职称英语考试卫生B级新增题
2011年职称英语卫生类B级完型填空新增文章
教材第七篇文章
Exercise
Whether or not exercise adds __l__ the length of life，it is common experience that a certain__2__of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being．Furthermore, exercise__3__involves play and recreation，and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial. How much and what kind of exercise one should __4__ merits careful consideration．The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports．1 They fatigue to the__5__of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest．But not so with__6__ of middle age and beyond．For them moderation is__7__ vital importance． Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is a question __8__to answer．
Individual variability is__ 9__ great to permit of generalization．A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another．The safe limit for exercise __lO__ on the condition of the heart，the condition of the muscles，the type of exercise，and the regularity with which it is taken．Two general suggestions，however，will __ll__ as sound advice for anyone．The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be__12__ periodically by careful，．thorough physical examinations．The__13__ is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion．
What type of exercise one should __14__ depends upon one’s physical condition．Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports，but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities．2 Walking，swimming，skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate __15__ throughout life．Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise．3
词汇：
well—being康乐
recreation n．娱乐，消遣
fatigue 疲劳
thrill 激动
exhilaration n．高兴；振奋
strenuous adj．紧张的；费力的
exhaustion n．筋疲力尽
promptly adv．迅速地
moderation n．适度，适中
variability n．变异性，可变性
generalization 乃．一般化，普遍化
folly n．愚蠢，蠢事
regularity n．规律性
periodically adv．定期地
vigorous 办精力充沛的，有力的
competitive a巧．竞争的，比赛的
skate vi．滑冰
enjoyment 见．享受，欢乐，愉快
注释：
1．The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports．发育中的儿童和_般的青年男女都会因紧张剧烈的运动而激动不已。
2. ...but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities , ……但大多数老年人最好还是把自己的活动限制在不太剧烈的程度之内。do better to do sth．：最好做……事情。limit sb．／sth．to sth．：把……限制在……(范围内)。
3．Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise．如果任何人想从体育锻炼中获得最大的乐趣和益处，那么有规律是很重要的事情。be to do sth．：打算做……(事情)。这里的be是助动词，与不定式一起构成谓语，表示预定、命令、责任、义务、意图、可能性等，意思是：“准备、应该、必须、打算”。
例如：
We are to meet at 5．我们计划五点见面。
At what time am I to come? 我应该在什么时候来?
You are not to do that．不许你那么做。
练习：
1．A for B to C at D of
2．A heaviness B highness C amount D number
3．A which B where C whenD why
4．A carry B makeC bring D take
5．A point B place C leftD reverse
6．A these B this C those D that
7．A against B below C on D of
8．A easy B hardC impossible D unnecessary
9．A very B too C constantly D considerably
10．A dependsB bases C actsD carries
11．A refer B regard C serve D treat
12．A delayedB defended C designedD determined
13．A other B another C one D same
14．A endureB choose C rebuild D produce
15．A with B fromC in D on
答案与题解：
1．B 在四个选项中，add只可以与t0搭配，意为“增加"，正符合上下文的意思。
2．C 在四个选项中，A和B显然不符合逻辑，可供考虑的只有C和D。需要考虑的是，exercise 这个词，如果作为“体育锻炼’’讲是不可数名词，只有作为“一项运动”讲时才是可数名词，根据上下文意思，exercise也不是用来强调体育项目的(没有用复数)，而amount正好与不可数名词连用，number则须与可数名词连用，故应选C。
3．A从语法上分析，主句主语exercise的谓语应该是is not only pleasant but beneficial，中间显然应该是一个定语从句，定语从句所缺少的是主语，故应选A。
4．D从语法上分析，one should+动词应该是前面那个主语的定语从句，只是定语从句的宾语which／that被省略了，而四个选项中只有take可与exercise搭配，故应选D。
5．A 回答这一道题，首先要知道point这个词，既可表达时间(“时刻")或空间(“地点”)也可表达“程度”的意思，to the point of正是“达到……的地步／程度”的意思，符合上下文要求。
6．C本空格后面的0f middle age and beyond提示了本空格要填的词应该是指“人”的词，而且不止一个人，从上下文看，these显然不合适，因为上文并没有特指哪些人，故只有C 合适。
7．D本句中is后面应该是表语部分，四个选项中只有of合适，of importance=important，of vital importance=very，very important .
8．B从语法上分析，这个空必须填上一个形容词作question的定语，从上下文分析，只能是hard合适，因为这里的hard=difficult.
