液压传动和传动油外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
fluid driven and transmission oil
Former statement fluid transmission is including gas (pressure) transmission and liquid transmission, hydraulic transmission into liquid transmission, hydraulic transmission and fluid Nien transmission. Hydraulic transmission based on the interior market, the pressure to be able to impart impetus liquid; Hydraulic transmission based on Oula equation to the liquid changes to the short wheel drive transmission; For Newton, Nien transmission fluid friction law, the sticky liquid to impart dynamism to.
Hydraulic transmission is the basic hydraulic components and hydraulic Bianjuqi coupled device. Hydraulic coupled devices is a fundamental component of a number of radial plane leaves, a work of the pump and turbine round. Hydraulic transmission oil in the work of the cycle of high-speed mobile transmission power, oil pumps round her so involved with the campaign because centrifugal force role do centrifuge campaign from pumps round (and imported axis) and to absorb mechanical energy into moment of momentum (mVR) incremental, high-speed Yeliu round water from the pump to the heart to do turbine flow release moment of momentum. promote turbine (and export axis) rotation, work-driven plane (and load) homework. Hydraulic Bianjuqi basic components are pumps round, and the turbine-round, they are a space (bending) leaves work round by the work of a relevant order. Hydraulic transmission oil pumps were working round the turbine mix for incremental Ye Liu was moment of momentum, after transfer-round water turbine Yeliu direction after the release of moment of momentum (kinetic energy) to promote the work of the turbine-driven rotary rush.
My hydraulic components in the development of faster, 2003 hydraulic coupled devices produced about 70,000 National Taiwan. Widely used for Daishishusongji, rail carriers, ball mill, air-compressors, compressors, pumps and fuel pumps, and other equipment, transmission, improve transmission quality and energy conservation. My hydraulic
coupled with the current maximum output rotational speed for 6500r/min, minimum power to 0.3kW, the maximum power to 7100kW. Hydraulic trend is coupled with a high rotational speed and power.
International hydraulic coupled device products to the most famous German Fuk under special company, according to information that has reached 20000r/min rotational speed and power to 55000kW products, which are still visible in considerable gap. Of course, the power of the big oil hydraulic components for hydraulic transmission requirements higher. Hydraulic Bianjuqi mainly for engineering machinery, machinery and diesel oil. Hydraulic Bianjuqi main internal combustion engine with matching applications, the scope of its rotational speed in 2000~3000r/min. Mechanical engineering applications more, the greatest power 700HP about output about 70,000 Taiwan. Oil machinery applications less power to 1500HP. Diesel applications less power up 3000HP.
Nien transmission fluid is a liquid transmission doors emerging disciplines in the country are still at an infancy stage. Because liquid Nien transmission products (such as fluid mechanics using Nien) and hydraulic transmission products (such as governor-hydraulic coupled device) Notwithstanding the different nature, but because of similar performance and the same purposes (governor energy), in a number of technical activities (such as the formulation of development plans, standards, technology management, orders, and other activities) are regarded as the same type, with the hydraulic industry commonalities, it is another chapter on the work of its product mix and transmission oil.
First, the performance characteristics of the oil and hydraulic transmission hydraulic transmission oil development not only as a transmission medium for work, but also to provide lubrication bearings and gear while the carrier is further bad fever, heat away. Hydraulic transmission oil is a complex and require specialized research topics, which is directly related to the reliability of hydraulic components,
transmission efficiency and service life. Should arouse the attention of extensive in-depth study.
Hydraulic transmission oil should meet the following requirements : 1、A suitable low-viscosity liquid viscosity, liquid indicate friction within small, mobile resistance small loss may reduce hydraulic components hydraulic losses; But lubricant sealed perspective, the viscosity can not be too low. Provide lubrication and therefore should meet the requirements of sealed premise as a low-viscosity liquid to improve hydraulic components transmission efficiency. Wen Xing Nien also called liquid than for the high-temperature or low-temperature, and still maintain an effective lubricant sealed.
