读者接受理论视觉下职业称谓的翻译

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翻译“读者接受理论”之我见

翻译“读者接受理论”之我见

翻译“读者接受理论”之我见作者:姚旭李传静任蕊来源:《读与写·下旬刊》2010年第07期中图分类号:H059 文献标识码:B 文章编号:1672-1578(2010)07-0048-01摘要:根据接受美学和阐释学理论,译文读者在整个翻译过程中具有特殊的地位和作用。

本文根据读者接受理论解释译文读者对翻译行为造成的影响,译者在翻译行为中不得不考虑译文读者的因素。

关键词:读者接受翻译译者译文读者一、读者接受理论读者接受理论,创立于20世纪60年代的德国,其代表人物是姚斯和伊瑟尔。

他们反对作者中心论、文本中心论,而强调作品的意义只有在阅读过程中才能产生,它是作品与读者相互作用的产物。

阅读并非被动地反应,而是主动地参与,与作品进行交流、对话。

该理论认为,一部文学作品一旦进入社会,便与作者分离开来,成为一种客观存在。

(谢满兰,2007)读者对文本的接受过程就是对文本的再创造过程, 读者不只是鉴赏家、批评家,也是作家,因为鉴赏和批评的本身就是对文学作品的创作,也是文学作品得以真正实现的过程,所以,文学作品不是由作者自己创造出来的,而是在作者和读者的共同作用写产生的。

二、译作的可接受性翻译服务于读者,只有被读者认可的译作才能算是成功的译作,所以译者在翻译的过程中必须要考虑到译作的可接受性。

所谓译作的可接受性指的是译作的语言符合目标语言规范,能够为目标读者接受并理解。

译作的可接受性具有不确定性,会因地因人因时而异。

翻译理论中的归化和异化、直译和意译以及种种翻译技巧和翻译策略的讨论,说到底,都是围绕译作的可接受性而展开的。

译作的可接受性是相对翻译标准的“信”(“忠实”)和“达”(“通顺”)而言的。

(司显柱,2006)译作的可接受性既是译文对于目标读者客观产生的一种直觉的交际效果,又是译者主观努力的方向,因此它是一种面向读者的综合性的翻译标准。

译作的可接受性是相对的,而不是绝对的,因为用不同的翻译标准从不同的角度衡量译作的可接受性,会得出截然不同的结果。

读者接受理论与影视字幕中的隐喻翻译

读者接受理论与影视字幕中的隐喻翻译

读者接受理论与影视字幕中的隐喻翻译
谢满兰
【期刊名称】《广东第二师范学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2007(027)002
【摘要】由于大众文化的蓬勃发展,影视字幕翻译在翻译理论和实践中占有越来越重要的地位.字幕文本具有特殊的屏幕限制和独特的受众群体,要求译者认真考察.读者接受理论对字幕翻译尤其是富含文化意蕴的隐喻翻译具有很好的解释力.
【总页数】6页(P103-108)
【作者】谢满兰
【作者单位】广东教育学院,外语系,广东,广州,510303
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】A315.9
【相关文献】
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2.从读者接受理论看政府工作报告翻译中的r读者关照 [J], 谭淑芳
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4.论情报编写中读者的角色地位:以接受理论为视角 [J], 彭知辉
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接受理论视阈下标语翻译中的形式与功能——以“Better City

接受理论视阈下标语翻译中的形式与功能——以“Better City

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读者接受理论视觉下职业称谓的翻译——以《窓際のトットちゃん》两个中文译本为中心

读者接受理论视觉下职业称谓的翻译——以《窓際のトットちゃん》两个中文译本为中心

读者接受理论视觉下职业称谓的翻译——以《窓際のトットちゃん》两个中文译本为中心张琪儿童文学作为文学的重要组成成分,影响着一代又一代儿童。

因为读者的限定,作品原文乃至译文都很重视读者体验。

一般来说,儿童文学具备以下特点:情节生动、描述形象、文字浅显易懂。

因此,在翻译儿童文学时对词汇的处理应当引起重视,不能简单地从成人读者视觉进行翻译。

本文试图从读者接受角度通过对比不同译本中职业称谓名词的翻译,试图从中找到更合适的翻译方法。

《窓際のトットちゃん》及其译本窓《ぎわのトットちゃん》是一本非常有意思的儿童文学作品。

作者黑柳彻子,日本著名作家、著名电视节目主持人、联合国儿童基金会亲善代表大使。

自1981年出版后,在日本乃至全球都引起了极大反响。

截至2001年,日文版累计销量达938万册,成为日本历史上销量最大的一本书。

首版中文译本出现在1983年,译名为《窗边的小姑娘》,朱濂翻译,湖南少年儿童出版社出版。

出版后销量平平,未引起较大反响。

直到2003年,南海出版公司出版赵玉皎翻译的《窗边的小豆豆》发行后,这本儿童文学才广为人知。

这本作品现在已成为少年儿童的必读书目之一,小豆豆的故事影响着一代代中国儿童。

读者接受理论读者接受理论又称“接受美学”,是20世纪60年代,文学史学家姚斯(Hans Robert Jauss)在1967年提出的以现象学和阐释学为理论基础的一种文学批评理论。