9． B 前句已经说到，“不同年龄的人从事多少运动是一个难以回答的问题”，显然本句就应是“个人的差异太大，无法一概而论”，因此选择too是最恰当的。我们都知道，too．．．to．．．的结构具有否定的意义，too great to permit of generalization正是这个意思。
10．A虽然四个选项都可以与0n搭配，但act on是“按照……行动"的意思，carry on是“进行”的意思，不符合上下文要求，只有depend on(“取决于……”)和base on(“根据……”)可以考虑，但base是及物动词，应该“base sth．on…”，故只能选择A。
11．C虽然四个选项都可以与as连用，但用法和意义各有不同，refer to sb．／sth．as：把……说成……；regard sb．／sth．as：把……当成……；treat sb．／sth．as把……当成．．；均不符合上下文的要求，只有serve as(“充当……，作为……")才在语法上和意义上恰当。
12．D前面A、B、C三个选项的词义分别为“推迟”、“保护”、“设计”，与上下文意义风马牛不相及，只有D项“测定、确定”才是恰当选项。
13．A前面说到有两个一般性的建议，并且已提到“第一个"，那么“另一个”只能考虑A、B两个选项了。二者都有“另一个"的意思，只是用法不同，another不用冠词，而the other 则需要定冠词the，故选A。．
14．B 四个选项中A、C、D三个选项的意思与上下文相去甚远，只有B项合适。 0ne should choose是用来做前面主语的定语从句，在定语从句中省略了宾语that／which。
15．C 四个选项中只有in可与participate连用，意为“参加”，in的宾语是引导定语从句的关系代词that.
教材第八篇文章
Food Safety and Foodborne Illness
Food safety is an increasingly important public health issue．Governments all over the world are 4ntensifying their efforts to improve food safety．These efforts are in response ___l___ an increasing number of food safety problems and___2___consumer concerns．
Foodborne illnesses are___3___as diseases，usually either infectious or toxic in nature，caused by agents that enter the body through the ingestion of food．Every person is___4___risk of foodborne illness．
Foodborne diseases are a widespread and growing public health problem，both in developed___5___ developing countries．The global___6___of foodborne disease is difficult to estimate, but it has been reported that in 2005___7 ___ 8 million people
died from diarrhoeal diseases1．A great___8___ of these cases can be attributed to contamination of f．ood and drinking water．___9 ___ , diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children．2
In industrialized countries, the percentage of me population suffering from foodborne diseases each year has been reported to be l0___10___30％．In the United States of America(USA)，for example，around 76 million cases of foodborne diseases，___11___325，000 hospitalizations and 5，000 deaths，are estimated to occur each year．
While less well documented，developing countries bear the brunt of the problem due to the presence of a wide___l2___of foodborne diseases，including those caused by parasites．3 The high___l3___of diarrhoeal diseases in many developing countries suggests major underlying food safety problems．
In partnership___l4___ other、stakeholders，WHO is developing policies that will further promote the safety of food．These policies cover the entire food chain from production to consumption and will___l5___ different types of expertise．4
词汇：
Intensify vt．使增强，使加剧
Toxic 口勘有毒的；因中毒引起的
Ingestion 几．摄取
Attribute vt．归因于……
Brunt 乃．首当其冲
Stakeholder n．(某组织、工程、体系等的)参与人，参与方
consumption凡．消费，消耗
expertise n．专门知识或技能
注释：
1．diarrhoeal diseases：腹泻疾病
2．A great proportion of these cases Can be attributed to contamination of food and drinking water．Additionally，diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children．相当多的这种病例可以归因于食物以及饮用水污染所导致，而且腹泻是幼儿和儿童营养不良的一大主因。A great proportion of表示“占相当比例的"，additionally此处表示递进关系，“另外，而且”0 be attributed t0：动词短语，表示“把……归因于……"。
3．While less well documented，developing countries bear the brunt of the problem due to the presence of a wide range of foodborne diseases，including those caused by parasites．虽然文献资料还不多，但发展中国家是各种食源性疾病，包括由寄生虫引发的疾病等首当其冲的受害者。bear the brunt of，词组，表示“首当其冲”。
4．In partnership with other stakeholders，WHO is developing policies that will further promote the safety of food．These policies cover the entire food chain from production to consumption and will make use of different types of expertise．与其他机构一起，WHO在不断制定能进一步提高食品安全的政策，这些政策涵盖了从生产到消费整个食品链，并将充分利用各种专业知识。In partnership with表示“和……一起”，make use of表示“利用，使用”。
练习：
1．AtoB againstC withD towards
2．A raisingB arisingC risingD rosen
3．A declared B definedC derived D demanded
4．AwithB within C atD in
5．AorB with C ofD and