2、A greater emphasis on the hydraulic components for the moment and the power transmission and liquid working for the re-direct, it is liquid-degrees the higher the better.
3、The performance can have a stable bubble, aging and sedimentation.
4、Suanzhi sealed pieces to be neutral to low, and a good compatibility, not dwell inflation, not dissolved, the non-corrosive metal.
5、A higher flash point and lower congeal point hydraulic components work Youwen change significantly, sometimes up to 160 degrees, and therefore require flash point higher than 180 degrees, and congeal point lower than -20 degrees, low-temperature environment for the benefit of the start-up of hydraulic components.
6、A good lubricant performance liquid sufficient greasiness to the good parts in the surface material, a good lubricant.
At present, and hydraulic transmission applications work more liquid types, among all oil-based products, has used the water or other liquid Nanran (coal mine explosion and fire in defense applications). Domestic hydraulic components commonly used 6th hydraulic transmission oil (also useful 8th hydraulic transmission oil), and sometimes to 22 turbine fuel substitution.
Diesel oil is dedicated to the life of not less than 2,000 hours and
for the initial operation of new equipment installed oil after 100 hours and 500 hours of the first, second formula, can still be used after the filter.
Is one of the following situations, the need to replace the new oil : Water content greater than 0.2%; 50 degrees in the new oil viscosity higher than 6% mounted; Mechanical impurities (benzene Burong objects) to reach 0.2%; A high lipid intake or Suanzhi; Excessive bubble effects transmission power. More articles on the diesel-hydraulic transmission oil outside the oil will definitely reference value.
Second, Transmission and hydraulic oil brands in (slightly)
Third, Fluid Nien transmission of the oil transmission fluid requirements may Nien Tien National Petroleum Corporation December thickness operational changes are divided into two categories : one category is in operation slick thickness constant fluid Nien transmission, such as silicone oil slick thickness using fans is fixed, changes in the operational work of the degree to which oil-exporting rotational speed. Another operation is slick thickness is variable fluid Nien transmission, such fluid Nien Nien transmission products including fluid mechanics using, liquid Nien brakes, fluids Nien dynamometer, fluid Nien shaft coupling, fluid mechanics Nien devices. Current applications are more fluid mechanics using Nien, fluid mechanics devices and silicone oil Nien fans Clutch.
1、Fluid mechanics using Nien and transmission oil fluid mechanics using Nien through its owners, driven friction between the film to a number of oil transmission power, relying on the apparent effectiveness initiative friction films "draw" driven friction with the direction of rotation films, transmission moment with oil viscosity, two films - "goes bad" proportional, and with oil thickness (films gap) negatively. Initiative friction films and imported axle and power machine linked to the importation of rotational speed as constants. Driven friction films and the work associated with the export of axle, and the output rotational speed with control pressure changes, spherical tank pressure control, a slick film
thinning, export rotational speed rise, and vice versa. When the control pressure enough, the owners, driven friction films together into the transmission straight. When sufficient pressure control small owners, driven films from friction, zero export rotational speed. Nien in fluid mechanics using rotational speed than 0>1 change from the process of film-friction conditions showing a liquid friction "(a mechanical liquid) mixed friction" (purely mechanical) border friction. Therefore fluid mechanics using Nien are in the process of separation-state governor, the state governor and the state face. Work in fluid liquid is the role of transmission Nien transmission power, heat dissipation and cooling lubricant should have the following functions : (1) the appropriate viscosity. (2) is a good lubricant performance (greasiness and very pressurised nature). (3) a good oxidation insecurities. (4) higher than the thermal capacity and higher heat conductivity. In addition to the above requirements, but also work with rustproof liquid role, anti-bubble capacity, congeal points lower, flash point should be high, not volatile, non-toxic. Nien currently made in China fluid mechanics using more oil as a hydraulic transmission work on the 8th of liquid. The domestic fluid mechanics using a TL - Nien and HC type rated rotational speed mostly 1500r/min, individual 3000r/min. 75kW power transmission smallest, the largest of 1100kW. Fluid mechanics starts with the mechanics of hydraulic Nien coupled devices, are in the rotational speed electrical driven downward in the low-speed, power and small, inefficient. To this end in fluid mechanics using input Nien before or after the installation of vertical transmission-export, or to meet with the power machine and the matching machine work, so a new device -- liquid Nien governor devices.
