大英一各单元summary与英汉互译

第一单元

The writer describes the first few days of university life in the diary with a casual , informal style full of humor and exaggeration. As a fresher, the writer has many probl ems: feeling lonely and l ost, not having a good appetite for the food in the dining hall, feeling not as intelligent and knowledgeable as others; not knowing how to take notes and how to wash clothes. Besid es, her d ormitory looks very small. The tutor seems unfriendly and uncaring. The library rul es are too strict. The writer tries to solve the probl ems: joining many clubs and societies to make more friends, talking to Mum on the phone to get some comfort and advice.

The writer of the text newly arrived in New York as an immigrant. He worked full time with a variety of manual jobs while taking courses at the university. He was faced with many problems. He felt inferior (自卑) to his classmates because he didn’t have a high school diploma and he had a strong Irish accent. He didn’t know how to take notes in the class. He was puzzl ed by what the professor said about the Pilgrims and dared not ask questions in the class. Being lonely and insecure, he was dreaming of a good-l ooking girl who was impressed by what he had read and what he would fall in l ove with him.

第二单元

It was the first time that I had oyster. Before I had it, I thought it was disgusted to eat. And I even missed mother’s cook and fish and fries. But my father encouraged me to swall ow it, which he thought was delicious. In order to earned his love and respect, I did, and that was the last time I had oyster.

The passage tells us the history of chocolates and the progress of making cocoa beans into chocolates. It also tells us the reason we like chocolate so much and according to experiment, which proves that genetic trait makes us prefer to eat things with a sweet taste. But we just like chocolate not other sweet things. Although there are about 300 different chemicals in chocolate, we really d on’t know how all of these affect us.

第三单元

“Thinking for oneself”means consid ering facts and making d ecisions for oneself, instead of d epending on someone else’s judgment or d oing as they are told. Every step of real progress in our society has come from it, yet thinking for ourselves is still a radical act. In most circles, especially in places that shape our lives, thinking for ourselves is regarded with suspicion, and even seen as dangerous. Hardly anyone has been encouraged, much l ess trained to d o it. I was once forced by my advanced algebra mentor to write d own the sum of a number that d oes not exist. Even though scared by such a humiliating experience, I gradually examined and valued the concept of d eveloping our own thinking which has at least been introduced into my academic life. Thinking for oneself is associated with the positive values of being independent, creative and original.

Activist learners generate new ideas and try things out; Reflectors form their own judgments from listening, observing and reflecting; Theorists resort to logical reasoning and assimilating new information into a rational scheme. Pragmatists prefer testing ideas with

practical values to open-ended discussions. This passage tells us how to improve study skills among these ways, such as lectures and note-taking, earning styles, activist, reflector, theorist, pragmatist, doing research, writing essays.

Tips for d oing research

1. Do not get bogged d own in the research

2. Break up the process into stages

3. Apply a step-by-step approach to reading

4. Decid e a reading rate and style in accordance with the type of reading material and your purpose in reading

Tips for writing essays

1. Have a plan

2. Work out the title

3. Finish the first draft

4. Make modifications for the sake of read ers

第四单元

As far back as I can remember, the large pickle jar sat on the floor beside the dresser in my parents’ bedroom. When Dad got ready for bed, he would empty pockets and toss his coins into the jar. When the jar was full, the money were for my college fund. The year passed and I finished college and the jar was gone. A lump rose in my threat, because the pickl e had taught me the values of determination, perseverance, and faith. The first Christmas after my daughter born, I returned with my family. To my amazement, on the floor besid e the dresser stood the pickl e jar again. I realized my father was saving for my daughter’s education. The jar shows a continuity of family.

Venus and Serena Williams are two of the most famous tennis players in the world. They have differences the way any siblings do. For instance, Serena is a littl e bit more outgoing than Venus ,a little bite more prepared to take risks. But on the other hand, she is more prepared to take risks. But on the other hand ,she is more outspoken, more likely to get things off her chest. What’s more, Serena is not as humorous as Venus.

In spite of so many differences in their characters, they have a lot in common. Both of them started playing tennis at an age when kids seld om played. Whil e playing tennis ,they had no distractions. Since they weren’t born with sliver spoons in their mouth, they are cl ear that they have to earn anything that come their way. Most of importance of all is that both of them are very determined to d o well, to succeed, to do the best they possibly can. All these similarities in their characters play significant parts.

第五单元

All over the English-speaking worl d, newspaper circulation has been confronted with a long-term trend of d ecline. The decline comes much from the challenge of Internet and the negative environmental impact of newspaper industry . The challenge of internet mainly focuses on its attraction to read ers and minute-by-minute ads monitoring system. But maybe the newspaper won’t die without struggle. Besid es its convenience over laptop, the demand for local news and the exploitation of lifestyl e journalism will create new revenue streams. And more interestingly, the ritual of reading the newspaper has become a hard habit to

break.