6．AincidentB incidenceC accidentD instance
7．AlonelyB aloneC alonely D lone
8．AsizeB position C proportionD amount
9．ANeverthelessB HoweverC WhateverD Additionally
10．Aup toB down toC up towardsD down towards
11．A resulting fromB resulting in C resulted from D resulted in
12．A range B distance C order D arrangement
13．A prevailingB spreadingC prevalent D prevalence
14．Aof B forC fromD with
15．Amake use ofB take use ofC make useD take use
答案与题解：
1．Ain response to是一介词短语，为固定搭配，表示“对……做出反应"，因此答案为A。2．C此空所在句子表示：上述这些努力主要是对越来越多的食品安全问题以及消费者越来越多的担忧作出的反应。A项是及物动词，表示“提高……”，此处不合适，B项不用来做定语，D项是过去分词形式，此处也不合适，因此答案为C。
3．B be defined as为一固定搭配，表示“……被定义为……”，其他是那个选项都不合题意，因此答案为B 。
4．C at risk of为一固定介词短语，表示“有……危险的”。另外三个介词选项都不能与risk相搭配，因此答案为C。
5．D both developed and developing countries表示“发达国家和发展中国家都……”，与both能搭配的应该是and，因此答案为D。
6．B incident是“事件”，incidence是“发生率”，accident是“意外事件，事故"，instance是“实例，例证”。此处的意思是食源性疾病在全球的发生率，因此答案为B。7．B lonely是形容词，表示“孤单的"，lone也是形容词，表示“孤寂的，单独的”，alone 作形容词时，表示“单独的，独自的"，其内涵与lonely相近，但也有副词的意思，表示“仅仅，只是”，只有该意符合本句要求，C项不存在，因此答案为B。．
8．C proportion表示“比例”，size表示“大小"，position表示“位置，地点”，amount 表示“数量"，修饰不可数名词。
9．D根据上下文，此处具体举出一个例子，与前文应为递进关系，因此答案为D。
10．Al0 up to 30％表示从l0％到30％，从低到高的数量关系，B项down to则表示从高到低，不符合题意。
11．B result from表示“起因于”，没有被动形式，result in表示“造成”，也没有被动形式，因此答案为B。
12．A a wide range of foodborne diseases表示各种各样的食源性疾病。
13．D prevailing形容词，表示“盛行的”，prevalent也是形容词，表示“流行的”，spreading 为spread的分词形式，表示“伸展，扩张，延伸"等，prevalence名词，表示“发病，流行”。此处需填入一个名词，因此选D。
14．D参见注释。
15．A参见注释。
2011年职称英语卫生类B级阅读理解新增文章
教材第十八篇文章
Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics
Most older people with so-called type II diabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week, according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday．
Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalet's Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the body's ability to utilize insulin by 30 per cent, the newspaper reported．This is equal to1 the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today, it said．
Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with typeⅡ,all more than 60 years of age, exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months．After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects' muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.2
Associate Professor3 Dr．Flemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the healthy non-exercising persons．
"This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups．Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes,4 but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms．At the same time it can put off 5 the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment．"
Dela was quoted as saying．6Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas, controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes．
Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up7 a sweat, but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off8 after five days without sufficient exercise．
Most diabetics realise that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of the importance of exercise, Dela added．
词汇：
insulin胰岛素
diabetic (患)糖尿病的；n．糖尿病患者
diabetes．糖尿病；多尿症
brisk／brisk／彩．轻快的；活泼的，活跃的
Copenhagen哥本哈根(丹麦首都)
muscle肌肉
utilise(=utilize)利用，使用
medication儿．药物，药物治疗
subject玩实验对象
utilisation(=utilization) 利用，使用
saying格言
hormone激素
pancreas胰(腺)
注释：
1．be equal to：等于
2．as a measure for how well their insulin worked：作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况如何的标志。从语法上分析，how引起的从句是for这个介词的宾语从句。
3．associate professor：副教授
4．...cannot cure people of diabetes：不能治好人们的糖尿病。cure sb．of sth．：给某人医治某病。例如：This medicine should cure you of your cold．这药准能治好你的感冒。put off：推迟，延期Dela was quoted as saying：Dela的话像格言一样被人们所引用。注意谓语是被动语态。work up：逐步引起，激起wear off：逐渐消失(be)unaware of sth．．不知道，没觉察
练习：
1．How could most elderly type II diabetics stop taking insulin?