它的核心是从受众出发,从接受出发,强调读者的地位,认为读者的接受对作品意义的实现起着决定性作用,使文学研究从以“文本为中心”到“以读者为中心”。

读者接受理论认为,在阅读一部作品时,读者会根据自身的阅读经验和审美趣味,对作品进行预先估计和期盼,这种先在的理解和期盼就是所谓“期待视野”。

“期待视野”在阅读过程中表现为读者的一种潜在的审美期待,影响着读者对作品的理解。

只有符合读者思维定向或先在结构的作品,才能吸引读者,进而达到“视野融合”。

现在这种理论常被运用到翻译研究,译者应照顾读者的接受水平和接受程度,重视读者的“期待视野”。

从读者接受理论看中国古典诗歌中数字翻译的得失

从读者接受理论看中国古典诗歌中数字翻译的得失

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接受理论视角下看《尤利西斯》中文化“他者”的注释性翻译策略

接受理论视角下看《尤利西斯》中文化“他者”的注释性翻译策略

第28卷第2期2021年4月兰州工业学院学报Journal of Lanzhou Institute of TechnologyVol.28No.2Apr.2021文章编号:1009-2269(2021)02-0128-05接受理论视角下看《尤利西斯》中文化“他者”的注释性翻译策略王艳霞(兰州工业学院外国语学院,甘肃兰州730050)摘要:从接受理论视角下看意识流小说《尤利西斯》译文中对于文化“他者”的翻译策略,译文以萧乾、文洁若夫妇所译版本为例。

意识流小说的理解难度以及小说《尤利西斯》本身具有的包罗万象的文化“他者”使得译者在考虑目标读者的理解接受角度主要采取了增补策略,运用注释性翻译来提供必要的背景知识以扩大目标读者的“先结构”,以缓解其为了解原作者的写作意图而产生的认知负担,从而能够与文本及原作者进行更为流畅的对话。

注释性翻译无疑是翻译意识流类小说时的一种良性必备翻译策略。

关键词:接受理论;文化“他者”:注释性翻译;尤利西斯中图分类号:H315.90引言接受理论,作为一种以读者为主导的批评范畴,为翻译研究提供了宝贵的启示。

面对文学作品,尤其是理解难度较高的意识流类文学作品时,接受理论要求译者采取相应的翻译手段“改变目标读者的’期待视野'”或是“扩大他们的’先结构'”以保证目标读者顺利参与阅读过程。

意识流小说《尤利西斯》中存在数量巨大的文化“他者”,接受理论关照下,对于中文读者而言,因为并不是原作者的“暗隐的读者”,也并不具有原文所预想的“期待视野”,理解中势必存在很多空白点,甚至会认定《尤利西斯》为一部无法读懂的“天书”。

译者在面对意识流文体的小说时,从接受理论的角度出发,考虑到目标读者的真实阅读感受,必须在翻译策略的选择过程中补充读者原本不具有的认知内容,满足原文及原作者的“期待视野”,那么注释性翻译则是面对文化“他者”翻译时的一种文献标志码:A必然选择。

1意识流小说《尤利西斯》简介及文化“他者”在《尤利西斯》中的体现1.1《尤利西斯》及其中译本意识流小说是20世纪初兴起于西方、在现代哲学特别是现代心理学的基础上产生的小说类作品。

从读者接受理论看英汉文学翻译中四字格的使用——以隗静秋译《动物庄园》..

从读者接受理论看英汉文学翻译中四字格的使用——以隗静秋译《动物庄园》..