What exactly is news? The objective importance and the historical, international significance of an event is not enough. It is the odd, unexpected and human nature that mad e news like 9/11 memorable and newsworthy. So is immediacy which refers to the nearness of the event in time.

When it comes to immediacy, those media like TV, radio and Internet have an enormous advantage over the press. However, no matter what form it may take, all the media more or less covertly, influence the public. That is the so-called power of the media.

In the new millennium, maybe the press or TV are not going to disappear overnight, but the power of the media may be erod ed.

第六单元

George lived on his own in a flat in south Lond on. He felt overwhelmed by the stupidity of people and ugliness of his surroundings, so he spent his days in an old and comfortabl e armchair reading great works of literature ,esp the classic works of travel writing, so that from the d eep warmth of his armchair ,he could travel in his mind to the far reaches of the world. One morning, he was browsing through a book by Marcel Pagnol, whose visions of Provence aroused his keen interest to see Provence for himself. Unable to contain his curiosity, he went to the station and departure time approached, he gradually felt that it woul d be tiring and uncomfortable to travel. He was sudd enly stuck by the realization that as a stranger, he woul d never experience the warmth and col ors of his mind,so he went back home and resolved never to l eave home again.

On a warm July night ,we arrived late in Druskininkai for a Lithuanian conference for English teachers. We were tired and decided to rest, but the car d oors banging and slamming on the hotel door at approximately two-minute intervals prevent us from sleeping . Although the mayor was as good as his word the hotel was cl osed the next night, but the noise was worse than the night before. At the farewell party, two song-and-dance groups were invited to perform traditional Lithuanian folk singing and dancing. But unfortunately, they were not only rivals but deadly enemies, and neither wanted to yield to, the other. So the concert was twice as l ong as had been intended. Some peopl e tried to leave quietly by a side door. However they came to a dead end and were squashed into a cupboard. Sud denly ,the d oor burst open and people fell out and ran away, with handkerchiefs stuffed in their mouths to stop themselves laughing.

第一单元

Today, a gap year refers mostly to a year taken before starting university or college. During their gap year, American students either engage in advanced academic courses or do some volunteer work to improve their knowledge, maturity, decision-making, leadership, independence, self-sufficiency and more, thus improving their résumés before going to college. British and European students, however, take a much more holiday-style approach to the gap year by generally working for 3–6 months and then travelling around the world before college begins. This is intended to expand their minds, personal confidence, experiences and interests prior to college. It is a much less structured approach than taken in the United States, and is generally viewed by parents as a formative year for young adults to become independent and learn a great deal of responsibility prior to engaging in university life.

如今，间隔年最为普遍的含义是指上大学前的一年。在这一年中，美国学生或是学习高级学术类课程，或是做一些志愿服务，以此来提高自己的知识水平、成熟度、决策力、领导力、独立性、自给自足以及多方面的能力，力求在上大学之前让自己的简历变得更加完善。然而，英国和欧洲的学生更倾向于把间隔年当作假期来看待。他们通常用3—6个月的时间打打工，然后利用剩余的时间在大学开学前环球旅行。这样，在上大学前，他们可以增长见识，提升自信，丰富阅历，培养兴趣。与美国的间隔年不同，英国和欧洲的做法没有那么周密的安排。家长们通常把间隔年看作是年轻人成长起来的一年，他们在开始大学生活之前变得独立，并学会承担很多责任。

Today, many Chinese universities attach great importance to cultivating innovation awareness and entrepreneurship. Many prestigious universities establish long-term relationships with a lot of companies. These companies recruit qualified graduates from the universities on a regular basis. What's more, some alumni even create start-up funds to support students in starting their own business. The presidents of some universities say that doing business and studying are not in conflict and that encouraging students to set up businesses can help them put their specialized knowl edge into practice and raise their competitiveness.

今天，很多中国的大学非常重视培养学生的创新意识和创业精神（entrepreneurship）。很多知名大学与多家公司建立长期的合作关系。这些公司会定期从大学中录用合格的毕业生。此外，有些校友还创建启动资金，支持学生创办自己的企业。一些大学的校长表示，创业与学习并不矛盾，鼓励学生创业可以帮助他们将专业知识应用于实践，提升自身的竞争力（competitiveness）。

第二单元

Table manners are the rules of etiquette that should be observed by diners. In the UK, the host or hostess takes the first bite after all food is served and everyone is seated. Food should always be tasted before salt and pepper are added. It is acceptable to take some butter from the butter dish with a butter knife and put it onto a side plate. This prevents the butter in the dish from gathering bread crumbs as it is passed around. It is impolite to reach over someone to pick up food or other items. Diners should always ask for items to be passed along the table to them. Food should always be chewed with the mouth closed. It is rude to eat noisily. Talking with food in one's mouth is also seen as very impolite. When someone has finished eating, they should place the knife and fork together on the plate and place the napkin unfolded on the table.

