会计监督问题外文翻译

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会计监督问题外文翻译

Evolution and Thinking of the Accounting Supervision Mode of

China’s State-owned Enterprises

Guo Yaxiong

School of Accountancy, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, P.R.C, 330013 4. COUNTERMEASURES

4.1. IMPLEMENT MODE COMBINATION MANAGEMENT

Accounting supervision modes of state-owned enterprises are various. Full implementation of these modes would be a waste of resources, increase the difficulty of accounting management. It’s necessary to targeted select two or more accounting supervision modes to implement accounting supervision according to operation characteristics of the supervised state-owned enterprises. The author believes that, generally, the internal audit system is a conventional system. If you want to select systems among the assigned accountant system, assignment board of supervisors system and outside director system, the number of systems chosen is better no more than two. At the same time, it’s no need to implement assigning accountants system and dispatching board of supervisors system in the same enterprise, and it’s inappropriate to promote outside director system in a large scale.

4.2. Improve the efficiency of accounting supervision.

Asymmetric information theory suggests that private information possessed by agents is unobservable, hidden action is unverifiable, thus the biggest problem brought is the opportunistic behavior. Therefore, it’s not necessary to emphasize the diversified forms of accounting supervision of state-owned enterprises, but necessary to emphasize the actual results, the efficiency of the accounting supervision, and limit opportunistic behavior of agents. Firstly, the appointment and assignment personnel should quickly master financial information of the enterprise such as financial results, operating results and cash flow, and be familiar with production and business activities of the enterprise. Secondly, the responsibilities must be assigned to individuals, safeguard mechanisms for implementation should be established, and someone should be assigned to track, supervise, inspect and evaluate the implementation of the system .Thirdly, establish a national accounting supervision expert’s database of state-owned enterprises, strengthen job training, and build a professional team of high-level and rich experience in business management. Finally, the information acquired in implementation of a variety of accounting supervision modes should be shared. State Asset Supervision and Administration Commission should organize a variety of communication meetings, on-site meetings and seminars which can attract a lot of appointment and assignment personnel to participate in, to consult problems appearing in accounting supervision and communicate measures against the problems.

4.3. Make clear the limits of accounting supervision

In the case of separation of ownership and management, insider control theory tells us

that directors of enterprise in fact or in law control the enterprise, and make use of available information and the facility of management to gain more interests in enterprise management and decision-making. Accounting supervision is to maintain the economic order and prevent insider control to ensure normal economic activity of state-owned enterprises. State Asset Supervision and Administration Commission, the personnel appointed and assigned should clearly understand the nature and limits of accounting supervision. Accounting supervision should be based on the economic development and economic efficiency of enterprises, and focus on long-term interests of enterprises. Regulation not only should be in place, but also moderate, and should not directly interfere or participate in the daily management activities. The personnel can act as "judge," but should not act as "athletes", neither act as a combination of both.

4.4. Develop incentive and restraint system

According to principal-agent theory, as the principal need the help and cooperation of agents to accomplish the intended goal, the client will use a series of incentives to motivate agents to work hard to maximize the value of the overall agent, so as to achieve a balanced relationship between principal and agent. Under the circumstance of market economy, incentive and restraint mechanisms of accounting supervision are particularly important and directly related to the efficiency of the accounting supervision. The subjects of accounting supervision are human beings, so they also need to be stimulated and restrained in accounting supervision activities. Incentive mechanism promotes accounting supervisory staff to continually identify problems, and actively fight against accounting fraud. Restraint mechanism makes the actions of accounting supervisory personnel do not exceed the scope of laws and regulations. To do a good job of accounting supervision, first, a law of encouraging and supporting appointed personnel to perform their duties should be coordinated. Various forms of incentive mechanisms, such as the priority in employment, option incentives and difference between the rewards, should be developed. Second, the sense of responsibility should be strengthened, restraint mechanisms such as occupational ban, administrative penalties, and legal liability accountability should be established, and accountability should be intensified.

中国国有企业会计监督模式的进化和思考

4 应对措施

4.1 实施模式组合管理

国有企业的会计监管模式是多方面的。全面实施这些模式将会浪费资源,提高会计管理的难度。针对性的选择两个或两个以上的会计监管模式来实现会计监督根据运行特点监督国有企业是非常必要的。笔者认为,一般来说,内部审计系统是一个传统的系统。如果你想选择系统分配的会计系统中,分配的监事会制度和外部董事系统,系统数量的选择更好的不超过两个。与此同时,你就不需要实现分配会计师系统和调度的监事会制度在相同的企业,它不太合适,促进外部董事系统在较大范围的。

4.2 提高效率的会计监管。

信息不对称理论表明,私人信息被察觉到的代理,隐藏的行动是无凭无据,因此带来的最大问题是投机行为。因此,不需要强调国有企业会计监督的多种形式,但有必要强调实际结果,会计监管的效率,并限制代理的机会主义行为。首先,任命和分配任务人员应迅速掌握企业的财务信息如财务业绩、经营成果、现金流量,熟悉企业的生产和经营活动。其次,责任必须分配到个人,保障机制的实施措施应该被建立,某人应该分配给追踪、监督、检测和评价这一制度的实施。第三,建立一个国有企业的全国的会计监管专家的数据库,加强职业培训,在企业管理方面建立一个有高水平和丰富经验的专业的团队。最后,在会计监督模式实施过程中所获得的各种各样的信息应该被共享。国有资产监督管理委员会应组织各种交流会议,现场会议和研讨会,能吸引更多的任命和作业人员参加,磋商出现在会计监督和沟通措施中的问题并提出解决方案。

