国际经济学作业答案第六章
Economi es of Scal e, I mper f ect Compet i t i on, Chapter 6
a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l
Multiple Choice Questions
1.External economies of scale arise when the cost per unit
(a)rises as the industry grows larger.
(b)falls as the industry grows larger rises as the average firm grows larger.
(c)falls as the average firm grows larger.
(d)remains constant.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: B
2.Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unit
(a)rises as the industry grows larger.
(b)falls as the industry grows larger.
(c)rises as the average firm grows larger.
(d)falls as the average firm grows larger.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: D
3.External economies of scale
(a)may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.
(b)cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.
(c)tends to result in one huge monopoly.
(d)tends to result in large profits for each firm.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: A
4.Internal economies of scale
(a)may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.
(b)cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.
(c)are associated only with sophisticated products such as aircraft.
(d)cannot form the basis for international trade.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: B
5. A monopolistic firm
(a)can sell as much as it wants for any price it determines in the market.
(b)cannot determine the price, which is determined by consumer demand.
(c)will never sell a product whose demand is inelastic at the quantity sold.
(d)cannot sell additional quantity unless it raises the price on each unit.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: C
6.Monopolistic competition is associated with
(a)cut-throat price competition.
(b)product differentiation.
(c)explicit consideration at firm level of the feedback effects of other firms ricing decisions. ' p
(d)high profit margins.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: B
7.The most common market structure is
(a)perfect competition.
(b)monopolistic competition.
(c)small-group oligopoly.
(d)perfectly vertical integration.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: C
8.Modeling trade in monopolistic industries is problematic because
(a)there is no one generally accepted model of oligopoly behavior.
(b)there are no models of oligopoly behavior.
(c)it is difficult to find an oligopoly in the real world.
(d)collusion among oligopolists makes usable data rare.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: A
9.Where there are economies of scale, the scale of production possible in a country is constrained by
(a)the size of the country.
(b)the size of the trading partner country. 's
(c)the size of the domestic market.
(d)the size of the domestic plus the foreign market.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: D
10.Where there are economies of scale, an increase in the size of the market will
(a)increase the number of firms and raise the price per unit.
(b)decrease the number of firms and raise the price per unit.
(c)increase the number of firms and lower the price per unit.
(d)decrease the number of firms and lower the price per unit.
(e)None of the above. Answer: C
11.The simultaneous export and import of widgets by the United States is an example of
(a)increasing returns to scale.
(b)imperfect competition.
(c)intra-industry trade.
(d)inter-industry trade.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: C
12.If output more than doubles when all inputs are doubled, production is said to occur under
conditions of
(a)increasing returns to scale.
(b)imperfect competition.
(c)intra-industry trade.
(d)inter-industry trade.
(e)None of the above. Answer: A
13.Intra-industry trade can be explained in part by
(a)transportation costs within and between countries.
(b)problems of data aggregation and categorization.
(c)increasing returns to scale.
(d)All of the above.
(e)None of the above. Answer: D
14.If some industries exhibit internal (firm specific) increasing returns to scale in each country, we
should not expect to see
(a)intra-industry trade between countries.
(b)perfect competition in these industries.
(c)inter-industry trade between countries.
(d)high levels of specialization in both countries.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: B
15.Intra-industry trade is most common in the trade patterns of
(a)developing countries of Asia and Africa.
(b)industrial countries of Western Europe.
(c)all countries.
(d)North-South trade.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: B
16.International trade based on scale economies is likely to be associated with
(a)Ricardian comparative advantage.
(b)comparative advantage associated with Heckscher-Ohlin factor-proportions.
(c)comparative advantage based on quality and service.
(d)comparative advantage based on diminishing returns.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: E
17.International trade based on external scale economies in both countries is likely to be carried
out by a
(a)relatively large number of price competing firms.
(b)relatively small number of price competing firms.
(c)relatively small number of competing oligopolists.
(d)monopoly firms in each country/industry.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: A
18.International trade based solely on internal scale economies in both countries is likely to be
carried out by a
(a)relatively large number of price competing firms.
(b)relatively small number of price competing firms.
(c)relatively small number of competing oligopolists.
(d)monopoly firms in each country/industry.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: D
19. A monopoly firm engaged in international trade will
(a)equate average to local costs.
(b)equate marginal costs with foreign marginal revenues.
(c)equate marginal costs with the highest price the market will bear.
(d)equate marginal costs with marginal revenues in both domestic and in foreign markets.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: D
20. A monopoly firm will maximize profits by
(a)charging the same price in domestic and in foreign markets.
