二手汽车 外文文献翻译

英文参考文献及译文

二 〇 一 三 年 六 月

题 目：T h e U s e d C a r I n d u s t r y 姓 名：马威 学 院：能源与动力工程

系 别：交通运输系

专 业：交通运输

班

级：交通运输09-2

指导教师：高志鹰 副教授 学校代码： 10128 学 号： 200920302070

The Used Car Industry

With annual sales of nearly $370 billion, the used vehicle industry represents almost half of the U.S. auto retail market and is the largest retail segment of the economy.

In 2005, about 44 million used cars were sold in the U.S., which is more than double that of the nearly 17 million new cars sold. In 1898, the Empire State Motor Wagon Company is one of the very first used car companies. The used vehicle market is substantially larger than other large retail sectors, such as the school and office products market ($206 billion in estimated annual sales) and the home improvement market ($291 billion in Estimated annual sales).The Federal Trade Commission recommends that consumers consider a car retailer’s reputation when deciding where to purchase a used car.

In the United States, an estimated 34% of consumers (in 2006) are buying a Vehicle history report for used cars. Vehicle history reports are one way to check the track record of any used vehicle. The report may indicate minor/moderate collision damage or improper vehicle maintenance.

These reports will indicate items of public record, such as vehicle title branding, lemon law buybacks, odometer fraud, and product recall vehicle history reports provide customers with a record based on the vehicle's serial number.

An attempt to identify vehicles which have been previously owned by hire car rental agencies, police and emergency services or taxi fleets is also made. Consumers should research vehicles carefully, as these reporting services only report the information to which they have access. In some places the government is a provider of vehicle history, but this is usually a limited service providing information on just one aspect of the history. Two vehicle history reporting services used to offer the service for free namely Install VIN and Vin Check. But currently customers need to pay to view vehicle reports through Instating. Vin Check became part of Auto Check and provides very little information for free, and customers need to buy a detailed report.

Several of the services, most notably those in the United Kingdom and the

United States, sell reports to dealers and then encourage the dealers to display the reports on their Internet sites. These reports are paid for by the dealer and then offered for free to potential buyers of the vehicle. Car check service is available online for the public and motor trade.

Companies may add to the reports additional information gathered from police, finance and insurance companies.

In the UK, the DVLA provides information (Car check) on the registration of vehicles to certain companies for consumer protection and anti-fraud purposes. Used car pricing reports typically produce three forms of pricing information. Dealer or Retail Price is the price you should expect to pay if buying from a licensed new-car or used-car dealer — retail price. Dealer Trade-in Price or wholesale price is the price you should expect to receive from a dealer if you trade in a car. This is also the price that a dealer will typically pay for a car at a dealer wholesale auction. Private-Party Price is the price you should expect to pay if you were buying from an individual. A private-party seller is hoping to get more money than they would with a trade-in to a dealer. A private-party buyer is hoping to pay less than the dealer retail price.

The growth of the Internet has fueled the availability of information on the prices of used cars. This information was once only available in trade publications that dealers had access to. There are now numerous sources for used car pricing. Multiple sources of used car pricing means that listed values from different sources may differ. Each pricing guide receiving data from different sources and makes different judgments about that data. Pricing of used cars can be affected by geography. For example, convertibles have a higher demand in warmer climates than in cooler areas. Similarly, pickup trucks may be more in demand in rural than urban settings. The overall condition of the vehicle has a major impact on pricing. Condition is based on appearances, vehicle history, mechanical condition and mileage. There is much subjectivity in how the condition of a car is evaluated.

There are various theories as to how the market determines the prices of used cars sold by private parties, especially relative to new cars. One theory suggests that new car dealers are able to put more effort into selling a car, and can therefore stimulate stronger demand. Another theory suggests that owners of problematic cars

("lemons") are more likely to want to sell their cars than owners of perfectly functioning vehicles. Therefore, someone buying a used car bears a higher risk of buying a lemon. A car dealership or vehicle local distribution is a business that sells new and/or used cars at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary. It employs automobile salespeople to do the selling. It may also provide maintenance services for cars, thus employing automobile mechanics, stock and sell spare automobile parts, and process warranty claims.