2、Fluid mechanics devices Nien current production and application of two different structures liquid Nien governor devices, a category is the U.S. Philadelphia drove parallel axle fluid production company Nien governor devices into rotational speed 1785r/min exporting rotational speed 5000r/min, transmitting power to 5200kW. My hill Xian too Salih
coal mine in the smaller Daishishusongji specifications. Oil is brought by the United States of its transmission. Baoding propeller factory design, produced with structurally similar products. Another is the United States Dodge (Dodge) companies CST fluid mechanics devices Nien, it is in Park pillar gear -- planetary reducer round of the robustness of the export-round, and export axis (connecting the Sun round), in parallel with export large Chijuan fluid mechanics using Nien (driven friction films fixed), start-up liquid separation Nien governor in the state starts (idling), gradually increasing pressure control, when his transmission torque and the torque equivalent output bearings, export axle (with load) started turning and continue to increase the pressure until the joint control of the situation, the export axle assume full power output. CST fluid mechanics device known as Nien large Daishishusongji soft start system in the country's major coal Daishishusongji already applied. CST series products, the importation of rotational speed 1483r/min, rated slowdown than to 15.38~57.66, transmitting power scope 702~3115kW. CST series of products supplied by the United States dedicated hydraulic transmission oil.
3、Silicone oil producing fans with liquid silicone oil work of the fan clutch, driven plate with a 78-98 derby leaves, the two derby leaves mutual alternate inserted, a number Park derby gap (oil), use these links, the sticky oil to impart momentum. The process of routing thickness unchanged through changes Chongyou volume and the size of the area to exploration by sheared governor.
Engine in the appropriate temperature can be higher fuel efficiency, overheating is not too cold. Automotive firm to offer fans of silicone oil and engine linked driven sites linked with the fans, for liquid silicone oil viscosity larger. On temperature devices for cooling water to control the rear airflow temperature feelings Chongyou volume. When the engine cooling water temperature low, the air currents temperature low temperature equipment made Chongyou small amount of oil sheared
small size, transmission moment small, low rotational speed fans for the engine cooling capacity low. Conversely, when the engine cooling water temperature is high, the fans rotational speed is high, awareness of the engine cooling effect. This will allow a regular in the most appropriate temperature. Fuel efficiency, noise small, extended engine life.
Silicone oil used silicone oil is a fan using synthetic lubricants, not petroleum refining come from. It is the semi-organic silicon polymers or copolymer, containing duplicate silicon modules for yuan oxygen machine backbone, and the silicon atoms along the chain, replace clustering levonorgestrel, the general chain-guns. To meet the prescribed performance requirements, availability of different organic polymers to replace the base elements or the size of the adjustment (that is, to change its molecular weight), to change its viscosity or acquire other properties.
Silicone oil depends on the physical properties of polymer molecular structure, such as molecular weight, organic genetic types and quantity, location and length of extension chain. In the liquid oil thickness constant use silicone oil Nien transmission of the main reasons is that it has a high viscosity, good performance and strong resistance Nien Wen sheared capacity.
Silicone oil can be used in all types of vehicles using fans, currently our applications are mainly jeeps, and other vehicles Beijing 130. Motor oil production plant with Beijing and Changchun First Automobile Works Bengchang units.
