如何区分状语从句和定语从句

以下句子中的when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange作何种成分？纵观国内出版的语法书，一般都认为是时间状语从句，它跟last night一样，都是时间状语。但感觉又不像，请问您怎么看？

Ten people were killed and several were injured last night when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange.

昨天晚上一颗炸弹在股票交易所附近爆炸，造成十人死亡，数人受伤。

【问题】when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange. 到底是时间状语从句，还是定语从句？

【答】以下是我的详细分析，并给出理由。

last night与when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange 到底存在着什么关系？

它们之间可能存在的3种关系：

1. 并列关系（如果是并列关系，那么when 就是状语从句，跟last night 共同修饰谓语动词）

2. 同位关系（如果是同位关系，那么when 就是名词性从句，不是状语从句）

3. 修饰关系（如果是修饰关系，那么when 就是定语从句，修饰限定last night）

下面我从这3种关系入手，进行深度分析，最后判断它们是不是先行词和定语从句的关系。

1. 并列关系? 如果是并列关系，那么，last night 和when 之间应该有或者可以加上and, or 等连词连接，以“A and B”或“A or B” 的结构出现，例如：

He stayed at home yesterday and today. 他昨天和今天都呆在家里。

It won't make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow. 你今天或明天去没有多大关系。

并列关系的两个词语可以交换位置，而保持意思不变。例如：It won't make much difference whether you go tomorrow or today.

last night与when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange是否存在上述关系？(1) Ten people were killed and several were injured last night and when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange. （加连词and）

(2) Ten people were killed and several were injured when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange and last night. （交换位置）

上述两句显然讲不通。由此，可以推断：last night 与when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange 不存在并列关系。

2. 同位关系? when 可以引导同位语从句，但有两个不可忽略的事实：（一）这个when 仍含有疑问副词的含义（译为：“什么时候”）；（二）when 之前的同位语是一个带有疑问的名词。例如：

The question when we will have the meeting has not been answered. 我们什么时候要开会的问题，没有得到答复。

所以，last night 与when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange 都不具备上述两个条件，所以不存在同位关系。

3. 修饰关系。所谓修饰关系，就是when从句修饰并限定last night。上述两种关系都一一排除了，那么，离正确的答案就越来越近了。

英语中的时间状语，如果一个句子中出现两个甚至多个时间，那么它们之间是修饰或限定的关系，这在英语中十分常见。现在以in October 为例进行扩展：

I met Alice in October.

I met Alice in October last year. （last year修饰in October）

I met Alice in October last year when I was studying at Beijing University.

（when I was studying at Beijing University定语从句，修饰in October last year）

【需要特别说明的是】一个句子中，可能出现“两个或两个以上的表示时间的词语”，但不能称为“两个或两个以上的时间状语”，因为它们之间不是孤立分割的，而是一个时间整体。这是因为一个动作发生的时间只有一个，也就是说，修饰谓语动词的时间状语也是一个。这就是问题的关键所在。逻辑分析说明，这几个时间状语之间是一种修饰和被修饰的关系。所以，I met Alice in October last year when I was at Beijing University. 不能拆开说：

I met Alice in October.

I met Alice last year.

I met Alice when I was at Beijing University.

结果是，每个句子的时间都不一样，出现3个句子3个意思。只有把这个3个时间按规则合在一起，成为一个时间状语，让它们之间含有修饰限定的关系，这样才表达出句子本来的意义。【结论】就讨论的句子而言，last night 和when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange 的关系是：后者跟前者是修饰限定的关系，或者说是定语从句跟先行词的关系。

我始终认为：英语是逻辑语言，汉语是形象语言。这种差异反映在翻译上面就是，有时候本来是修饰时间的定语从句，在汉语中当作时间状语从句来翻译和理解。我的意思是说，翻译是一码事，结构是另一码事。所以，不要因为翻译理解的不同而曲解了句子结构。

还有一种观点认为，last night 是修饰when 从句的。理由是，She ate your candy last night when you were asleep. 翻译成汉语是“昨晚在你睡觉时，她吃了你的糖果。”从翻译上看，该句中last night是说明昨晚睡觉的时间，似乎是修饰从句。而且还可以转换为：She ate your

candy when you were asleep last night. 所以就认为when you were asleep 是状语从句。其实，这属于一厢情愿的解释，这种理解并不正确。last night 若是修饰when 从句里的动词的话，它必须放在when 从句之内，而不是when 从句之外——这就是问题的关键！事实上last night 是修饰主句谓语动词ate 的，然后，when you were asleep 修饰last night，充当定语从句。关于翻译和理解：

按“限制性定语从句”理解：在你睡觉的昨天晚上（的某个时间），她吃了你的糖果。

按“非限制性定语从句”理解：她昨天晚上吃了你的糖果，当时你在睡觉。

【特别指出】有人可能误认为“昨天晚上”是一个时间段，其实不然，它实际是个时间点。如She ate your candy last night. 这句话，意思是：糖果是在昨天晚上“某个时间”吃的，而不是吃了整个一晚上all night，不要认为last night 的时间很长。在这个句子中，它只是个时间点。正因为此，我们用定语从句when you were asleep 来修饰限定它，把last night 这个时间具体化。

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