(b)producing where the marginal revenue is higher in foreign markets.
(c)producing where the marginal revenue is higher in the domestic market.
(d)equating the marginal revenues in domestic and foreign markets.
(e)None of the above. Answer: D
21. A firm in monopolistic competition
(a)earns positive monopoly profits because each sells a differentiated product.
(b)earns positive oligopoly profits because each firm sells a differentiated product.
(c)earns zero economic profits because it is in perfectly or pure competition.
(d)earns zero economic profits because of free entry.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: D
22.The larger the number of firms in a monopolistic competition situation,
(a)the larger are that country 's exports.
(b)the higher is the price charged.
(c)the fewer varieties are sold.
(d)the lower is the price charged.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: D
23.The monopolistic competition model is one in which there is/are
(a)a monopoly.
(b)perfect competition.
(c)economies of scale.
(d)government intervention in the market.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: C
24.In industries in which there are scale economies, the variety of goods that a country can produce
is constrained by
(a)the size of the labor force.
(b)anti-trust legislation.
(c)the size of the market.
(d)the fixed cost.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: C
25.An industry is characterized by scale economies, and exists in two countries. Should these two
countries engage in trade such that the combined market is supplied by one country industry, then
(a)consumers in both countries would suffer higher prices and fewer varieties.
(b)consumers in the importing country would suffer higher prices and fewer varieties.
(c)consumers in the exporting country would suffer higher prices and fewer varieties.
(d)consumers in both countries would enjoy fewer varieties available but lower prices.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: E
26.An industry is characterized by scale economies and exists in two countries. In order for
consumers of its products to enjoy both lower prices and more variety of choice,
(a)each country 's marginal cost must equal that of the other country.
(b)the marginal cost of this industry must equal marginal revenue in the other.
(c)the monopoly must lower prices in order to sell more.
(d)the two countries must engage in international trade one with the other.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: D
27. A product is produced in a monopolistically competitive industry with scale economies. If this
industry exists in two countries, and these two countries engage in trade one with the other, then
we would expect
(a)the country in which the price of the product is lower will export the product.
(b)the country with a relative abundance of the factor of production in which production of the
product is intensive will export this product.
(c)each of the countries will export different varieties of the product to the other.
(d)neither country will export this product since there is no comparative advantage.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: C
28.The reason why one country may export a product which is produced with positive scale economies is
(a)its labor productivity will tend to be higher.
(b)it enjoys a relative abundance of the factor intensely used in the product
s prod
(c)its demand is biased in favor of the product.
(d)its demand is biased against the product.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: E
29.Two countries engaged in trade in products with no scale economies, produced under conditions of
perfect competition, are likely to be engaged in
(a)monopolistic competition.
(b)inter-industry trade.
(c)intra-industry trade.
(d)Heckscher-Ohlin trade.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: B
30.Two countries engaged in trade in products with scale economies, produced under conditions of
monopolistic competition, are likely to be engaged in
(a)price competition.
(b)inter-industry trade.
(c)intra-industry trade.
(d)Heckscher-Ohlinean trade.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: C
31.History and accident determine the details of trade involving
(a)Ricardian and Classical comparative advantage.
(b)Heckscher-Ohlin model consideration.
(c)taste reversals.
(d)scale economies.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: D
32.We often observe intra-industry North- South trade in “ computers and related devices.
This is due to
(a)classification and aggregation ambiguities.
(b)monopolistic competition.
(c)specific factors issues.
(d)scale economies.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: A
33.We often observe “ p-sineturad-oindustry trade ” between the United aSntadteMsexico. Actually,
such trade is consistent with
(a)oligopolistic markets.
(b)comparative advantage associated with Heckscher-Ohlin model.
(c)optimal tariff issues.
(d)huge sucking sound.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: B
34.Intra-industry trade will tend to dominate trade flows when which of the following exists?
(a)Large differences between relative country factor availabilities
(b)Small differences between relative country factor availabilities
(c)Homogeneous products that cannot be differentiated
(d)Constant cost industries
(e)None of the above.
Answer: B
35.The most common form of price discrimination in international trade is
(a)non-tariff barriers.
(b)Voluntary Export Restraints.
(c)dumping.
(d)preferential trade arrangements.
(e)None of the above.
Answer: C
Essay Questions
1.Why is it that if an industry were operating under conditions of domestic internal scale economies
(applies to firm in the country) —then the resultant equilibrium cannot be consistent with the
pure competition model?