液压传动和传动油
流体传动包括气体(压)传动和液体传动，液体传动分为液压传动、液力传动和液粘传动。液压传动基于帕卡定律，以液体的压能来传递动力；液力传动基于欧拉方程，以液体动量短的变化来传递动力；液粘传动基于牛顿内摩擦定律，以液体的粘性来传递动力。
液力传动的基本元件是液力偶合器和液力变矩器。液力偶合器的基本构件是具有若干径向平面叶片的、构成工作腔的泵轮和涡轮。液力传动油在工作腔里高速循环流动传递动力，油液随从泵轮做牵连运动的同时因受离心力作用而做离心运动，从泵轮(及输入轴)吸收机械能并转化为动量矩(mVR)增量，高速液流从泵轮冲入涡轮做向心流动释放动量矩，推动涡轮(及输出轴)旋转，带动工作机(及负载)做功。液力变矩器的基本构件是泵轮、涡轮和导轮，它们均是具有空间(弯曲)叶片的工作轮，按相关顺序排列构成工作腔。液力传动油在工作腔中被泵轮涡轮搅动，使液流获得动量矩增量，经过导轮调转液流方向后冲入涡轮，释放动量矩(动能)推动涡轮带动工作机旋转做功。
我国液力元件近年发展较快，2003年液力偶合器的全国年产量约7万台。广泛应用于带式输送机、刮板输送机、球磨机、风机、压缩机、水泵和油泵等设备的传动中，提高传动品质并节约能源。当前我国液力偶合器的最高输出转速为6500r/min，最小功率为0.3kW，最大功率为7100kW。液力偶合器的发展趋势是高转速、大功率。
国际上液力偶合器产品以德国福依特公司最为著名，据资料称已有转速达20000r/min、功率达55000kW的产品，可见我国与之尚有相当大的差距。当然，功率大的液力元件对液力传动油的要求较高。液力变矩器主要用于工程机械、石油机械和内燃机车。液力变矩器主要与内燃机匹配应用，其转速范围在2000～3000r/min。工程机械应用较多，最大功率700HP左右，年产量约7万台。石油机械应用较少，功率达1500HP。内燃机车应用更少，功率高达3000HP。
液粘传动是液体传动一门新兴学科，在我国尚处于起步阶段。由于液粘传动产品(如液粘调速离合器)与液力传动产品(如调速型液力偶合器)虽有本质上的不同，但由于有相似的性能和相同的用途(调速节能)，在若干技术活动(如制订发展规划、标准、技术管理、订货活动等)中均被视为同一类型，与液力行业有共性，故本文另辟章节介绍其产品结构和传动用油。
一、液力传动油的性能特点及发展
液力传动油作为工作介质不仅传递动力，而且还用以润滑轴承和齿轮，同时又是滑差热的载体，带走热量。液力传动油是一个复杂而需专门研究的课题，它直接关系到液力元件的可靠性、传动效率和使用寿命。应引起人们的重视，展开广泛深入的研究。
液力传动油应能满足以下要求：
1、要有适宜的粘度
液体粘度低，表明液体内摩擦小，流动阻力损失小，可减少液力元件的液力损失；但从润滑密封角度考虑，粘度不能过低。因此应在满足润滑和密封要求前提下，尽量采用粘度低的液体，以提高液力元件传动效率。同时要求液体粘温性要好，以便在高温或低温时仍能保持有效的润滑和密封。
2、要有较大的重度
由于液力元件传递的力矩和功率与工作液体的重度成正比，故液体重度越高越好。
3、性能稳定
不易产生泡沫、老化和沉淀。
4、酸值要低
对密封件应是中性，有良好的相容性，不泡胀，不溶解，对金属无腐蚀作用。5、要有较高的闪点和较低的凝点
液力元件工作时油温变化幅度很大，有时可达160℃，因此要求闪点要高于180℃，而凝点要低 -20℃ ，以利于低温环境下液力元件的起动。
6、要有良好的润滑性能
液体要有足够的油性，能很好的粘附在零件表面上，起到良好的润滑作用。
目前，国内外液力传动应用的工作液体种类较多，除各种石油基产品外，也有采用清水或其它难燃液体的(煤矿井下为防引燃爆炸而应用)。国内液力元件通常采用6号液力传动油(也有用8号液力传动油的)，有时以22号汽轮机油替代。内燃机车有专用油，要求使和寿命不小于2000小时，要求新设备装油初次运行100小时和500小时之后进行第一、第二次换油，进行滤清后仍可使用。
属下列情况之一时，需要更换新油：
含水量大于0.2%时；
在50℃时的粘度比新油高出6厘沲时；
机械杂质(苯不溶物)达到0.2%时；
出现水溶性酸碱或有高的酸值时；
泡沫过多影响传动功率时。
以上各条对内燃机车专用油以外的液力传动油也有一定的参照价值。
二、国内外液力传动油的品牌对照（略）
三、液粘传动对传动油的要求
液粘传动可按运行中油腊厚度是否变化分为两大类，一类是在运行中油膜厚度始终不变的液粘传动，如硅油风扇离合器油膜厚度是固定的，运行中变化工作腔中油液充满程度以调节输出转速。另一类是运行中油膜厚度是可变的液粘传动，这类液粘传动产品包括有液粘调速离合器、液粘制动器、液粘测功机、液粘联轴器、液粘调速装置。当前应用较多的是液粘调速离合器、液粘调速装置和硅油风扇离合器。
1、液粘调速离合器与传动油
液粘调速离合器通过其主、从动摩擦片间的若干油膜来传动动力，依靠油液的粘性主动摩擦片“拉着"从动摩擦片同方向旋转，传递力矩与油液粘度、两片间“滑差"成正比，而与油膜厚度(片间隙)成反比。主动摩擦片及输入轴与动力机相联，输入转速可视为常量。从动摩擦片及输出轴与工作机相联，输出转速随控制压力而变化，球状油缸的控制压力大，则片间油膜变薄，则输出转速升高，反之亦然。当控制压力足够大时，主、从动摩擦片粘合，变为直联传动。当控制压力足够时小，主、从动摩擦片脱离，则输出转速为零。在液粘调速离合器转速比从0→1变化过程中，片间摩擦状况呈现出液体摩擦→(机械一液体)混合摩擦→(纯机械的)边界摩擦。因此液粘调速离合器在调速过程中有分离工况、调速工况和接合工况。
