《计算机英语(第3版)》练习参考答案(5-8)

Unit Five: Software Process

Unit Five/Section A

I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1. off-the-shelf

1 2. exclusive

2 3. cascade

3 4. requirements; integration

4 5. throwaway

5 6. immediate; stable

67. reuse-oriented; framework

78. software; compromises

II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1 1. system specification 系统规格说明

2 2. unit testing 单位（或单元、部件）测试

3 3. software life cycle 软件生命周期（或生存周期）

4 4. system validation testing 系统验证测试

5 5. evolutionary development process 演化开发过程

6 6. simple linear model 简单线性模型

77. program unit 程序单元

88. throwaway prototype 抛弃式原型

99. text formatting 正文格式编排，文本格式化

1010. system evolution 系统演变

1111. 系统设计范例system design paradigm

1212. 需求分析与定义requirements analysis and definition

1313. 探索式编程方法exploratory programming approach

1414. 系统文件编制system documentation

1515. 瀑布模型waterfall model

1616. 系统集成system integration

1717. 商用现成软件commercial off-the-shelf ( 或COTS) software

1818. 基于组件的软件工程component-based software engineering (CBSE)

1919. 软件维护工具software maintenance tool

2020. 软件复用software reuse

III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making

changes if necessary:

There are three different types of software maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance to repair software faults. Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors are more expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components. Requirements errors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may be necessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operating environment. This type of

maintenance is required when some aspect of the system’s environment such as the hardware, the platform operating system or other support software changes. The application system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmental changes. And thirdly, there is maintenance to add to or modify the system’s functionality. This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in response to organizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is often much greater than for the other types of maintenance. In practice, there isn’t a clear-cut distinction between these types of maintenance. When you adapt the system to

a new environment, you may add functionality to take advantage of new environmental features.

Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated ways. Changing the system to accommodate their way of working is the best way to fix these faults.

IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:

软件过程比较复杂，而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样，依靠人们作出决定和判断。由于需要判断和创造性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。然而，至少是在未来几年内，不可能实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件能够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设计。

计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是软件过程多种多样。不存在理想的过程，而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。这些软件过程不断演变，以利用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。对于一些系统来说，需要的是一个高度结构化的开发过程，而对于另外一些系统来说，一个灵活敏捷的过程很可能更为有效。

Unit Five/Section B

I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1 1. entity

2 2. duration

3 3. data; process 或process; data

4 4. implemented

II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1 1. check box 复选框，选择框，校验框

2 2. structured design 结构化设计

3 3. building block 积木块，构建模块，构件

4 4. database schema 数据库模式

5 5. radio button 单选（按）钮

6 6. 系统建模技术system modeling technique

77. 模型驱动开发model-driven development

88. 数据流程图data flow diagram

99. 下拉式菜单drop-down ( 或pull-down) menu

1010. 滚动条scroll bar

Unit Five/Section C

I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1 1. problem

2 2. consequences

3 3. design

4 4. specific; general

II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1 1. procedural language 过程语言

2 2. common design structure 通用设计结构

3. class and object interaction 类与对象交互

4. design constraint 设计约束

5. 设计模式design pattern

6. 可复用软件reusable software

7. 面向对象的系统object-oriented system

8. 继承层次inheritance hierarchy

Unit Six: Database

Unit Six/Section A

I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1 1. flat

2 2. data

3 3. application; administrators

4 4. conceptual

5 5. tables

6 6. fragmented; replicated

77. structured

88. entity-relationship; attributes

II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1 1. end user 最终用户，终端用户

2 2. atomic operation 原子操作

3 3. database administrator 数据库管理员

4 4. relational database model 关系数据库模型

5 5. local data 本地数据

6 6. object-oriented database 面向对象数据库

77. database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统

88. entity-relationship model (ERM) 实体关系模型

99. distributed database 分布式数据库

1010. flat file 平面文件

1111. 二维表two-dimensional table

112. 数据属性data attribute

213. 数据库对象database object

314. 存储设备storage device

415. 数据类型data type

516. 数据插入与删除data insertion and deletion

617. 层次数据库模型hierarchical database model

718. 数据库体系结构database architecture

819. 关系数据库管理系统relational database management system (RDBMS)

920. 全局控制总线global control bus

III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

A database is any collection of data organized for storage in a computer memory and designed

for easy access by authorized users. The data may be in the form of text, numbers, or encoded graphics. Small databases were first developed or funded by the U.S. government for agency or professional use. In the 1960s, some databases became commercially available, but their use was funnelled (传送) through a few so-called research centers that collected information inquiries and handled them in batches. Online databases—that is, databases available to anyone who could link up to them by computer—first appeared in the 1970s. Since their first, experimental appearance in the 1950s, databases have become so important that they can be found in almost every field of information. Government, military, and industrial databases are often highly restricted, and professional databases are usually of limited interest. A wide range of commercial, governmental, and nonprofit databases are available to the general public, however, and may be used by anyone who owns or has access to the equipment that they require.

IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:

在关系数据库中，表的行表示记录（关于不同项的信息集），列表示字段（一个记录的特定属性）。在进行搜索时，关系数据库将一个表中的一个字段的信息与另一个表中的一个相应字段的信息进行匹配，以生成将来自这两个表的所要求数据结合起来的另一个表。例如，

如果一个表包含EMPLOYEE-ID 、LAST-NAME 、FIRST-NAME 和HIRE-DATE 字段，另一个表包含DEPT 、EMPLOYEE-ID 和SALARY 字段，关系数据库可匹配这两个表中的EMPLOYEE-ID 字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有挣到一定薪水的雇员的姓名或所有在某个日期之后受雇的雇员所属的部门。换言之，关系数据库使用两个表中的匹配值，将一个表中的信息与另一个表中的信息联系起来。微型计算机数据库产品一般是关系数据库。

Unit Six/Section B

I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1 1. commit

2 2. scheduler

3 3. shared; exclusive

4 4. wound-wait

II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1 1. nonvolatile storage system 非易失性存储系统

2 2. equipment malfunction 设备故障

3 3. wound-wait protocol 受伤―等待协议

4 4. exclusive lock 排它锁，互斥（型）锁

5 5. database integrity 数据库完整性

6 6. 共享锁shared lock

77. 数据库实现database implementation

88. 级联回滚cascading rollback

99. 数据项data item

1010. 分时操作系统time-sharing operating system

Unit Six/Section C

I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1 1. data access

2 2. bridge; native 或native; bridge

3 3. pooling

4. try; catch

II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1 1. base class 基（本）类

2 2. data library 数据（文件）库

3 3. data access stack 数据存取栈

4 4. database-specific functionality 数据库特有的功能

5 5. 默认设置default setting

6 6. 异常处理程序exception handler

77. β测试beta testing

88. 桥接提供程序bridge provider

Unit Seven: Computer Communications

Unit Seven/Section A

I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1 1. telegraph

2 2. dots; dashes

3 3. media

4 4. point-to-point

5 5. analog

6 6. digital

77. text-based

88. modem

II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1 1. microwave radio 微波无线电

2 2. digital television 数字电视

3 3. DSL 数字用户线路

4 4. analog transmission 模拟传输

5. on-screen pointer 屏幕上的指针

6. computer terminal 计算机终端

7. radio telephone 无线电话

8. cellular telephone 蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机

9. decentralized network 分散型网络

10. wire-based internal network 基于导线的内部网络，有线内部网

11. 光缆fiber-optic cable

12. 传真机fax machine

13. 无线通信wireless communications

14. 点对点通信point-to-point communications

15. 调制电脉冲modulated electrical impulse

16. 通信卫星communication(s) satellite

17. 电报电键telegraph key

18. 传输媒体transmission medium ( 或media)

19. 无绳电话cordless telephone

20. 金属导体metal conductor

III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if

necessary:

Data communications is the process of transmitting and receiving data in an orderly way so the data that arrives at its destination is an accurate duplication (复制) of the data that was sent. When data travels a short distance, such as when you send data from your computer to your printer, it is referred to as local communications. When data travels a long distance, the communication is referred to as telecommunications; the prefix (前缀) “tele” is derived from a

Greek word that means “far” or “far off.” The difference between a short distance and a long distance is somewhat arbitrary (武断

的). For example, if your computer sends data to a printer in the next room, it is regarded as local communications; if you phone the person in the next room, you are transmitting data over a telecommunications device. However, the same basic communications concepts apply to both local communications and telecommunications.

Basic data communications concepts are the building blocks for understanding how data travels on a communications system. These concepts come in handy (派得上用处) when you

install, configure, or upgrade a local area network. In addition, these concepts help you set up modems, fax machines, and cellular data transfers.

IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:

个人计算机使用电信来提供传输链路，用于传送音频、视频、文本、软件和多媒体服务。

许多专家认为，这些服务的结合将带来用户对新一代高速、宽带网络的需求。当前，这些音频、视频和文本服务大多通过现有的电话连接使用因特网传送。有些计算机使用综合业务数字网或数字用户线路直接连接到电话网的数字部分，但这要求在用户处有专门的设备。此外，电话及有线电视公司还必须对其线路进行升级，以使其能够进行高速数据传输。在许多地点，有高速数据传输需求的公司和个人现在可选择从电话公司得到数字用户线路服务，从有线电视公司得到光缆调制解调器服务。

Unit Seven/Section B

I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1 1. controller

2 2. main; CPU

3 3. digital; voice

4 4. parallel; serial 或serial; parallel

II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1 1. bit map 位图，位映象

2 2. parallel port 并行端口

3 3. direct memory access (DMA) 直接存储器存取

4 4. universal serial bus 通用串行总线

5 5. general-purpose register 通用寄存器

6 6. 电路板circuit board

77. 串行通信serial communication

88. 数码照相机digital camera

99. 存储映射输入/输出memory-mapped I/O

1010. 有线电视cable television

Unit Seven/Section C

I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1 1. Transfer

2 2. cells

3 3. label

4 4. integrated

II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1 1. high-definition TV 高清晰度电视

2 2. frame relay 帧中继

3 3. data rate 数据（速）率

4 4. metropolitan area network 城域网

5 5. 机顶盒set-top box

6 6. 多模光纤multi-mode fiber

77. 协议堆栈protocol stack

88. 虚拟路径标识符VPI (virtual path identifier)

Unit Eight: Computer Networks

Unit Eight/Section A

I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1 1. MAN

2 2. open; closed

3 3. bus

4 4. token

5 5. Ethernet

6 6. client/server

77. equals; temporary

88. network

II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1 1. file server 文件服务器

2 2. carrier sense 载波检测，载波监听

3 3. protocol suite 协议组，协议集

4 4. peer-to-peer model 对等模型

5 5. bus topology network 总线拓扑网络

6 6. inter-machine cooperation 机器间合作，计算机间合作

77. Ethernet protocol collection 以太网协议集

88. proprietary network 专有网络

99. utility package 实用软件包，公用程序包

1010. star network 星形网络

1111. 局域网local area network (LAN)

1212. 令牌环token ring

1313. 无线网络wireless network

1414. 封闭式网络closed network

1515. 环形拓扑结构ring topology

1616. 客户机/服务器模型client/server model

1717. 网络应用程序network application

1818. 进程间通信interprocess communication

1919. 打印服务器print server

2020. 广域网wide area network (WAN)

III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

Computers can communicate with other computers through a series of connections and associated hardware called a network. The advantage of a network is that data can be exchanged rapidly, and software and hardware resources, such as hard-disk space or printers, can be shared.

Networks also allow remote use of a computer by a user who cannot physically access the computer.

One type of network, a local area network (LAN), consists of several PCs or workstations connected to a special computer called a server, often within the same building or office

complex. The server stores and manages programs and data. A server often contains all of a networked group’s data and enables LAN workstations or PCs to be set up without large

storage capabilities. In this scenario (方案), each PC may have “local” memory (for example, a hard drive) specific to itself, but the bulk of storage resides on the server. This reduces the cost of the workstation or PC because less expensive computers can be purchased, and it simplifies the

maintenance of software because the software resides only on the server rather than on each individual workstation or PC.

IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:

在计算机科学中，网络是指由通信设备连接在一起的一组计算机及其相关设备。网络可采用电缆等永久性连接，或者采用通过电话或其他通信链路而实现的临时性连接。网络可以小到由少数计算机、打印机以及其他设备构成的局域网，也可以由分布在广大地理区域的许多小型与大型计算机组成。计算机网络无论大小，其存在的目的均在于为计算机用户提供以电子方式进行信息通信与传送的方法。有些类型的通信是简单的用户到用户消息；有些称为分布式过程，可能涉及数台计算机，以及在执行任务中分担工作量或进行协作。

Unit Eight/Section B

I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1 1. terminator

2 2. sub-central

3 3. tree; central

4 4. mesh

II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1 1. routing path 路由选择通路

2 2. dual-ring topology 双环形拓扑结构

3 3. extended star topology 扩展星形拓扑结构

4 4. backbone network 基干网，骨干网

5 5. mesh topology 网格拓扑结构

6 6. 同轴电缆coaxial cable

77. 逻辑拓扑结构logical topology

18. 无冲突连网环境collision-free networking environment

29. 树形拓扑结构tree topology

310. 目的地节点destination node

Unit Eight/Section C

I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1 1. repeater

2 2. data-link

3 3. gateway

4 4. router

II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1 1. destination address 目的地址

2 2. performance degradation 性能退化（或降级）

3 3. four-interface bridge 4接口网桥

4 4. common bus 公共总线，公用总线

5 5. 数据链路层data-link layer

6 6. 协议转换器protocol converter

77. 开放式系统互连OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)

88. 物理地址physical address