学时数】3课时 【教学内容与步骤】 一、古代哀祭文、悼亡诗词综述 哀祭文,一般是在祭奠时宣读,是古代的一种应用文,有大致相同的体式和结构。 唐之后,悼念亡妻的诗词,多不以“悼亡”为题。总起来看,悼亡之作远不如哀祭文那样众多,这是因为悼亡诗词毕竟是诗(词)人们的即兴抒情之作,有妻子去世而且要先于诗(词)人的事,也毕竟是极少数。诗人中,以唐之元稹和李商隐的悼亡之作最有名。词人中,以宋·苏轼和清·纳兰性德的悼亡词最有名,尤其是纳兰性德,词题中明标有“悼亡”、“梦亡妇”、“亡妇忌日”、“亡妇生辰”等字样的词即有五、六首之多,其他无题而语中可能涉及悼亡的词远不止此数。 二、《诗经》中的悼亡诗 悼亡诗《诗经·邶风绿衣》 ○绿衣 绿兮衣兮,绿衣黄裹。心之忧矣,曷维其已! 绿兮衣兮,绿衣黄裳。心之忧矣,曷维其亡! 绿兮丝兮,女所治兮。我思古人,俾无訧兮! 絺兮绤兮,凄其以风。我思古人,实获我心! 【赏析】此诗说一男子手抚妻子遗物衣裳,悲戚不已,追忆旧时情谊,感念妻子对自己的照顾和耐心规劝,感伤着再也没有另一个人如此的贤德美惠,可以理解自己的心了 三、魏晋南北朝悼亡诗 悼亡诗三首(之一)晋·潘岳

荏苒冬春谢,寒暑忽流易。 之子归重泉,重壤永幽隔。 私怀谁克从?淹留亦何益? 僶俛恭朝命,回心反初役。 望庐思其人,入室想所历。 帏屏无仿佛,翰墨有余迹。 流芳未及歇,遗挂犹在壁。 怅恍如或存,回遑忡惊惕。 如彼翰林鸟,双栖一朝只。 如彼游川鱼,比目中路析。 春风缘隙来,晨溜承檐滴。 寝息何时忘?沈忧日盈积。 庶几有时衰,庄缶犹可击。 千百年来,男人值得一夸的最高褒赞就是“才过宋玉,貌赛潘安”——潘安就是潘岳。“掷果盈车”、“傅粉檀郎”等等成语典故皆出于这位倜傥男儿。潘岳与结发妻子杨氏伉俪和谐,始终如一。 四、唐代悼亡诗 遣悲怀三首(选一) 〔唐〕元稹 谢公最小偏怜女,嫁与黔娄百事乖。 顾我无衣搜荩箧,泥他沽酒拔金钗。 野蔬充膳甘长藿,落叶添薪仰古槐。 今日俸钱过十万,与君营奠复营斋。 昔日戏言身后意,今朝都到眼前来。 衣裳已施行看尽,针线犹存未忍开。 尚想旧情怜婢仆,也曾因梦送钱财。 诚知此恨人人有,贫贱夫妻百事哀。 闲坐悲君亦自悲,百年多是几多时。

土木外文翻译原文和译文

A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated,the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds,which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design,construction and