工作液体在液粘传动中的作用是传递动力、冷却散热和润滑，应具有以下性能：
(1)有适宜的粘度。
(2)有离好的润滑性能(油性和极压性)。
(3)有良好的氧化安定性。
(4)有较高的比热容和较高的热导率。
除上述要求外，工作液体还应具有防锈作用、抗泡沫能力、凝点要低、闪点应高、不易挥发、无毒等。
目前国产液粘调速离合器多采用8号液力传动油为工作液体。
当前国产液粘调速离合器有TL型和HC型，额定转速多为1500r/min，个别有3000r/min的。传递功率最小75kW，最大达1100kW。
液粘调速离合器同调速型液力偶合器一样，均是在驱动电机的转速向下调节，且在低速时功率小，效率低。为此在液粘调速离合器的输入前或输出端后加装齿轮传动，以适应与动力机或与工作机的匹配，如此产生了新的装置——液粘调速装置。
2、液粘调速装置
当前生产和应用的有两类不同结构的液粘调速装置，一类是美国费城齿轮公司生产的平行轴液粘调速装置，输入转速1785r/min，输出转速5000r/min，传递功率达5200kW。我国山西安太堡煤矿的带式输送机用的是较小规格。其传动油系由美国带来。保定螺旋浆制造厂设计、生产了与之结构相似的产品。另一类是美国道奇(DODGE)公司的CST液粘调速装置，它是在园柱齿轮——行星轮系减速器差动轮系的输出端、与输出轴(连接太阳轮)并行输出的大齿圈上装有液粘调速离合器(从动摩擦片固定)，起动时液粘调速离合器处于分离工况(空转)，逐渐加大控制压力，当其传递扭矩与输出轴承受扭矩相等时，输出轴(带负载)开始转动，继续增大控制压力直至接合工况，则输出轴承担全部动力的输出。CST液粘调速装置被称作大型带式输送机的软起动系统，在我国煤矿大型带式输送机上已有应用。CST系列产品，输入转速1483r/min，额定减速比为15.38～57.66，传递功率范围702～3115kW。CST系列产品由美国供应专用液力传动油。
3、硅油风扇离合器与工作液体
硅油风扇离合器的主、从动盘上各有若干纬向环状叶片，两者的环状叶片相互交替的插入，构成若干园环状间隙(油膜)，利用这些间隙中油膜的粘性来传递动力。工作过程中油膜厚度不变，通过改变充油量和油膜受剪切面积的大小来调速。
汽车发动机在适宜温度下才能有较高的燃油效率，过冷过热均不适宜。汽车用的硅油风扇离合器主动盘与发动机相联，从动盘与风扇相联，工作液体为粘度较大的硅油。靠感温器对冷却水箱后方气流温度的感受来控制充油量。当发动机的冷却水温度低时，则气流温度低，感温器使充油量小，油膜剪切面积小，传动力矩小，则风扇转速低，对发动机的冷却能力低。反之，当发动机冷却水温度高时，则风扇转速高，提高对发动机的冷却效果。这样可使发动经常在最适宜的温
度下工作。燃油效率高，噪声小，延长发动机使用寿命。
硅油风扇离合器所用硅油是一种合成润滑油，并非由石油提炼得来。它是一些半有机硅的聚合物或共聚物，含有重复的硅氧单元为元机骨干，并沿着聚合链的硅原子上取代烃基，一般不含支链。为了满足规定的性能要求，可用不同的有机取代基或调整聚合物分子的大小(即改变其分子量)，以变化其粘度或获得其它性能。
硅油的物理性能取决于聚合物的分子结构，如分子量、有机基因的类型和数量、支链的位置及长短等。
在油膜厚度不变的液粘传动中使用硅油的主要原因，在于它具有高的粘度、良好的粘温性能和较强的抗剪切能力。
硅油风扇离合器可以应用在各种类型汽车上，目前我国的应用主要是吉普车、北京130型等汽车上。生产厂有北京汽车机油泵厂和长春第一汽车制造厂等单位。
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中英文文献翻译-加工中心数控技术
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外文资料译文及原文 译文(一) 消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合 米契尔罗伯特 定义消费者体验旅游 制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。 参与的品牌 品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求： （1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）; （2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）; （3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激） CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。 缺乏现有的直接研究关注 迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