4.3 明确会计监督的权限

在所有权和管理权分离的情况下,内部控制理论告诉我们,企业董事在事实上或法律控制企业,并利用管理过程中有效的信息和设施,在企业的管理和决策中获得更多的利益。会计监督是维护经济秩序,防止内部人控制以确保国有企业的经济活动正常进行。国有资产监督管理委员会,人事任命和分配应该清楚地理解会计监督的性质和局限性。会计监督应根据经济发展和企业的经济效益,专注于企业的长远利益。监管不仅应该适当地,也应该适度进行,不应该直接干预或参与日常管理活动。职员可以作为“裁判”,但不应该作为“参赛选手”,更不应充当二者的结合。

4.4 发展激励和约束制度

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内部控制透视:理论与概念 摘要:内部控制是会计程序或控制系统,旨在促进效率或保证一个执行政策或保护资产或避免欺诈和错误。内部是一个组织管理的重要组成部分。它包括计划、方法和程序使用,以满足任务,目标和目的,并在这样做,支持基于业绩的管理。内部控制是管理阶层的平等与控制可以帮助管理者实现资源的预期的有效管理的结果通过。内部控制应减少或违规错误的风险关联未被发现的,但设计和建立有效的内部控制不是一个简单的任务,不可能是一个实现通过快速修复短套。在此讨论了内部文件的概念的不同方面的内部控制和管制。 关键词:内部控制,管理控制,控制环境,控制活动,监督 1、介绍 环境需要新的业务控制变量不为任何潜在的股东和管理人士的响应因子为1,另外应执行/她组织了一个很大的控制权。控制是管理活动的东西或以上施加控制。思想的产生和近十年的发展需要有系统的商业资源和控制这种财富一个新的关注。主题之一热一回合管制的商业资源是分析每个控制成本效益。 作为内部控制和欺诈的第一道防线,维护资产以及预防和侦查错误。内部控制,我们可以说是一种控制整个系统的财务和其他方面的管理制定了为企业的顺利运行;它包括内部的脸颊,内部审计和其他形式的控制。 COSO的内部控制描述如下。内部控制是一个客观的方法用来帮助确保实现。在会计和组织理论,内部控制是指或目标目标的过程实施由组织的结构,工作和权力流动,人员和具体的管理信息系统,旨在帮助组织实现。这是一种手段,其中一个组织的资源被定向,监控和测量。它发挥着无形的(重要的作用,预防和侦查欺诈和保护组织的资源,包括生理(如,机械和财产)和乙二醇,声誉或知识产权,如商标)。在组织水平,内部控制目标与可靠性的目标或战略的财务报告,及时反馈业务上的成就,并遵守法律,法规。在具体的交易水平,内部控制是指第三方采取行动以实现一个具体目标(例如,如何确保本组织的款项,在申请服务提供有效的。)内部控制程序reduce程变异,导

环境会计外文文献及其翻译(可编辑修改word版)

河南科技学院新科学院 2013 届本科毕业论文(设计) 外文文献及翻译 Environmental Accounting 学生姓名:叶乃润 所在系别:经济系 所学专业:国际经济与贸易 导师姓名:郭晓明(助教) 完成时间:2013 年 4 月 18 日

Environmental Accounting by Joy E. Hecht Interest is growing in modifying national income accounting systems to promote understanding of the links between economy and environment. The field of environmental accounting has made great strides in the past two decades, moving from a rather arcane endeavor to one tested in dozens of countries and well established in a few. But the idea that nations might integrate the economic role of the environment into their income accounts is neither a quick sell nor a quick process; it has been under discussion since the 1960s. Despite the difficulties and controversies described in this article, however, interest is growing in modifying national income accounting systems to promote understanding of the links between economy and environment. Environmental accounting is underway in several dozen countries, where bureaucrats, statisticians, and other proponents both foreign and domestic have initiated activities over the past few decades. Several countries have made continuous investments in building routine data systems, which are integrated into existing statistical systems and economic planning activities. Others have made more limited efforts to calculate a few indicators, or analyze a single sector. Some of the earliest research on environmental accounting was done at RFF by Henry Peskin, working on the design of accounts for the United States. One of the first countries to build environmental accounts is Norway, which began collecting data on energy sources, fisheries, forests, and minerals in the 1970s to address resource scarcity. Over time, the Norwegians have expanded their accounts to include data on air pollutant emissions. Their accounts feed into a model of the national economy, which policymakers use to assess the energy implications of alternate growth strategies. Inclusion of these data also allows them to anticipate the impacts of different growth patterns on compliance with international conventions on pollutant emissions. More recently, a number of resource-dependent countries have become interested in measuring depreciation of their natural assets and adjusting their GDPs environmentally. One impetus for their interest was the 1989 study “Wasting Assets: Natural Resources in the National Income Accounts,” in which Robert Repetto and his colleagues at the World Resources Institute estimated the depreciation of Indonesia’s forests, petroleum reserves, and soil assets. Once adjusted to account for that depreciation, Indonesia’s GDP and growth rates both sank significantly below conventional figures. While “Wasting Assets” called many to action, it also operated as a brake, leading many economists and statisticians to warn against a focus on green GDP, because it tells decision makers nothing about the causes or solutions for environmental problems. Since that time, several developing countries have made long-term commitments to broad-based environmental accounting. Namibia began work on resource accounts in 1994, addressing such questions as whether the government has been able to

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