餐桌礼仪是就餐者必须遵守的礼仪规范。在英国，要等到所有的饭菜端上桌、所有的就餐者

都就座后，男主人或女主人才带头开始吃。应该在尝过饭菜之后再加盐和胡椒。可以用黄油

刀从黄油盘中取一些黄油放在小寸盘中，这样可以防止黄油在盘子传递的过程中粘上面包屑。不要探起身子隔着人去拿食物或其他东西，这样做不礼貌。就餐者应请同桌的人把需要

的物品递过来。嚼饭菜的时候一定要闭着嘴, 吃饭吧唧嘴不礼貌。而且，边吃东西边说话

也是很不礼貌的行为。吃完后，应该把刀叉放在盘子上，把用过的餐巾展开放在餐桌上。Chinese medicated diets have a long history. They are part of the valuable cultural heritage of China and an important part of Chinese health study. Medicated diets have a notable effect on the prevention of diseases and improvement of physical fitness. For example, pear steamed with rock sugar is a medicated diet, good for moistening the lung, dissolving phlegm and arresting cough. Chinese medicated diets have not only the efficiency of medicine, but also the delicacy of food. They are an important part of Chinese people's daily meals. Even peopl e from other countries have come to l ove and consume Chinese medicated diets.

中国药膳（Chinese medicated diet）源远流长，是中国宝贵的文化遗产，也是中医养生学

的重要内容。药膳对预防疾病和强身健体有着显著的功效。比如，把冰糖和梨放在一起蒸是

很好的药膳，可以起到润肺（moisten lung）、化痰（dissolve phlegm）、止咳（arrest cough）

的作用。药膳不仅具有药物的疗效，还具有食物的美味。药膳是中国人日常饮食的重要组成

部分，现在就连外国人也开始喜爱、接受中国药膳。

第三单元

MOOCs (massive open online courses) are classes that are taught online to large numbers of students, with minimal involvement of professors. Typically, students watch short video

lectures and complete assignments that are graded either by machines or by other students. That way a single professor can support a class with thousands of participants. Today the number of high-profile research institutions that present these courses has steadily risen. As college students continue to opt for more modern and flexible means of education, there is room for MOOCs to make major waves in the world of higher education. However, MOOCs aren't a substitute for undergraduate education. The issue is that not many employers view the online courses as having the same amount of useful information as an in-person class. In short, MOOCs are still viewed as courses for fun instead of real applicable learning.

慕课（大规模开放性网络课程）是指在线向大批学生提供教学的课程，将教授的参与度降到最低。通常，学生看短视频讲座，并完成作业，作业由机器或其他学生批改。这样，一位教授就能独自承担一门有成百上千人选修的课程。如今，提供这类课程的知名研究机构的数量在稳步上升。由于大学生依然倾向于选择更现代和更灵活的教育方式，因此慕课在高等教育领域大展宏图的空间还很大。但是，慕课并不是本科教育的替代品。问题是，并没有很多雇主认为网络课程能提供和面授课程一样多的有用信息。总而言之，慕课仍被视为是娱乐性课程，而不是真正的应用型学习。

Nowadays, although quite a large number of Chinese college students still sel ect business or science and technology as their major, more and more students realize that humanities are also essential. In order to cultivate all-round students, some top universities in China are making efforts to promote liberal education. Liberal education provides a general education curriculum so that students are exposed to multiple disciplines and develop various learning strategies in addition to in-depth study of at least one specialized course. A liberal education helps foster imagination and critical thinking to all ow students to better adapt to an increasingly compl ex labour market.

现在，尽管不少中国大学生还是选择商业或科学技术作为大学专业，但越来越多的学生意识

到，人文学科也十分重要。为培养全面发展的学生，现在中国一些顶尖的大学正在推行博雅

教育（liberal education）。博雅教育提供通识课程，让学生在深入学习至少一门专业课的

同时接触不同的学科，掌握不同的学习策略。博雅教育有利于培养想象力和思辨能力，使学

生能够更好地适应日益复杂的劳动力市场的需求。

第四单元

In the United States, the vast majority of Americans live with people to whom they are related by blood or marriage. Most American couples have two or three children, though

larger families are not unusual. Typically, the family consists of parents and their minor children. Middle-aged and elderly people generally do not live with their married children. However, parents usually keep in close contact with their grown children. On holidays, members of the larger family group — grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins — often dine together. In the past, very few people would have liked living with their parents beyond childhood. But recently, more and more young American people have been returning home after graduating from college. Some of them decide to stay home and save money while working hard toward the day they can establish a home of their own. This is a practical decision, as so much work — academic and professional — is needed today in order to become self-sufficient.