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文献出处：Barattieri A. The mechanism of service trade liberalization[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2014, 92(1): 1-13. （声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。） 原文 The mechanism of service trade liberalization Barattieri A Abstract In this paper, Service trade liberalization is the key areas of the United States to promote the TPP negotiations, the United States in the negotiations are pushing mechanism of a high standard of service trade liberalization. In this paper the progress of the TPP negotiations and services trade issues important position, on the basis of the acceptance, architecture design, focus on services, regulatory consistency four aspects in the TPP uncovers the "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism establishment. American "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism is tailored to the interests of the United States, actually services in the service of the United States. These mechanisms are through to strengthen and promote the TPP platform, forming reversed transmission to other countries. Key words: the TPP; The United States; Service trade liberalization; High standards; Mechanism design America is the first largest exporter global trade in services, and for many years, continues to service trade surplus. Competitive advantage based on service industry and service industry The importance of promoting American exports, jobs and economic growth, the United States in the multilateral, bilateral and regional multiple layers jointly promoting service trade liberalization. In the Uruguay round negotiations, the United States has overcome many obstacles, for the first time to include the Service Trade in multilateral negotiations, contributed to the general Agreement on Trade in services (the Genre - al Agreement on Trade and Service,
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机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献车床.doc
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旅游品牌定位外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文： Destination brand positions of a competitive set of near-home destinations Abstract: Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only
中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究【文献综述】