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

潘安《悼亡诗》原文及赏析

潘安《悼亡诗》原文及赏析 潘安《悼亡诗》原文及赏析 潘安悼亡诗 荏苒冬春谢,寒暑忽流易。 之子归穷泉,重壤永幽隔。 私怀谁克从,淹留亦何益。 黾勉恭朝命,回心返初役。 望庐思其人,入室想所历。 帏屏无芳菲,翰墨有余迹。 流芳未及歇,遗挂犹在壁。 怅恍如或存,回惶忡惊惕。 如彼翰林鸟,双萋一朝只。 如彼游川鱼,比目中路析。 春风缘隙来,晨溜承檐滴。 寝息何时忘,沈忧日盈积。 庶几有时衰,庄缶尤可击。 -------------------------- 曜灵运天机,四节代迁逝。凄凄朝露凝,烈烈夕风厉。 茵帷张故房,朔望临尔祭。悲怀感物来,泣涕应情陨。 驾言陟东阜,望坟思纡轸。徘徊墟墓间,欲去复不忍。 落叶委埏侧,枯荄带坟隅。孤魂独茕茕,安知灵与无? 潘安悼亡诗赏析 这一首《悼亡诗》作于何时?大约是杨氏死后一周年,即晋惠帝永康九年(299)所作。何焯《义门读书记》说:“安仁《悼亡》,盖在终制之后,荏苒冬春,寒暑忽易,是一期已周也。古人未有丧而赋诗者。”结合诗的内容考察,是可以相信的。 “望庐思其人,入室想所历。帏屏无髣髴,翰墨有馀迹。流芳未及歇,遗挂犹在壁。怅恍如或存,回惶忡惊惕。”是第二部分,写诗人就要离家返回任所,临行之前,触景生情,心中有说不出的悲哀和痛苦。看到住宅,自然想起亡妻,她的音容笑貌宛在眼前;进入房间,自然忆起与爱妻共同生活的美好经历,她的一举一动,使诗人永远铭记在心间。可是,在罗帐、屏风之间再也见不到爱妻的形影。见到的是墙上挂的亡妻的笔墨遗迹,婉媚依旧,余香未歇。眼前的'情景,使诗人的神志恍恍忽忽,好像爱妻还活着,忽然想起她离开人世,心中不免有几分惊惧。这一段心理描写,十分细腻的表现了诗人思念亡妻的感情,真挚动人。这是全诗的最精采的部分。 潘岳的悼亡诗赋有一个明显的特点,即富于感情。此诗也不例外。陈祚明说:“安仁情深之子,每一涉笔,淋漓倾注,宛转侧折,旁写曲诉,刺刺不能自休。夫诗以道情,未有情深而语不佳者;所嫌笔端繁冗,不能裁节,有逊乐府古诗含蕴不尽之妙耳。”(《采菽堂古诗选》卷十一)这里肯定潘岳悼亡诗的感情“淋漓倾注”,又批评了他的诗繁冗和缺乏“含蕴不尽之妙”,十分中肯。沈德潜对潘岳诗的评价不高,但是对悼亡诗,也指出“其情自深”(《古诗源》卷七)的特点。的确,潘岳悼亡诗感情深沉,颇为感人。 由于潘岳有《悼亡诗》三首是悼念亡妻的,从此以后,“悼亡诗”成为悼念亡妻的专门诗篇,再不是悼念其他死亡者的诗篇。

【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文

文献出处:Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献:INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL (对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告) 文献作者:Peter Dransfield, 出处:Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数:p139—144 英文译文: 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究,从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统,分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论,如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下: s1-流源,即调速阀出口流量; S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数: I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容; C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度; R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻, R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力; I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容: R5, R7-管路的等效液阻; V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积; P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载, V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型,滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/214399668.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

外文资料翻译(原文和译文)_刘海平

淮阴工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系部:计算机工程 专业:计算机科学与技术 姓名:刘海平 学号: 10213120 外文出处:Digital Avionics Systems Conference,2005. DASC 2005. The 24th 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。 注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。

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ASP外文翻译+原文 ENGLISHE: Develop Web application program using ASP the architecture that must first establish Web application. Now in application frequently with to have two: The architecture of C/S and the architecture of B/S. Client/server and customer end / server hold the architecture of C/S. The customer / server structure of two floor. Customer / server ( Client/Server ) model is a kind of good software architecture, it is the one of best application pattern of network. From technology, see that it is a logic concept, denote will a application many tasks of decomposing difference carry out , common completion is entire to apply the function of task. On each network main computer of web site, resource ( hardware, software and data ) divide into step, is not balanced, under customer / server structure, without the client computer of resource through sending request to the server that has resource , get resource request, so meet the resource distribution in network not balancedness. With this kind of structure, can synthesize various computers to cooperate with work, let it each can, realize the scale for the system of computer optimization ( Rightsizing ) with scale reduce to melt ( Downsizing ). Picture is as follows: It is most of to divide into computer network application into two, in which the resource and function that part supports many users to share , it is realized by server; Another part faces every user , is realized by client computer, also namely, client computer is usual to carry out proscenium function , realizes man-machine interaction through user interface , or is the application program of specific conducted user. And server usually carries out the function of backstage supporter , manages the outside request concerning seting up, accepting and replying user that shared. For a computer, it can have double function , is being certain and momentary to carve to act as server , and again becomes client computer in another time. Customer / server type computer divide into two kinds, one side who offers service is called as server , asks one side of service to be called as customer. To be able to offer service, server one side must have certain hardware and corresponding server software; Also, customer one side must also have certain hardware and corresponding customer software. There must be a agreement between server and customer, both sides communicate according to this agreement. Apply customer / server model in Internet service , the relation between

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