In China, an authorized car dealership is called 4S car shops. The 4S represents Sale, Spare part, Service and Survey .In most cases, brand-name new cars can be purchased only from 4S shops. For new cars in high demand, a premium is sometimes added for instant delivery or just placing an order. Likewise, cars with high supply are often discounted. The profit of car dealers in China is quite high compared to the rest of the world, in most cases 10%. This is due to the non-transparent invoice price as announced by manufacturers and to the premiums they charge for quick delivery. Due to the lack of knowledge for most customers, dealers can sell add-ons at much higher prices than the aftermarket. This field is ruled by Commission Regulation (EC) NO 1400/2002 of 31 July 2002, on the application of article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector.

In the Member States of the European Union, motor vehicle and spare part manufacturers distribute their products through networks of distributors. As far as motor vehicles are concerned, these distributors are commonly known as dealers. Motor vehicle manufacturers and other undertakings also operate networks of authorized repairers. Such a distribution or repair network consists of a bundle of similar agreements between the manufacturer and the individual distributors or body shops. For the purposes of EU competition law, these agreements are referred to as vertical agreements, as the manufacturer and distributor or repairer each operate at different levels of the production or distribution chain.

Whether a vertical agreement actually restricts competition and whether in that case the benefits outweigh the anti-competitive effects will often depend on the market structure. The new Regulation 1400/2002, which entered into force on 1 October 2002, introduces a number of substantial changes as regards the exemption of

distribution agreements for new motor vehicles and spare parts. It also introduces major changes] as regards the exemption of agreements for the provision of repair and maintenance services by authorized and independent repairers and other independent operators, such as onroad assistance operators, distributors of spare parts and providers of training for repairers.

Auto Transport is used to move the vehicle from the factory to the dealerships. This includes country to country shipping as well as state to state shipping. Auto shipping and transport was largely a commercial activity conducted by dealers, manufacturers and brokers until the last ten to fifteen years. The explosion of Internet use has allowed this niche service to grow and reach the general consumer marketplace. This car shipping industry has grown explosively since the advent of the Internet. People are now able to purchase cars from anywhere in the world and have them shipped to their doorstep.

Used Car Roadshow is a car programme that was originally aired on the Men & Motors channel, but now it is also shown on ITV4. The show is presented by Penny Mallory and Jason Dawe. The show airs for one hour. Each programme is filmed at car shows throughout the UK, where enthusiasts display their cars and collections, as well as some who want to sell and buy cars. Penny and Jason always attempt to pick the most eye catching and unusual cars at these shows, as well as demonstrating bargains that can be had from the used car market. Every programme has a different scenario, where a viewing member of the public is looking to buy a used car. Scenarios can vary from the budget-conscious student wanting to spend no more than ￡1500, to the mid 20 year old wanting a sports car for no more than ￡20,000. There are also in betweens who want something economical, or good for long distance touring, or for the family. They give Jason the specifications they want, and the things they would like and not like.

Throughout the show Jason comes up with different cars to suit the buyer's needs, summarizing the positives and negatives. He often picks three cars, with one mystery car thrown in to interest the buyer. Normally the buyer is given three cars to examine and decide from with the guidance of Penny and Jason throughout, from which one has to be dropped before the other two can be tested. The test drive is

normally taken with Penny on board, who gives her opinions on the car to give the buyer a better insight as to what they may want. If the buyer decides that he/she does not like one of the cars, then Jason will throw in his mystery car to liven things up.

In the end the buyer usually makes a decision on the car they want, and attempts to negotiate with Jason, who consequently rings the seller on air from a mobile and tries to achieve the best deal possible for the buying member of the public. As of 2009, no new series/episodes had aired.