从读者接受理论看英汉文学翻译中四字焦飏接受美学视角的翻译理论把研宄视野从文本本身扩大到译者、读者、文化对翻译 活动的影响,提出了 “读者中心论”。

四字词语是汉语所独有的,具有音美、形 美、简炼的特点。

在英汉文学翻译的过程当中恰当使用汉语四字格,在“忠实” 传达原文意义的基础上,还切合了屮国读者的审美,给读者以美的享受。

关键词:读者接受理论;文学翻译;四字格;动物庄园;研究方向:翻译理论与实践。

兴起于德国的读者接受文学批评理论催生了接受美学视角的翻译理论。

从此,翻 译研宂不再仅仅局限于对源语文本、译语文本的研宂,而是把视野扩大到译者、 读者、文化对翻译活动的影响,提出了 “读者中心论”。

四字词语是汉语所独有 的,具有音美、形美、简炼的特点。

在英汉文学翻译的过程当中恰当使用汉语四 字格,在“忠实”传达原文意义的基础上,还切合了中国读者的审美,给读者 以美的享受。

一、读者接受理论与英汉文学翻译读者接受理论,又称接受美学,是1960年代5位德W 学者在德W 南部新建的康 斯坦茨大学提出来的丙方文学研究中一种新兴的方法论。

代表人物有汉斯罗伯特 姚斯(Hans Robert Jauss)和沃尔夫冈伊瑟尔(Wolfgang Iser)。

它的核心是 从受众出发,从接受出发,强调读者或者阅读行为在阐释文本问题上的作用, 认为在文学阐释中,最重要的因素不是文本,而是读者。

这种理论注意到了过去 文学理论所忽视的一个基本事实,那就是文学作品是为读者阅读所创作的,它 的社会意义和美学价值只有在阅读中才能表现出来。

而读者在文木的接受过程当 中并不是被动的反映,而是主动的,具有推动文学创作的功能。

因此,文学过程 并不能简单地被设想为作家为读者创作作品,读者对文学作品的接受收到个人 的各种因素的影响。

这一文学批评理论也给翻译学和翻译研宄提供了新的视角。

翻译研宄不再仅仅局限于对源语文木、译语文木的研宄,而是把视野扩大到译 者、读者、文化对翻译活动的影响,提出了格的使用为例以隗静秋译《动物庄园》 川大学锦城学院接受美学视角的翻译理论。