A By taking more salt than usual．
B By taking less salt than usual．
C By doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week．
D By going climbin9，swimming or boxing every day．
2．Physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin by
A 70 per cent．
B 30 per cent．
C 60 per cent．
D only a few per cent．
3. The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital included．
A elderly non-diabetic men．
B elderly type II diabetic men．
C both sexes of all ages．
D both A and B．
4. To what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect?
A To the degree where they begin to sweat．
B To the degree where they feel exhausted．
C To the point when they feel thirsty．
D To the point when they have to take insulin．
5.According to Dela，among most diabetics the importance of exercise is of watching their diet．
A as poorly understood as
B as well understood as
C less understood than
D better understood than the importance
答案与题解：
1．C文章一开始就有此问题的明确答案。至于吃多少盐或者从事其他剧烈运动文章自始至终都没有提到。
2．B文章第二段说到，体育锻炼能将身体利用胰岛素的能力提高30％。
3．D此题答案在文章第四段，实验对象既有Ⅱ型糖尿病患者，也有健康人，而且都是60岁以上的男人。
4．A文章倒数第二段说到，体育锻炼只要达到出汗的程度就能起作用。
5．C最后一段明确说到，大多数糖尿病患者知道必须注意饮食，但却并不知道体育锻炼的重要性。
教材第二十四篇文章
Preventing Child Maltreatment
Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-1ong consequences．There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment．Data for many countries。especially low-and middle-income countries, are lacking．
Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study．Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used．Nonetheless，international studies reveal that approximately 20％of women and 5-10％of men report being sexually abused as children．While 25—50％of all children report being physically abused．Additionally，many children are subject to 1 emotional abuse(sometimes referred to as2 psychological abuse)．
Every year，there are an estimated 31.000 homicide deaths in children under 15．This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to 3 falls, burns and drowning．
Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences．Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development．Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems．Consequently，as adults，maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural , physical and mental health problems．Via．the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease，cancer，suicide and sexually transmitted infections．4
Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment．there is an economic impact, including cost of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health cost.
A number of risk factor for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.
It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for5 maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfill the expectations of parents and having special need, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.6
词汇：
Maltreatment 虐待
impair 损害
consequence结局，结果
prevalence流行
approximately大约，大概
abuse滥用；虐待
homicide杀人
attribute归因于
disruption扰乱
via 通过
transmit 传染，传播
likelihood可能性
adolescent 青春之男孩或女孩儿
persistently 坚持地，持续地
注释：
1．be subject to：遭受……
2．be referred to as：被当做……
3．be attributed t0：把……归因于……
4．Consequently，as adults，maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural，physical and mental health problems．Via the behavioural and mental health consequence s，maltreatment can contribute to heart disease，cancer，suicide and sexually transmitted infections．因此，那些曾被虐待的儿童，到了成人期，在行为、生理以及心理等方面出现疾病的危险性大大增加。通过行为和心理上对健康的影响，虐待又会导致其出现心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传播疾病等。
5.to blame for：因……怪罪，责怪(某人)
6．A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated，such as being either under four years old or an adolescent，being unwanted，or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs，crying persistently or having abnormal physical features．
练习：
1.The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT ____according to the passage.
A child maltreatment is a global problem
B there is no exact data about low-and mid-income countries
C there is a shortage of the professional data collectors
D different scientists use different research methods
2.Which of the following statements is ture according to the passage?
A 20% of women got sexually abused in their childhood.
B 25—50％of all children were reported to have been physically abused．
C 25_50％of children were psychologically abused．
D 60—75％of children were neglected by their parents．
3．Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT_______ according to the passage．
A drowning in swimming
B diarrhea
C bums
D falls
4．Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment?
A The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows up．
B Child maltreatment hurts his nervous and immune systems．
C Child maltreatment damages his early brain development．
D The child is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthood．
5．The maltreated children often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT______to the passage．
A they frequently and easily cry
B they are in infant’s or in adolescent period
C they are often neglected by their parents or friends
D they often try their best to meet the requirements from their parents
答案与题解：
1．C 文中第一段提到了虐待儿童是--全球问题，无法获得中低收入国家中儿童受虐数字资料，第二段开头提到了儿童受虐数字难以统计的另外一个原因，即研究方法的差异性，只有专业统计人员是否缺乏没有提及，因此答案为C。
2．B文中第二段对数字有明确说明。
3．B 文中第三段指出每年l5岁以下儿童死亡大概在31，000人，该数字大大低估了实际情况，是因为有相当多的由于受虐而导致死亡的儿童被归因为摔死、烧死、淹死。没有明确指出腹泻，因此可推断出该题答案为B。
4．A文中提到虐待儿童会导致其出现身体上的疾病，包括神经系统，免疫系统，大脑发育，以及成年后出现的疾病，但那没有提到是否会对其记忆力产生影响，因此，答案为A。5．D参见注释。
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