二手车行业

随着每年接近3700亿的成交量，二手车行业占据了美国接近半数的汽车零售市场，它也成为了最大的零售业务的经济体。

在2005年，美国大约有4400万辆二手车成功交易，比新车交易量1700万辆的两倍还要多。在1898年，帝国汽车旅行公司是很早有很多二手车的公司之一。二手车市场明显大于其他的一些大型零售行业，比如学校和办公用品市场（每年的年销售大概是2060亿）以及家装市场（每年的年销售大概是2910亿）。联邦贸易委员会建议消费者在决定在哪里购买二手车的时候考虑汽车零售商的声誉。

在美国，预计34％的消费者（2006年）为二手车购买一份车辆历史报告。车辆历史报告是检查任何一辆二手车记录的一种方式。车辆历史报告提供给消费者一份根据车辆序列号的报告。这些报告将指示公共记录的项目，例如车辆所有权的品牌，柠檬法回购，里程表欺诈以及产品召回。该报告可能表明轻微/中度碰撞损坏或车辆维修保养不当。

有一种尝试也在进行中，它可以确定先前是否为汽车租赁机构，警察和紧急服务或者出租车队所拥有的。消费者应仔细研究车辆，因为上述所说的服务只能提供给他们有机会获得的信息。在一些地方，政府负责提供车辆历史报告，但是，这也是很有限的，只能提供车辆很少一部分的信息。车辆识别代码安装（Instating）和车辆识别代码检查（VinCheck）是过去免费提供车辆历史报告服务的。但是现在消费者需要支付一定的费用才能通过车辆识别代码安装（Instating）来看车辆报告。车辆识别代码检查（VinCheck）已经变成了自动检查（Auto Check）的一部分，只提供很少一部分免费的信息，而消费者需要付费才能买到一份很详细的报告。

特别在英国和美国，一些机构销售给经销商报告，然后鼓励经销商在他们的互联网站点上显示报告。这些报告由经销商支付，然后免费提供给车辆的潜在买家。

在英国，DVLA为了保护消费者和反欺骗的目的提供车辆登记信息（车辆检查）给一些特定的公司。公司可能会增加一些从警察，金融和保险行业收集来的信息。汽车检查服务在网上对于大众和汽车交易也是可行的。二手车定价报告基本提供三方面定价信息。

如果你想从持牌新车或者是二手车经销商那里购买，那么经销商或者零售价的价格应该是你所预想的那个价格。经销商贸易价格或批发价的价格应该和你购买一辆汽车从经销商那里得来的报价是差不多的。同时也应该和经销商在汽车拍卖会上购得汽车的价格差不多。私营党的价格应该和你个人购买的价格是一致的。一个私营党的卖方希望得到和经销商交易相比更多的钱，。而一个私营党的买方则希望花和经销商交易相比更少的钱。在市场上，通过

私人机构有各种各样的理论决定二手车价格,特别是相对于新的汽车。其中一个理论认为,新车经销商能够把更多的精力在卖一辆车,因而能刺激强劲的需求。另一个理论表明，那些有问题车的车主比拥有完美运转的车辆的车主更有可能想卖掉他们的汽车。因此，买二手车的人要承受买到有问题的车的高风险。

二手车定价会受到地理位置的影响。例如，一般在温暖的气候比在更冷的地方有一个更高的要求。同样，相比于城市，乡村可能更需要货车。整个车辆的状况对定价有重大影响。车辆状况取决于车辆外观，车辆的历史、受力状态、里程。在评价车辆状况的时候有许多的主观性的条件存在。

因特网的成长已经加强了信息对二手车价格的影响。这些信息曾经在贸易出版物中发行，但是仅有经销商可以获取。然而现在有许多资源来对二手车进行定价。多种二手车定价方式的出现意味着上市价值从不同的来源可能会有所不同。每个定价指导从不同的来源接收数据,然后对数据做出不同的判断。汽车经销商或车辆在当地的分布，是一个生意，是用来在零售业务中销售新车和/或二手车，它是基于经销商的合同，当然也和汽车制造商及其销售子公司有关。它雇佣汽车销售人员做销售。它也可能提供汽车维修服务，再加上采用汽车力学、仓储以及销售备用汽车零部件、保修赔付过程。