毕业论文文献综述 国际经济与贸易 中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究 金融服务贸易国际竞争力相关理论综述 服务贸易是以服务作为交易标的的一种贸易行为。《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)所界定的国际服务贸易是指以过境交付、境外消费、商业存在和自然人流动这四种形式进行的各国间的服务交易。该定义已成为有一定权威性和指导性的定义为各国接受。 根据《服务贸易总协定》中的服务部门清单，可以将服务贸易分为12类：商业性服务，销售服务，金融服务，娱乐服务，通讯服务，教育服务，卫生服务，运输服务，建筑服务，环境服务，旅游服务和其他服务。而对于金融服务贸易，国内外并没有确切的定义。本文将对金融服务贸易国外及国内有代表性的研究进行综述。 一、GATS与OECD对金融服务贸易的定义 根据GATS的定义，金融服务贸易是指由一成员国的金融服务提供者所提供的任何金融性质的服务。它包括两个部分：所有保险和保险相关的服务、银行和其他金融服务（保险除外），其中其他金融服务指证券和金融信息服务。 经济合作和发展组织（OECD）对金融服务贸易的定义为由金融机构提供服务的收入，或者接受付出的支持，包括得到的和付出的直接投资收益（未分配收益和利息）；从其他金融投资得到的和付出的收益（得到的和付出的利息和红利）；得到的、付出的手续费和佣金。 可见，经济合作和发展组织对金融服务贸易的界定强调了金融服务贸易交易的提供方，而忽略了金融服务贸易的消费方。金融服务贸易的发展主要是以此换取其他贸易领域的发展，而且金融服务贸易可以促进本国金融业与国际金融业的接轨，从而在国际竞争中促进本国金融业的发展。 二、国外对金融服务贸易相关研究 对于金融服务贸易研究，国外学者从不同角度出发，有不同的看法。 列为恩（1996）认为，各种金融服务可以实现五种基本功能：方便商品和劳务的交易；易于风险管理；加速资源流动；获取信息，评估企业和配置资本；提供公司法人治理。同时，更多的相关文献表示，金融中介可以降低由于信息不对称产生的管理成本（戴蒙德1984；威廉森1987）也可以对规模经济产生积极的效应。 莫施里安（Moshirian 1994）认为，金融服务贸易和制造业类似，一些基本要素赋予了
数控激光加工的技术水平以及应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
英文文献 Numerical control laser processing technology and application Pick to: as the main symbol of science and Technology development in the 20th century and the modern information society one of the pillars of optoelectronic Technology, Laser Technology, Laser Technology) and the development of Laser industry attaches great importance to by the advanced countries in the world. Numerical control and integrated the Laser and the optical system of the computer numerical control technology, advanced and high precision and automation of the workpiece positioning, the combination of formation, development and production of machining center has become a Laser machining, Laser Processing) is an important trend of development. Key words: CNC; Laser machining, Laser Processing); Level; application Before: laser is regarded as one of the most important scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, as soon as it was caused the great attention of materials scientists. In November 1971, gm pioneered the use of a 250 w CO2 laser to improve wear resistance materials using laser radiation test and research, and in 1974 successfully completed automobile redirector shell
旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic Relationship Nowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment. The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects: 1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment; 2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment; 3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment. Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce. The negative impact of tourism on the environment