Answer: Because once one firm became bigger than another, or if one firm began the industry, then no other firm would be able to match its per unit cost, so that they would be driven out
of the industry.
2.Is it possible that if positive scale economies characterize an industry, that its equilibrium may be
consistent with purely competitive conditions? Explain how this could happen.
Answer: Yes. If the scale economies were external to the firm, then there is no reason why the firms may not be in perfect competition.
3.If a scale economy is the dominant technological factor defining or establishing comparative
advantage, then the underlying facts explaining why a particular country dominates world markets
in some product may be pure chance, or historical accident. Explain, and compare this with the
answer you would give for the Heckscher-Ohlin model of comparative advantage.
Answer: This statement is true, since the reason the seller is a monopolist may be that it
happened to have been the first to produce this product in this country. It may have no
connection to any supply or demand related factors; nor to any natural or man-made
availability. This is all exactly the opposite of the Heckscher-Ohlin Neo- Classical
model ' s
explanation of the determinants of comparative advantage.
4.It is possible that trade based on external scale economies may leave a country worse off than it
would have been without trade. Explain how this could happen.
Answer: One answer is that the terms of trade effects may dominate any other factors.
5.If scale economies were not only external to firms, but were also external to individual countries.
That is, the larger the worldwide industry (regardless of where firms or plants are located), the
cheaper would be the per-unit cost of production. Describe what world trade would look like in
this case.
Answer: Presumably each country would specialize in some component of the final product. This would result in much observed intra-industry trade.
6.Why are increasing returns to scale and fixed costs important in models of international trade and
monopolistic competition?
Answer: There are many answers. Three of these are
(a)Increasing returns to scale, and high fixed costs may be inconsistent with perfect competition.
In such a case, the initial autarkic state may be a suboptimal equilibrium. For example,
relative prices may not equal marginal rates of transformation. It follows from this that a
change in output compositions associated with trade may result in a national welfare for one or
both trading countries that is inferior to that associated with the initial autarkic
conditions. Hence no “ gains from trade.
(b)In a case of increasing scale economies at the firm or plant level, the determination of which
product will be exported by which country is ex-ante indeterminate. Therefore, deriving clear
implications concerning the effects of trade on income distributions such as may be derived
from the Samuelson-Stolper Theorem is no longer generally possible.
(c)Market structures containing positive scale economies and imperfect competition may allow for
“-wtawyotrade, ” or i-nintrdaustry trade. As in b. above, the various theorems derivable from the Heckscher-Ohlin model concerning directions of trade and income
distributions are no longer generally applicable.
7.Explain why it may be argued that the relative importance of the intra-industry component of world
trade is likely to lessen economic strife or confrontation (a la Stolper-Samuelson) associated with
commercial policy within countries in which overall trade is expanding?
Answer: In the case of the Neo-Classical H-O model, the expansion of trade will tend to increase the incomes of those factors in which the exports are relatively intense. This may create situations in which
unskilled labor 's already relatively low relative incomes would
worsen in a country such as the U.S., hence heating up “ class warfare. ” In
the
intra-industry trade, the expanding exports will tend to be in relatively fragmented subsets of
products ( “ brands ”). Such export expansion will have no determinant or systematic tendency to
affect relative factor returns in any deterministic manner.
8.Explain why positive economies of scale in one (of two) sectors may establish a comparative
advantage for the large (as compared to the small) country in the production of the commodity which exhibits positive scale economies.
Answer: In the case of the H-O model, the actual size of the country is irrelevant in the determination of the direction of trade (though it may affect the equilibrium terms of trade). When positive scale
economies apply to the production of one product, the country that can devote more resources (in
absolute terms) will be able to sell that product cheaper, and therefore will be more like ly to
gain a “ revealed ” comparative
advantage in that product. This will be the country with more factors (both labor and capital) —
the larger country.
Quantitative/Graphing Problems
1.The figure above represents the demand and cost functions facing a Brazilian Steel producing
monopolist. If it were unable to export, and was constrained by its domestic market, what quantity would it sell at what price?
Answer: It would sell 5 (million tons) at a price of $8/ton.
2.Now the monopolist discovers that it can export as much as it likes of its steel at the world price of
$5/ton. It will therefore expand for-export production up to the point where its marginal cost equals $5.
How much steel will the monopolist sell, and at what price?
Answer: It would sell 10 million tons at $5/ton.
3.Given the opportunity to sell at world prices, the marginal (opportunity) cost of selling a ton
domestically is what?
Answer: $5/ton.