读者参照与汉英习语翻译

读者参照与汉英习语翻译

广西师范大学硕士研究生学位论文 A Reader Reference Insight Into Idioms TranslationFrom Chinese to English读者参照与汉英习语翻译  院 系2000级  专 业翻译理论与实践  导 师任 蓉  完成时间1 2ContentsAcknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................33.2.1 Idioms reflect psychology, convention and custom of a nation (21)3.2.2 Idioms reflect people’s wisdom and laboring experience (22)3.2.3 Idioms derived from religious scriptures (22)3.2.4 Idioms derived from history and literary works (22)3.2.5 Idioms derived from fables, legends and myths (23)3.3 Characteristics of Idioms in Form (24)3.4 Difficulties of Idioms Translation (26)Chapter Four Reader Reference Insight into the Strategies in Idioms Translation4.1 Literal Translation (29)4.1.1 Literal translation to retain images (31)4.1.2 Literal translation plus gloss to retain images (31)4.1.3 Literal plus free translation to compensate images (32)4.2 Substitution (32)4.3 Free translation (33)Conclusion (35)Bibliography (36)4AcknowledgementsI am greatly indebted to all those people who, directly and indirectly, have contributed to the genesis of this thesis.First of all, thanks are due to my supervisor, Prof. Zhou Liangren, for his careful reading and faithful comments on the paper. Without his keen insights and constant affirmation, this paper would not have been finished.I am particularly grateful to the superb advice and constant encouragement from Prof. Wang Dongfeng, who continues to inspire me to explore my expository ideas in my writing. His academic insight and thoughtful guidance are of great benefit for me.Last but not least, I also express my appreciation to all the teachers who have lectures for me during my postgraduate study.5读者参照与汉英习语翻译 2000级英语语言文学专业研究生周良仁 教授 内容提要 奈达的动态对等原则或称读者反应论把翻译理论研究的视点从原文本引到接受者一方主张用归化的翻译策略这些引起了很多争论甚至否定读者因素如何影响翻译策略的选择呢认为接受者因素应从读者群的能动作用和接受文化语境的制约作用来考虑读者因素在译者翻译策略的选择中起到参照和制约作用选择归化或异化的翻译策略是译者为读者考虑的表现文章从英汉习语的翻译来加以论证处理的方法有直译从读者接受和文化交流的角度考察首先姚斯认为读者在阅读过程中具有积极的能动作用文本的意义只有在读者的积极参与下才能实现对于译者来说他必须考虑到实际读者的期待视野和接受能力原文和译文的对等的翻译标准只能是相对的其次免不了受译语文化这一客观的接受环境制约兼容性考虑到译文读者的接受能力及文化情境6从中国历史上的翻译理论和实践中可以看到读者参照影响着翻译策略的选择严复和林纾从目标文化出发采取归化策略并分出翻译的读者层妥协性和进取性表现为适应读者的固有语言和文化习惯另一方面具有向译语文化积极进取的特点以便达到给译语读者群原有的文化结构带来异质因素达到文化交流的目的这两对翻译策略和方法引起了持续的争论受到很多学者的批驳读者参照并不能单一的强调归化策略两种策略或方法是辨证统一的本文以汉英习语的翻译为例进行了进一步论证在翻译时传达习语形象非常重要无对应习语形式相似而意义不同从读者参照角度来处理汉英习语的翻译大致有三个方法即借用其中一般在不引起文化冲突的情况下使用直译加注补充形象能保存形象和促进理解直译加意译在文内解释补充形象能保证可理解性但常受文内解释的空间限制易于读者理解以免造成读者的文化误解有利于处理文化障碍总的来说译者应充分考虑读者的接受由于读者在阅读过程中的积极能动作用采取异化策略和直译的方法常常是可行的7读者是一个变量社会的发展不是一成不变的需要进行系统和辨证的研究读者参照翻译策略习语翻译8A Reader Reference Insight Into Idioms TranslationFrom Chinese to EnglishAbstractNida’s Reader-response theory is considered to shift the focus from the comparison of a pair of texts, the source-language texts and the target-language texts, to a comparison of receptors’ perception of the message carried by the text. It emphasizes a naturalness of translation, and judges a translation by whether it makes a similar response between source readers and target readers. This advocating draws heavy criticism and even denunciation. Then, why and how does this factor impact the selection of translating strategy?As to receptor, this paper affirms its subjective role in reception. In translation, the reception factor should be viewed from two aspects: the subjective but active readership and the objective receiving culture. A translator has to consider the reader whom he or she is translating for, so the factor of target readership and receiving culture does as not only reference but constraint for translator’s selection of strategy. It is viewed as reader reference, or consideration for readers. In some sense, taking strategy, either domestication or foreignization, is the reveal of a certain translator’s consideration for his intended readers and his attitude towards culture. For further argument, the paper analyzes the strategies employed in idiom translation, including literal translation, substitution, and free translation, from reader reference insights, and concludes that foreignization and literal translation are often feasible.The theory of Reception Aesthetics expounds that the reader plays an active role in the interpretation of a text. Jauss says that readers from any historical period establish different horizons of expectation. And Iser differentiates them to the actual reader and the implied9reader. For a certain translator, he should bear in mind his actual reader’s horizon of expectation and reception, since he serves those who pick up his works to read. Translation activity experiences two processes of reception, first between the translator and the source text, then between the translator and the final target reader. Accordingly, the translation criterion of equivalence is just appropriately achieved. The operation of translating can not be escaped from the influence of receiving culture, which has features of infiltration, compatibility, nationality and interference. To fuse the text with target reader’s horizon of expectation, the translator has to take readers into consideration, such as their acceptability, aesthetic interest and cultural context. Hence, translating strategies often have to be altered.A survey shows that consideration for the receptors in translating operations is a phenomenon common to all historical periods in China. There were debates over literal and free translation in Buddhist scripture translation, domestication strategy that Yan Fu and Lin Shu inclined to adapt, and Lu Xun’s advocating of foreignization and his division of intended readers. Consideration for readers shows dual characteristics of taking translation strategies, namely, compromise and aggression. On one hand, compromising to the influence of target culture for making the target text easily accepted by the readers, the translator usually inclines to make the target text language perform conventionally in the target language system and pays attention to the comprehensibility and acceptability of the translated text. On the other hand, aggressing to influence the target culture by introducing the foreignness into target text for bringing foreign elements to target language and culture in spite of non-fluent and new expressions. Hence, it results in dichotomy of domestication and foreignization, and that of literal and free translation. Never-stopped disputes over them give strong criticism to Nida’s strategy of naturalization, which is considered as a representative of domestication. This paper analyzes that Nida’s receptor-oriented translation strategy neglects receptor’s cultural expectation though laying stress on the operation on linguistic structure. Taking receptor’s into consideration doesn’t merely mean a strategy of domestication. In view of10culture exchange, foreignization is getting prevailing. But from the perspective of reader reference, we find that these two strategies or approaches are dialectical. Applying either one reveals a translator’s consideration for readers and his attitude towards culture.Idioms translation provides a stage for further discussion. Chinese and English idioms both posses with distinctive features on linguistic and cultural level. It is essential to convey the images and connotations. The difficulties of idioms translation lie in four: no equivalent idioms; having similar expressions in form but with different connotations; embedding with both literal and idiomatic sense at the same time but different in form; different application in stylistic context. Generally, there are three solutions: literal translation, substitution, and free translation. First, literal translation retaining idiomatic images conveys linguistic and cultural features, which can be applied unless there are no cultural conflicts. Literal plus gloss translation helps the reader to learn culture but sometimes interrupt the coherence in context and reading. Literal plus explanation within context could retain images and ensure intelligibility, however, it takes up rooms within context and has to make some implied meaning transparent. Second, substitution can be applied when there are equivalent idioms. It ensures intelligibility, but over-domestication shall be avoided. Thirdly, free translation is also a common way to overcome cultural hindrance that would not cause misunderstanding by the sacrifice of images’ metaphorical and cultural meaning.In short, these solutions are all applicable and flexible in use with strong points or weak ones. Receptors, with cultural expectation to the exotic, demand for the exotic. Foreignization and literal translation are often feasible ways in idioms translation.The process of translation is just the interaction of the translator’s initiative and factors constraining it. Reader reference is one of the dynamic parameters in the selection of translation strategies that need further study in dialectical perspective. The recognition of the influence of receptor provides a way for translation criticism to evaluate the strategy of a translator.11Key words: reader reference; translating strategy; idioms translation12IntroductionNida’s concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence are considered as crucial in introducing a receptor-based orientation to contemporary translation studies.Formal equivalence refers to a faithful reproduction of source-text (ST) form elements. It ‘focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content…One is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language (SL).’ (Nida, 1964:159)This concept is thus keenly oriented towards the ST structure, which exerts strong influence in determining accuracy and correctness.Dynamic equivalence denotes equivalence of extralinguistic communicative effect. It ‘aims at complete naturalness of expression, and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture; it does not insist that he understand the cultural patterns of the source-language context in order to comprehend the message’. (Nida, 1964:159)Dynamic equivalence, as a receptor-oriented approach, considers adaptations of grammar, of lexicon and of cultural reference to be essential in order to achieve naturalness. Interference from the source language should not be showed in the target text (TT) language, and the foreignness of the ST is minimized. Nida holds that the success of the translation depends above all on achieving equivalent response. According to him, it is one of the ‘four basic requirements of a translation’. The four basic requirements are:1. making sense2. conveying the spirit and manner of the original3. having a natural and easy form of expression.4. producing a similar responseObviously, Nida’s receptor-based approach emphasis a translation strategy of1‘naturalization’.However, both the principles of formal and dynamic equivalence have been heavily criticized. A fundamental charge made against dynamic equivalence is its essential implausibility. How is the ‘effect’ to be measured and on whom? How can a text possibly have the same effect and elicit the same response in two different cultures and different times? Indeed, these questions can not be convincingly answered and judged. Chinese scholar Qian Hu writes against the implausibility of achieving equivalent effect when meaning is bound up in form, especially in literary works (Munday, 2001:43). Also, as to the cultural reference, the closest natural equivalence may stand in a contradictory relation with dynamic equivalence. The most notorious example is Nida’s brief mention of the rendering of give one another a hearty handshake all around are considered to ‘quite naturally translate’ Biblical greet one another with a holy kiss.Nida’s work in the area of Bible translation may be a source of controversy that scholars doubt on the feasibility of them. Edwin Genztler, in his Contemporary Translation Theories (1993), is against the concept of dynamic equivalence since it serves the purpose of converting the receptors, no matter what their culture, to the dominant discourse and ideas of Protestant Christianity.Another charge against Nida’s naturalness strategy is from those culturally oriented translation theorists. They argue that it will mean suppressing the foreignness and is a form of colonialism or ‘ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values’, as Venuti comments (Munday, 2001:43).These disputes lead to the necessary discussion of the role that the receptor plays in translation activity. Undoubtedly, the receptor in translation studies does not simply refer to any individual target reader but a target readership that is involved in a culture system. A translator has to consider the reader whom he is translating for, which implies the basic consideration for the readers. He Wenzhao (2002) first looks2into the consideration for the readers of the target language in the study of Chinese translation history. He mainly reviews this phenomenon from the history of translation in Buddhism and the history of western political thoughts and western literature. It is discovered that consideration for readers has alternative characteristics of being either compromise or aggression to the influence of the culture of target language in the translation. Consideration means to meet certain need of the readers, to adapt to the traditional culture of the target language or to consider the future of the readers. His research is of significance to look into the characteristics that the reader factor impacts the selection of translating strategy.Why and how does this factor influence the selection of translating strategies3Finally, in chapter four, the discussion is about the translation strategies in idiom translation from the reception insights.4Chapter5the text. For him, the central task of reception theory should unite the textual reception history with text reader’s present aesthetics experience. Although the text itself remains important in the interpretive process, the reader, he declares, plays an essential role. Expounding Hermenutics theory, Jauss puts forward concepts of reception theory such as ‘horizon of expectation’, ‘history of effect’, ect.Using the term horizon of expectation to include all of a historical period’s critical vocabulary and assessment of a text, Jauss points how any text is evaluated from one historical period to another, necessarily changes.Accordingly, Jauss argues that because each historical period establishes its own horizon of expectation, the overall value and meaning of any text can never become fixed or universal, for readers from any historical period establish for themselves what they value in a text. A text, then, does not have one and only one correct interpretation, for its supposed meaning changes from one historical period to another.Wolfgang Iser maintains that ‘any description of the interaction between the two (text or the reader), must therefore incorporate both the structure of effects (the text) and that of response (the reader). Thus, there are two ‘texts’ now— one is the author’s and another, the reader’s. ‘Text’ is not what the author thought it to be b ut what the reader sees in it.’ (Pattanaik, 1997:9)Iser borrows and amends Jauss’ s ideas. Iser believes that any object—a stone, a house, or a poem differentiates between two kinds of readers. He makes a division of the implied reader and the actual readers (Bressler, 1999:72-73):The implied readers ‘embodies all those predisposition necessary for a literary work to exercise its effect—predisposition laid down, not by an empirical outside reality, but by the text itself. Consequently, the implied reader has his or her roots firmly planted in the structure of the text’.The actual readers refer to the person who physically picks up the text and reads6it. It is this reader who comes to the text shaped by cultural and personal norms and prejudices. For Iser, the reader automatically views the text from his or her personal worldview. However, because texts do not tell the reader everything that needs to be known about a character, a situation, a relationship, and other such elements, readers must auto matically fill in these gaps, using their knowledge grounded in their worldview. In addition, each reader creates his or her horizon of expectation—that is, a reader’s expectation about what will or may happen next. These horizons of expectation change frequently often results in sudden loss, pain, unexpected joy or fear, and at times great fulfillment. Such changes cause a reader to modify his or her horizon of expectation to fit a text’s particular situation.Lun Xun, a famous Chinese writer and translator in 1930’s, coincidentally differentiated a division of three kinds of readers for translation similar with that of Iser’s. Lun Xun’s concept will be further discussed in chapter two.Reception aesthetics stresses on the text’s openness and the importance of the role of the reader’s participation in reading, directing the attention from the author and the text to the relationship between the text and the reader. Jauss and Iser both affirm the active and creative status the readers take in reading. They even regard the reader as an innate driving force to promote the text meaning.Hence, the reader is the co-author and criticism is not an interpretation of the text but an extension of it. In such a case, what is the role of translator and what will happen to translation?Their theories have great influence in the field of literary criticism. It is worth pointing out that many scholars, narrowly speaking, in China, have been applying this approach to translation for its plausible interpretation to translation studies.1.1.2 Features of Reception Aesthetics as Aids in Translation Studies7In view of communication, translation is a process in which information is transmitted from the SL text to the TL reader by the translator. The translator, as a medium of the information transmission, does two things through translation process: first receiving information from SL text, and then releasing his interpreted text to the TL reader.Most scholars ( He Wei, 1999; Ma Xiao, 2000) define this process of reception first as a dialogue between SL text and the translator, in which the translator actively produces his own interpretation of the text according to his own horizon of expectation; and then