服务贸易外文翻译
关于杭州中心地区服务业竞争力及其发展 战略的评价（节选） 郑建壮，中国浙江省浙江大学城市学院 江海霞，中国浙江省浙江工业大学 摘要：服务行业的竞争力是直接反映在区服务业的发展水平和潜在能力之中的。本文研究了杭州服务行业的发展现状，从中心区的角度构建了一个服务行业的评价指标体系，并分析了杭州每个中心城区服务业的可持续发展的优势和劣势。最后，文章给杭州的服务行业竞争力的提高提出了战略建议。 关键词：中心地区，服务业，竞争力 1. 引言 20世纪80年代以来，全球经济已呈现从“工业经济”转向于“服务经济”的变化趋势。服务业已成为全球经济好转的一个关键的引擎（2005年李和王），它在改善国家经济、增加就业率、调整产业结构和提高生活水平等方面的重要作用是显而易见的。一般来说一个地区的服务行业发展主要集中于中部地区，而不是郊区，因为中心区一般被视为一个城市经济发展的“心脏”，它在地理位置、交通和文化等方面都占有有利因素，不仅可增强生产要素、人口和产业聚集的力量，也有利于市场的发展。因此，中部地区正在成为服务行业的主要区域（李2007）。本文在分析杭州中心城区的服务业竞争力的基础上，进行了相关的评价，旨在寻找到一种有效的策略以提高城市的服务行业发展。 2. 服务产业竞争力的文献研究 大部分关于服务行业的竞争力的学术研究都是基于它们的地区竞争能力之上的。因此，服务业的竞争力可以简单地定义为“服务行业在竞争中获取和利用资源的能力”。国外的研究学者更倾向于特定的服务行业的竞争力分析与研究，如商业服务行业（2001年Rubalcaba和加戈）、保险业（哈德威克和窦1998）、知识密集服务（1999年Windrum和汤姆林森）。然而，在中国，学者们的研究重点则集中于一个特定的区域，而不是一个特定的行业，如中国的31个主要省份（吴2003），中国六大发展先进的省份（2004年刁、庄），中国16个主要省份（2005年苏、张）。由于很多的因素都可以影响服务业的竞争力和复杂性，大多数中国学者认为，我们应该建立一个多层次的综合评价指标体系，如“总目标指导指数”。
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曲阜师范大学 杏坛学院 指纹识别技术综述 课题名称指纹识别技术 专业班级通信工程310班 学号 201112302022 姓名张喆 指导老师周崇波
目录 1.1 课题背景 (5) 1.2 目的和意义 (6) 1.3 理论基础 (7) 1.4 指纹识别技术的具体表现 (7) 1.4.1 在涉及国家刑事领域的应用 (7) 1.4.2 在经济生活方面 (7) 1.4.3 在公共事务管理方面 (8) 2.1 本课题目标 (8) 2.2 功能需求 (8) 2.3性能需求 (9) 2.4 开发工具的选择 (9) 2.5 系统设计原则 (9) 指纹识别系统总体设计 (10) 2.6系统总体设计 (10) 2.6.1指纹图像的获取 (10) 2.6.2 指纹图像预处理 (11) 2.6.3 特征的提取 (12) 2.6.4模板匹配 (12) 2.6.5 本章小结 (12) 指纹图像预处理之一 (13) 2.7.1 引言 (13) 2.7.2 系统算法描述 (13) 2.7.3 归一化 (14) 2.7.4 产生方向图 (14) 2.7.5 图像增强算法 (17) 2.7.6 图像分割 (19) 2.7.7 二值化 (24) 2.7.8细化算法 (25) 2.7.9指纹的匹配 (26) 2.8 本章小结 (26) 第三章实验结果与分析 (28) 3.1 评估标准 (28)
3.2 实验结果 (28) 3.2.1 图像分割算法结果比较 (29) 3.2.2图像增强算法结果比较 (30) 3.3 本章小结 (30) 第四章结论 (31) 致谢 (31) 参考文献 (32)
数控机床刀具设计论文中英文资料外文翻译文献综述
数控机床刀具设计 中英文资料 英语原文： Design Of Tool Machine Prop Research significance The original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool. Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development. Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its oth management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs. The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions. 1.System components and control structure The entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems. 1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principle Tool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.