山东交通学院专业英语试卷

1、所有地表以下的土都处于受压状态，说得更精确些，这些土承受与作用在其上的土柱重量相等的压力。

答：All soils beneath the surface are in a state of compaction; that is, they are under a pressure that is equal to the weight of the soil column above it.

2、建筑物的结构是建筑物的功能、环境、及各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。

答：The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function, its environment, and various socioeconomic factors.

3、建筑学要求有恰当的比例，即令人愉快的虚与实、高与宽、长与宽的关系。

答：Architecture calls for good proportions—a pleasing relationship of voids to solids, of height to width, of length to breadth.

4、许多从事教学的土木工程师参与会导致建筑材料和施工方法技术革新的基础研究。

答：Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods.

1、They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work.

答：事实上，他们协调工程中每个人的活动。

2、They may also manage private engineering firms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds.

答：他们也可以管理规模从几个到数百个雇员的私营工程公司。

3、Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required.

答：因为所需墙体的厚度很大，承重墙结构限制了建筑物的高度。

4、The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area.

答：该体系由间距很小的柱子构成的外框筒与围绕中心设备区的刚性剪力墙内筒组成。

1、结构工程----------------------------------structural engineering

2、geotechnical engineering ---------------岩土工程

3、本科毕业生-------------------------------undergraduate students

4、refuse disposal----------------------------垃圾处理

5、水资源工程------------------------------- water resources engineering

6、framed tube--------------------------------框架筒

7、转包合同-----------------------------------subcontractors

8、as discussed above ------------------------如上所述

9、钢筋混凝土---------------------------------reinforced concrete

10、ultrahigh-rise building--------------------超高层建筑）

Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.

答：混凝土体系：尽管钢结构的高层建筑起步早，但钢筋混凝土结构的高层建筑以非常快的速度发展，这足以向用于办公楼和公寓楼的钢结构体系提出严峻的挑战。

Pipeline engineering. In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries（泥浆） (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. The engineers determine ①pipeline design, ② the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, ③the type of materials to be used-steel, concrete, plastic, ④or combinations of various materials-installation techniques, ⑤methods for testing pipeline strength, and ⑥controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well.

答：管线工程：在土木工程的这个分支专业中，工程师们建设管线和有关运送液体，气体，或煤泥浆（煤和水的混合物），半流体废品，水，油，和各种易燃和不易燃的气体的设施。工程师们进行管线设计，并估计管线项目对所跨区域的经济环境影响，确定各种要用的材料－钢材，混凝土，塑料等，确定各种材料组合方法即安装技术，制定测试管线强度的方法，制定保持和控制被运送材料的合理流速和合适的压力。当运输有害物质时，主要还要考虑安全问题。

3、Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building. An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely, and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape, even though both schools fulfill the same function.

答：环境可能影响建筑物的形状和外观。城市的学校可以用间隔围墙将它完全与城市隔开，而乡村学校可以开发一个完整的风景，即使这两种学校都能实现相同的功能，便它们的形状和外观大不相同。

4、Architecture is the art of building. Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use. The precise activities to be housed in any specific building—ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home—should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within. These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other. Furthermore, the movement of human beings within the building—“circulation” in architectural parlance（n.谈话，说法，用法）—requires halls, stairs, or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic. The plan of a structure, always the first consideration of an architect, is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building. Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him, perhaps subconsciously（潜意识地）,by visibly（显然）relating the several units of the edifice（大厦，大建筑物）.Conversely, a bad plan results in inconvenience, waste, and visual confusion.

答：建筑学是建筑物的艺术。事实上，建筑学涉及到人类使用的一切空间和环境。在特定建筑物中开展的精细活动－从工厂的装配线到住宅中的客厅，都应该规定其几个区域的尺寸和形状。这些空间也应该按相互间的某种逻辑关系来排列。此外，人类在建筑物中的运动－以建筑术语来说的循环“运动”需要大厅，楼梯，或电梯等设施，这些设施的尺寸受预期的通道所支配。结构设计－建筑师首先要考虑的问题，是将这些不同用途的空间进行功能分区以实现建筑意图。良好的设计方案，显然关系到大厦中几个单元，引导来宾到达结构中的目的地，并潜意识地给人以深刻的印象。相反，一个坏的设计导致不方便，浪费和视觉混乱。

1、事实上，他们协调工程中每个人的活动。

答：They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work.