another dialogue between the translator and the final receiver who also possesses the horizon of expectation to decode the translated text. Text translator Version reader  What the translator transfers to the reader in the process is ‘text1 of the original’ that comes from his first interpretation of the original text. He must take his target reader into consideration when he translates, otherwise this activity will not be finished. The reader’s interpretation to the version will be the effect of this version. The translator has to make adjustment in translating operation to meet or to orient their horizon of expectation. Therefore, the active involvement of the translator and the TL reader shakes the deep-rooted principle to make exact equivalence between the SL text and the translated version. I uphold this viewpoint and point out that, more importantly, translation is an interlingual communication which involves the understanding of two languages. The reader translates, or decodes the text according to a different set of language and culture system. Ma Xiao (2000) claims that one-sided emphasis on the creation of text originated from traditional theories leads a dream of exact equivalence by neglecting the participation of translators and target readers. Liu Zheng (1991) also points out that the criterion of translation should be8multidimensional rather than simply to be loyal to the ST.The translator first reads and translates in SL, and therefore needs to be bilingual and bicultural. The interlingual translation is bound to reflect the translator’s own creative interpretation of the SL text. For him, the SL text is being approached through more than one set of language and cultural system. Moreover, the degree to which the translator reproduces the form, rhythm, tone, register, ect. of the SL text will be as much determined by the TL system as by the SL system and will also depend on the function of the translation.The reader, the final receiver of information, belongs to target language and culture system, from which he cannot be insulated in understanding the translated text. As Iser’s statement mentioned above that those implied readers ‘embodies all those predisposition necessary for a literary work to exercise its effect’ (Bressler, 1999:72). The translated text reader, thus, decodes the transmitted information from his angle of language and cultural system. Only after completing this procedure of fusing the reader’s horizon of expectation and the translated text does an activity of translation end. Therefore, the translator, consciously or not, has to take his intended readers into account. Dialogue between the translator and his intended reader begins with his selection of translation strategies.It is worthy of mentioned that the comparison between the effect of the TL reader’s interpretation and reception of TL text and that of the SL reader’s interpretation and reception of SL text, in some degree accordingly, is beyond controlled. Because a reader and his expectation is a hypothetical construct of norms, and the expectations of both groups of readers will not overlapped sufficiently. Hence, Nida’s Dynamic Equivalence principle, or termed as Reader-response theory, postulating to judge a translation according to reader’s response between SL reader and TL reader, has been evoked criticized. This problem will be further discussed9later.Lv Jun (1998) criticizes that Nida’s Equivalence Effect theory lays too much emphasis on reader’s function and devaluates the ontological position of the original text. Chen Zhijie (2001) discusses some misleading about the theory of reader-response, and accordingly rethinks over the statues of the translator, the text, and the proportion of domestication and foreignization.Based on Reception Aesthetics, Dong Hongchuan (2001) analyzes the phenomenon of cultural misinterpretation in literary translation. With the purpose of meeting the assumed horizon of expectation of intended reader, the translator often has to change strategies to formulate TT, but sometimes, because of cultural constraints, the translator misinterprets the cultural elements in the ST causes deviation in the TT.To sum up, these researches based on Reception Aesthetics expound the following features aiding translation studies.1) The equivalence criterion in translation is just an ideal and can only beappropriately achieved, since translation activity experiences two processes of reception. The fact that the translator is the first receptor of the ST, coupled with final reader’s reception of the TT, makes it impractical to reach the same effect between ST reader and TT reader. The criterion of translation should be multidimensional.2) Focus on the translation should be part from the text to the reader. A certaintranslator always has his or her implied readers and actual readers in mind that would have an impact on his selection of translating strategies. The affirmation to the readers is their active and creative status in translation process. Accordingly, domestication is not a single solution to help readers to comprehend the TT. Because of their active and creative status and their10cognitive abilities, foreignization is also feasible.3) The role of translator accordingly is a subjective and creative one intranslating process.4) Concepts of ‘horizon of expectation’ and ‘history effect’ both can be legitimatethat demand something new in reader’s reading. The reader’s horizon of expectation varies in different periods of time. Hence, different translating strategies function in history to meet the reader’s changing horizon of expectation.1.2 Culture System Constraints as an Objective Reception FactorReader’s reception can not be insulated from the receiving culture. Language is part of culture and plays a very important role in it. It is influenced and shaped by culture; it reflects culture. Culture has been developing over history. It is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex, and all-pervasive. Many definitions have been suggested for culture. As early as 1952, Kroeber and Kluckhohn listed 164 definitions of culture that they found in the anthropology literature. What has been termed the classic and mostly referred-by was provided by Edward. B. Tylor, a famous British anthropologist, in his book Primitive Culture (Tylor, 1871):‘Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society’. (Liu Miqing, 1999:27)Also, we will see the role of communication in this definition proposed by Bates and Plog (Samovar, 2000:36):‘Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation through learning.’11In a broad sense, culture refers to the whole material and spiritual wealth human beings have created and accumulated in the course of social development. In a narrow sense, culture refers to social ideology, and its correspondent institute and organizing structures.In view of the relationship of culture and language, culture, according to Liu Miqing has four basic general features(1999:72-74):1) Infiltration. The media of cultural infiltration are various, one of which is by theway of language. Saussure believed that language is a system of sign. Each linguistic unit塑料你好拷贝功夫Usually, literal translation is also a way to enrich language. For example, with respect to computer science terminology, Chinese people are getting more familiar with ‘menu’ (菜单), ‘Net Ants’ (网络蚂蚁) and ‘firewall’ (防火墙) ect. The conciseness and figurativeness of the original English expressions are literally translated into Chinese with roughly the same syllables with English one. They are memorable and favorably accepted by Chinese computer users.2) Compatibility. An important characteristic of culture is that it is shared andmutually developing, which makes interlingual transfer possible. People with the same culture share ideas, ways of behaving, and a way of life. Diffusion of culture is borrowing one culture from another. Historically, diffusion has been12part of cultural contact for as long as cultures have existed. Chinese society was forced to deal with the spread of Buddhism at the first. Taoist concepts were used in translations to acculturate Buddhist concepts. Later on, different religions developed in China. Buddhism has been exerting great impact on Chinese society and culture, which is reflected in many Chinese words and phrases such asÔ©¼Ò天诛地灭洞房花烛双喜临门’a shrug’, ‘play knife and fork’ are respectively national culture-loaded social symbols in Chinese and English society. Thirdly is bestowed with geographical symbols, and are distinctive with Chinese geographical features; whereas ‘when Dover and Calais meet’with English geographical features, which implies that something absolutely impossible because Dover is a harbor in UK while Calais locates oppositely over the sea in France. And finally it is bestowed with material symbols,and are unique in Chinese culture, whereas ‘hot dog’ and ‘motel’ are with cultural flavor of English-speaking countries.4) Interference. Conflicts between cultures are sources of trouble in translation.A very typical contrast, for instance, of animal metaphor preference between13。