在中国，一个授权的汽车经销商被称为汽车4 S店。4 S代表的整车销售(Sale)、零配件(Sparepart)、售后服务(Service)、信息反馈(Survey)。在大多数情况下，只有从4 S店才能买到名牌新车。为了新车的高要求，对于要求立即交货或者仅仅是下了订单的保险费有时候会适当提高。同样，供应量大的车型会经常打折。与世界上其他地方相比，汽车经销商在中国的利润是相当高的，在大多数情况下，能够达到10%。[引用需要]这是由于发票价格是不透明的，任由经销商来开票，同时他们收取保险费后迅速交货。由于大多数消费者缺乏相关知识,经销商可以比零件市场以高很多的价格来卖这些附加的零件。这个领域已经被委员会在2002年7月31日制定了一些行业规定，其中第81条第(三)项条约的协议和直接应用在汽车行业。

在欧盟成员国，机动车辆和零部件制造商发布他们的产品通过网络经销商。对于汽车行业而言,这些传送者被俗称为经销商。机动车制造厂和其他事业也操作授权修理者的网络。这样的一个分布或维修网络由一系列类似制造商和销售商或车身个人之间签订的协议组成。为了遵守欧盟竞争法，这些协议被称为垂直协议，为了制约制造商和经销商或修理人员，在不同层次的生产、分销链的每一个阶段。

无论一个垂直的协议在实际上是否是限制竞争的，无论在哪种情况下，多余的利益和反竞争效应通常都会依靠于市场结构。这个新规定1400/2002,从2002年10月1日起正式生效，

关于新的汽车和零部件豁免分布协议介绍了许多实质性的变化[指定]。还介绍了关于以提供维修及保养服务的授权和独立修理者、其他独立运营商(如帮助经营者销售、零配件的运输及训练修理工的培训机构)的可获豁免协议重大变化。

汽车运输是用来将汽车从工厂运到经销商那里的。这包括国家与国家的航运以及省与省（州与州）直接的航运。汽车运输和交通在最近的十年到十五年之间很大程度上就是是一种商业活动，是由经销商、厂商和经纪人进行的。由于网络的普及性，在这种环境下生长和强化服务广大消费者市场已经被允许了。汽车船舶工业发展迅速就是因为网际网路的来临。现在人们可以从世界上任何一个地方购买汽车，让他们运送到他们家门前。

一个关于二手车的路演是早前一直在“男人和汽车”频道播放的一个汽车类节目，但现在它在ITV4中上映。这个节目由马洛里和杰森大卫呈现，节目每期有一个小时，每一次在汽车频道的节目都在拍摄英国，在那里爱好者收藏和展示他们的汽车，以及一些人想要出售和购买汽车。彭妮和杰森一直试图在这些节目当中挑选最醒目和不寻常的汽车，当然也有在二手车市场，那里可以随便讨价还价。

每一个节目都会有不同的场景，而观看的公众则是想买一辆二手车。这些场景可能会从没有债务的学生想花不超过￡1500买一辆二手车到一个二十岁中期想花不超过￡20000来购买一辆跑车。当然也有想要经济一点的或者是便于长途旅行的或者是家庭用车。他们给杰森他们想要的规格，也有他们喜欢或者不喜欢的东西。

通过这个节目，杰森想出不同的汽车来适应顾客的需要，总结一些积极的好的和一些不好的东西。他常常挑选三辆汽车，其中一个神秘的汽车是符合买方兴趣的。通常买方给三部车子审查然后在彭妮和杰森的指导下决定，但同时只有一辆车事先被排除了其他两辆车才可以进行测试。试驾车通常是带上彭妮,她可以给出自己的意见，让买方明确的知道自己想要的。如果买方决定了他/她不喜欢其中一辆汽车,然后杰森将把他的神秘车辆弄出来让事情变得更好。

最终买方通常会决定他们想要的车，并试图与杰森谈判，而杰森因此在车上会通过电话广播的形式与卖方谈判，力求为购买的观众取得最好的谈判结果。从2009年起,没有新的系列/集播放了。