4.While selling exports it would also maximize its domestic sales by equating its marginal
(opportunity) cost to its marginal revenue of $5. How much steel would the firm sell domestically, and at what price?
Answer: 4 million tons at $10/ton.
5.The Brazilian firm is charging its foreign (U.S.) customers one half the price it is charging its
domestic customers. Is this good or bad for the real income or economic welfare of the
United States? Is the Brazilian firm engaged in dumping? Is this predatory behavior on the part
of the Brazilian steel company?
Answer: Good. Yes, if you define dumping as selling abroad at a price lower than domestically. No, if by dumping you mean selling below marginal cost. No —this is not being done in order to capture
market shares, but rather is “ mere ” static profit maximization
beha
as is expected of any self-respecting monopolist.
The following Table describes the labor-input coefficients needed to produce one Widget in En gla nd and
Portugal. Both coun tries are ide ntical in size, tastes, tech no logy. This tech no logy is described in the table below: To Produce This Ma ny
Widgets, Or This Many
Apples
Labor-Hour Requireme nts 1
3 2
5 3
6 4
7 5
8 6
9 7
10 Let us assume that each country has 10 labor-hours available. Further, con sumers always con sume an equal amount of apples and widgets.
(a) How of each product will be produced in England under autarky? 2 widgets and 2 apples.
(b) Judging from autarky conditions, which country has a comparative advantage in widgets?
(c) If England (completely) specialized in widgets, how many widgets would be produced, and how many apples? (d) If the world terms of trade were established at 3.5 widgets : 3.5 Apples, which country would enjoy
gains from trade (as compared to The autarky soluti on?)
(e) If Portugal were to completely specialize in widgets, how would the an swers to c and d cha nge?
(f) What would the production possibility curve look like in each country?
2 widgets and 2 apples None
(c) 7 widgets in England and 7 apples in Portugal
(d) both would gain from trade. In stead of consuming 2 widgets and 2 apples, they would each
con sume 3.5 widgets and 3.5 apples.
(e) Same numbers as c, except that the countries will each be assigned a different product.
Exactly the same an swer for d.
(f) con vex to the origi n.
6. An swers: (a)
国际经济学作业答案-第六章
Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e ?Multiple Choice Questions 1. External economies of scale arise when the cost per unit (a) rises as the industry grows larger. (b) falls as the industry grows larger rises as the average firm grows larger. (c) falls as the average firm grows larger. (d) remains constant. (e) None of the above. Answer: B 2. Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unit (a) rises as the industry grows larger. (b) falls as the industry grows larger. (c) rises as the average firm grows larger. (d) falls as the average firm grows larger. (e) None of the above. Answer: D 3. External economies of scale (a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (c) tends to result in one huge monopoly. (d) tends to result in large profits for each firm. (e) None of the above. Answer: A 4. Internal economies of scale (a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (c) are associated only with sophisticated products such as aircraft. (d) cannot form the basis for international trade. (e) None of the above. Answer: B
国际经济学作业答案第一章
Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple Choice Questions Historians of economic thought often describe ___________ written by _______ and published in __________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776 “Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776 “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758 Answer: E From 1959 to 2000, the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because the United States is a relatively large country. the United States is a “Superpower.” the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. the United States invests in many other countries. many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are: not relevant to current policy analysis. are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy. are highly relevant in today’s modern internationa l economy. are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C
克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版上册课后答案Word版