在美国，绝大多数美国人都与有血缘关系或婚姻关系的人一起生活。大部分美国夫妻有两三个孩子，虽然更大的家庭也并不少见。一个美国家庭通常包括父母及未成年子女。中老年人一般不跟已婚子女住在一起。不过，父母常常与成年子女保持密切的联系。假期的时候，大家庭的成员（包括祖父母、姨妈/姑姑、舅舅/叔叔及堂/表兄弟姐妹们等）经常一起聚餐。过去，孩子长大后很少有人愿意跟父母住在一起。但是近年来，越来越多的美国年轻人大学毕业后回家与父母同住。有些人决定住在家里，一边努力工作一边攒钱，直到有一天他们有能力自立门户。这是一个现实的决定，因为现在一个人要想实现自给自足就需要在学业和职业上付出大量的努力。

Chinese parents pay a lot of attention to their children's education. They hol d that children are more willing to accomplish complicated tasks if adults can give them proper guidance. Therefore, "teaching by giving step-by-step directions" is taken as the best way to educate children. In recent years, under the influence of Western ideas of education, Chinese parents are beginning to give more priority to fostering independ ence and creativity in children. They encourage their children to attend interest classes to l earn painting or music. They hope that their children will become all-round individuals by constantly learning and expl oring.

中国的父母历来重视孩子的教育。他们认为，如果孩子做事时能得到大人适当的指导，就会

更愿意完成复杂的工作，因此，―手把手教‖被视为教育孩子的最佳方式。近年来，受西方教

育观念的影响，中国的父母开始注重培养孩子的独立性和创造力。他们鼓励孩子参加兴趣班

学习绘画或音乐，希望孩子通过不断的学习和探索而获得全面的发展

第五单元

Social networking sites are an important part of life in the US. About two-thirds of American

adults online use social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace or LinkedIn. Connecting with family members and friends is a primary consideration in their adoption of social media tools. Some media users go to these sites in order to stay in touch with current friends and family members, while others try to connect with old friends they've lost touch with. Sharing hobbies or interests, making new friends, reading comments by public figures and finding potential romantic partners are also among the reasons for using social networking sites. Social networking sites can also serve as information networks where people share information with other users. Instead of searching through a news source such as the website of The New York Times or ESPN that caters to all people, a person can check their Twitter account and find out about their favourite team's scores and news.

社交网站是美国人生活的重要组成部分。有大约三分之二的美国成年网民使用像脸书、推特、我的空间或领英这样的社交媒体平台。与家人和朋友联系是他们使用社交媒体工具的首要因素。一些社交媒体用户到这些网站上去是为了与现在的朋友和家人保持联系，有的人则是为了联系已失去联系的故友。分享共同的兴趣爱好、结交新朋友、阅读公众人物的评论、寻找潜在的浪漫情缘也是人们使用社交网站的原因。社交网站也可以用作信息网站，人们可以在社交网站上与网友分享信息。要想了解自己喜爱的球队的比赛得分和消息，人们可以登录他们的推特账户去查看，而不用搜索面向大众群体的信息网，如《纽约时报》的官网或娱乐与体育节目电视网。

A recent survey indicated that the number of people accessing the Internet by mobile phone has overtaken the number of Internet users on computers. Online access on mobile phones has risen to 85.8%. The mobile phone has become the fifth mass medium after the traditional four media: television, radio, newspapers and magazines. With online access by mobile phone, Chinese people are enjoying the convenience and benefits of all kinds of new media like MicroBl og, WeChat and pod casts. The vividness, real-timeness and interactivity of such media have attracted many young people. While WeChat's circl e of friends enables people to communicate and interact frequently with friends, pod casts meet people's need for self-expression and displaying individuality.

最近的调查显示，中国手机网民的数量超过电脑网民，网民的手机上网率高达85.8％。手机已成为继电视、广播、报纸、杂志之后的第五大媒体。中国人通过手机上网，享受微博、微信、播客（pod cast）等新媒体所带来的便利与好处。新媒体生动、实时、互动的特点吸引了大批的年轻人。微信朋友圈让人们能够经常与朋友互动交流，而播客则满足了人们表达自我、张扬个性的需要。