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读者接受理论视觉下职业称谓的翻译
儿童文学作为文学的重要组成成分,影响着一代又一代儿童。

因为读者的限定,作品原文乃至译文都很重视读者体验。

一般来说,儿童文学具备以下特点:情节生动、描述形象、文字浅显易懂。

因此,在翻译儿童文学时对词汇的处理应当引起重视,不能简单地从成人读者视觉进行翻译。

本文试图从读者接受角度通过对比不同译本中职业称谓名词的翻译,试图从中找到更合适的翻译方法。

《窓際のトットちゃん》及其译本
《窓ぎわのトットちゃん》是一本非常有意思的儿童文学作品。

作者黑柳彻子,日本著名作家、著名电视节目主持人、联合国儿童基金会亲善代表大使。

自1981年出版后,在日本乃至全球都引起了极大反响。

截至2001年,日文版累计销量达938万册,成为日本历史上销量最大的一本书。

首版中文译本出现在1983年,译名为《窗边的小姑娘》,朱濂翻译,湖南少年儿童出版社出版。

出版后销量平平,未引起较大反响。

直到2003年,南海出版公司出版赵玉皎翻译的《窗边的小豆豆》发行后,这本儿童文学才广为人知。

这本作品现在已成为少年儿童的必读书目之一,小豆豆的故事影响着一代代中国儿童。

读者接受理论
读者接受理论又称“接受美学”,是20世纪60年代,文学史学家姚斯(Hans Robert Jauss)在1967年提出的以现象学和阐释学为理论基础的一种文学批评理论。

它的核心是从受众出发,从接受出发,强调读者的地位,认为读者的接受对作品意义的实现起着决定性作用,使文学研究从以“文本为中心”到“以读者为中心”。

读者接受理论认为,在阅读一部作品时,读者会根据自身的阅读经验和审美趣味,对作品进行预先估计和期盼,这种先在的理解和期盼就是所谓“期待视野”。

“期待视野”在阅读过程中表现为读者的一种潜在的审美期待,影响着读者对作品的理解。

只有符合读者思维定向或先在结构的作品,才能吸引读者,进而达到“视野融合”。

现在这种理论常被运用到翻译研究,译者应照顾读者的接受水平和接受程度,重视读者的“期待视野”。

儿童文学的读者相比其他文学作品的读者更具特殊性,因此我选择用这种理论来探讨儿童文学的翻译方法。

读者接受理论视觉下的职业称谓翻译
《窓際のトットちゃん》一书中多次出现了职业称谓,两个版本的译本中也做出来不同的翻译,在此就其中几例作对比。

十四章,小豆豆将钱包掉进厕所后有以下描述:
そこで、トットちゃんが、どうしたかって言うと、泣いたり、あきらめた
りはしなくって、すぐ、小使いの小父さん(今の用務員さん)の物置に走っていった。