2、建筑物的结构是建筑物的功能、环境、及各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。

答：The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function, its environment, and various socioeconomic factors.

3、因为所需墙体的厚度很大，承重墙结构限制了建筑物的高度。

答：Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required.

4、该体系由间距很小的柱子构成的外框筒与围绕中心设备区的刚性剪力墙内筒组成。

答：The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area.

1、The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the fa?ade of the building as a structural element which acts wi th the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.

答：薄壳筒体的进步是利用（高层）建筑的正面（墙或板）作为与框筒共同作用的结构构件，为高层建筑抵抗侧向荷载提供了一个有效的途径，而且可获得不设柱子、节省成本、使用面积与建筑面积之比很高的室内空间。

2、All soils beneath the surface are in a state of compaction; that is, they are under a pressure that is equal to the weight of the soil column above it.

答：所有地表以下的土都处于受压状态，说得更精确些，这些土承受与作用在其上的土柱重量相等的压力。

3、Architecture calls for good proportions—a pleasing relationship of voids to solids, of height to width, of length to breadth.

答：建筑学要求有恰当的比例，即令人愉快的虚与实、高与宽、长与宽的关系。

4、Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods.

答：许多从事教学的土木工程师参与会导致建筑材料和施工方法技术革新的基础研究。

1、structural engineering--------------结构工程

2、岩土工程----------------------------geotechnical engineering

3、undergraduate students-------------本科毕业生

4、管线工程-----------------------------pipeline engineering

5、water resources engineering-------水资源工程

6、框架筒--------------------------------framed tube

7、stressed-skin tube-------------------薄壳筒体

8、如上所述-----------------------------as discussed above

9、reinforced concrete------------------钢筋混凝土

10、超高层建筑-------------------------ultrahigh-rise building Structural engineering.

In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridge, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using computers, structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist: its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials.

答：结构工程. 在这个专业中，土木工程师计划和设计各种各样的结构，包括桥，水坝，发电厂，设备的支柱，海岸工程的特殊结构，美国空间项目，发射塔，巨大的天文射电望远镜，和许多种其它的工程项目。利用计算机，结构工程师计算一个结构所必须承受的力：建筑物自重，风力和飓风力，温度变化而引起的建筑材料的热胀冷缩的应力，和地震力。他们也确定合适的材料组合方法：钢，砼，塑料，沥青，砖，铝或其它建筑材料。

The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of 'civil engineering structures for other purposes is identical. It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths. In a similar manner, the master builder concerned with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual; instead, his work is done by a team of several specialists: the planner, the architect, the engineer, and the builder. The execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of this team.

答：不管是将建筑物设计成躲风避雨的场所，还是将土木工程结构用于其它用途，其科学根据都是一样的。这两个领域沿着不同的道路发展，也只是我们的现代社会的特殊需求的结果。同理，将建筑物当成躲风避雨场所的建造商已不再是个人行为了；相反其工作由几个专家所组成的队伍来完成，这些专家有：设计师，建筑师，工程师和施工人员。当代建筑主管要依靠他的建筑队的集体智。

Where wastewater discharges into rivers from which drinking water is taken downstream(下游), special attention is given not only to the removal of organic matter from the wastes but also to the disinfection processes that inactivate microorganisms(微生物). Also of concern are discharges of organic chemical contaminants from industry or runoff from farm lands along the river contaminated by pesticides(杀虫剂) and herbicides(除

草剂).

答：从废水排入江河处的下游取用饮水时,不仅要特别注意从废水中清除有机物,而且要注意进行纯化微生物的消毒处理.也要关注从工厂排出的有机化学污染物,还要关注,沿杀虫剂和除草剂所污染的河流所灌溉的农田流出的排出物。

1、The high-rise buildings ranging through 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the U.S. are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems.

答：through →from

2、The system, known as the tube-in-tube system, made it possible designing the world’s present tallest building.

答：designing →to design

3、Civil engineers who specialize on this field analyze the properties ofsoils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior.

答：on →in

4、Many also serve as consultants on engineering projects, or in technical boards and commissions associated with major projects.

答：in →on

5、The art of building encompasses all ofwoman’sefforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs.

答：woman’s→man’s