朱译:你猜,这时冬冬怎么了呢?她没有哭鼻子,也没有就此罢休,而是立即朝勤杂工叔叔(现在叫公务员叔叔)堆放杂物的小屋跑去了。

赵译:但是小豆豆没有哭闹“怎么会这样呢”,或者干脆放弃,不要那个钱包了,而是立刻跑到校工(即现在的学校里的勤杂工)叔叔放工具的库房里。

原文中“小使いの小父さん”是”小使い”和“小父さん”构成的名词短语,意为勤杂工叔叔,这是以往的称谓,所以作者在括号内加了“用務員さん”这个备注,由此可见,相比“小使い”,“用務員”更能被原文读者接受一些。

朱译本中将前者称谓译作“勤杂工”,后者译作“公务员”,以现在读者角度来看,“勤杂工”没问题,而后者对于现在的读者而言,“公务员”一词更易联想到国家公务员,而非勤杂工人。

赵译的“校工”、“勤杂工”意义准确,小朋友也能从日常生活中找到对应职業,相比朱译读者接受度更高。

二十四章,作者对小豆豆生活的时代有以下描述:
まだ東京でも、近くに池には、ザリガニがたくさんいて、大きい牛が、ゴミ屋さんの車を引っ張って歩いている頃の、ことだった。

朱译:冬冬度过的这第一个暑假的当时,附近的水池里还有许许多多的蝲蛄,就连东京的垃圾车也还是由一头大牛拉着到处转呢!
赵译:当时,东京的好多池塘里还有许许多多的小龙虾,垃圾车还是由大牛拉着运送的。

小豆豆他们的这些故事,就发生在这样的年代里。

上文中出现了“ゴミ屋さん”一词,“ゴミ”意为“垃圾”,“ゴミ屋さん”即“处理垃圾的人”。

在上述两个译文中,都将“ゴミ屋さんの車”翻译为垃圾车,没有直接翻译这个职业,相比收垃圾的人的车更简单易懂。

通过省略职业这种处理方式,读者更准确接收到了原文要表达的意思,两位译者的处理都非常恰当。

三十二章,运动会,作者有以下描述:
それは、この前、トットちゃん達の授業が終わったあと、校長先生がお幼稚園の保母さん達に、校庭で……それがトットちゃんの目を引いたのだった。

朱译:那是因为前几天冬冬她们下课后,看到校长正在校园里给幼儿园的保育员们讲旋律教育课……这引起了冬冬的注意。

赵译:这是因为,有一次小豆豆他们下课之后,看到校长先生在校园里教幼儿园的老师们做韵律操……小豆豆就记住了。

原文中的“保母さん”意为“保育所·養護施設(現在の児童養護施設)などの児童福祉施設で、児童の保育にあたる女子職員の俗称”,即在幼儿园等儿童福利机构内负责照顾儿童生活的女职员。

两个译文采都用了意译的翻译方法。

两种译法也都体现了原文中“保母さん”的职责,但中文中已有与原文词汇意义相近的“保育员”一词,儿童读者也能区分保育员与老师,因此从读者接受角度看,“保育员”一词要合适一些。

四十四章,畠の先生,文中出现了以下称谓:
「ねえ、先生って、いつも、あそこの川のそばの畠にいる、お百姓さんじゃないの?」トットちゃんは、すっかり、うれしくなって、いった。

朱译:“老师,您就是经常在河边那块地里的农民伯伯吧?”冬冬非常高兴地这样问道。

赵译:“哎,老师,你是不是总在那条河旁边的旱田里?你是种庄稼的吧?”小豆豆非常高兴地问。

原文中“お百姓さん”的意思是“農業で生きている人”,也就是中文中的农民、庄稼人、干农活儿的人。

朱译本中直译为“农民伯伯”,以小朋友的口吻称呼对方,即准确又亲切;赵译用了种庄稼这个职业特点来指代对方,这种称呼方式也很常见,可从一个小朋友的嘴里说出来有些不太恰当。

这本书相当一部分读者都是儿童,因此参考作品的场景内容和儿童的接受度,“农民伯伯”这一更亲密的译文更为恰当一些。

通过对两个译本的分析,我们不难发现,在翻译职业称谓时,译者采用了直译、意译、省略的翻译方法。

在翻译原文中文化中特有的称谓时,大都采用的直译的翻译方式;在对目的语已有词汇进行翻译时,大都采用了意译,直接使用译文对应词汇。

在处理个别称谓名词词组时,采用了省略的翻译方式。

在读者接受理论指导下,我们不难发现,译者处理文本时大都是从读者理解的角度出发。

虽然这部作品是因为2003年赵译《窗前的小豆豆》出版而广为人知,但因朱译版的“接地气”,同样得到了大量读者的青睐。

只有尊重读者体验的作品才更能引起读者的共鸣。

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