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model Chapter Organization The Concept of Comparative Advantage A One-Factor Economy Production Possibilities Relative Prices and Supply Trade in a One-Factor World Box: Comparative Advantage in Practice: The Case of Babe Ruth Determining the Relative Price after Trade The Gains from Trade A Numerical Example Box: The Losses from Non-Trade Relative Wages Misconceptions about Comparative Advantage Productivity and Competitiveness The Pauper Labor Argument Exploitation Box: Do Wages Reflect Productivity? Comparative Advantage with Many Goods Setting Up the Model Relative Wages and Specialization Determining the Relative Wage with a Multigood Model Adding Transport Costs and Non-Traded Goods Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model Summary
国际经济学第6章
第六章：规模经济，不完全竞争和国际贸易 1.外部规模经济指的是每单位成本： A．随行业扩大而增加 B．随行业扩大而降低 C．随平均每家公司扩大而降低 D．保存不变 E．以上都不是 答案：B 2. 内部规模经济指的是每单位成本： A．随行业扩大而增加 B．随行业扩大而降低 C．随每家公司扩大而增加 D．随每家公司扩大而降低 E．以上都不是 答案：D 3.外部规模经济 A可能和一个完全竞争行业相联系 B．与完全竞争行业无关 C．将导致一个大的垄断 D．将导致每个厂家都得到利润 E．以上都不是 答案：A 4.内部规模经济 A可能和一个完全竞争行业相联系 B．与完全竞争行业无关 C．只和尖端的产品相联系，例如飞机 D．不能产生国际贸易 E，以上都不是 答案：B 5.一个垄断者 A．可以在市场上按照他决定的价格出售产品 B．不能决定价格，价格由消费者需求决定 C．当产品供应量很大，无需求弹性时，不可能出售产品D．不可能出售额外的量除非提高每一单位的价格 E以上都不是 答案:C 6.垄断竞争和什么联系 A．激烈的价格竞争 B．产品差异化 C．明确考虑其他企业的价格决策对本企业的反馈影响
D．高利润边际 E．以上都不是 答案：B 7．当存在规模经济时，一个国家生产规模可能被什么限制 A．国家的规模大小 B．贸易国的规模大小 C．国内市场的规模大小 D．国内和国外市场的大小 E．以上都不是 答案:D 8.当存在规模经济，市场规模的增大将会 A．增加厂家的数量和单位产品的价格 B．减少厂家的数量和增加单位产品的价格 C．增加厂家的数量和降低单位产品的价格 D．降低厂家的数量和降低单位产品价格 E．以上都不是 答案：C 9.美国同时进口和出口一种产品是一下那个例子 A．增加规模报酬 B．不完全竞争 C．行业内贸易 D．行业间贸易 E．以上都不是 答案：C 10.当投入增加一倍时如果产量要增加超过一倍，这种生产在什么条件下发生A．规模报酬递增 B．不完全竞争 C．行业内贸易 D．行业间贸易 E．以上都不是 答案A 11行业内贸易可以被部分解释为 A国家之间没有运输费用的交易 B．数据集合和范畴的问题 C．规模报酬递增 D．以上都是 E．以上都不是 答案：C
国际经济学课后答案解析
第一章绪论 1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。 2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。 3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。 4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。 5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响 A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等 (2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系 (3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业 (4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治 (5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景 第二章比较优势理论 1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。重商主义者认为国家富强的方法是尽量使出口大于进口，而出超的结果是金银等贵重金属流入，而一个国家拥有越多的金银，就越富有越强大。现在认为一个国家生产力即生产商品的能力越高则一国越富强 2、亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础和贸易模式分别是什么？贸易所得是如何产生的？斯密倡导什么样的国际贸易基础？他认为政府在经济生活中的适当功能是什么？亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础是绝对优势；贸易模式为两国通过专门生产自己有绝对优势的产品并用其中一部分来交换器有绝对劣势的商品。通过生产绝对优势商品并交换，资源可以被最有效的使用，而且两种商品的产出会有很大的增长，通过交换就会消费比以前更多的商品从而产生了贸易所得；斯密倡导自由贸易，主张自由放任也就是政府尽可能少干涉经济
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch06
Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Chapter Organization Economies of Scale and International Trade: An Overview Economies of Scale and Market Structure The Theory of Imperfect Competition Monopoly: A Brief Review Monopolistic Competition Limitations of the Monopolistic Competition Model Monopolistic Competition and Trade The Effects of Increased Market Size Gains from an Integrated Market: A Numerical Example Economies of Scale and Comparative Advantage The Significance of Intraindustry Trade Why Intraindustry Trade Matters Case Study: Intraindustry Trade in Action: The North American Auto Pact Dumping The Economics of Dumping Case Study: Anti-Dumping as Protection Reciprocal Dumping The Theory of External Economies Specialized Suppliers Labor Market Pooling Knowledge Spillovers External Economies and Increasing Returns
国际经济学作业答案
C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework (a) I nternational trade in goods (b) I nternational conflict resolution (c) I nternational trade in services (d) I nternational trade in factors of production (e) I nternational borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) t he physical increase in output as country grows. (b) t he dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) t he increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) t he marginal product of labor. (e) t he marginal product of capital.
Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) i ncrease total world output. (b) i mprove the economic welfare of everyone. (c) i mprove the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) i mprove the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) N one of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) w orkers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) w orkers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) w orkers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country.
国际经济学作业答案第六章
Economi es of Scal e, I mper f ect Compet i t i on, Chapter 6 a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Multiple Choice Questions 1.External economies of scale arise when the cost per unit (a)rises as the industry grows larger. (b)falls as the industry grows larger rises as the average firm grows larger. (c)falls as the average firm grows larger. (d)remains constant. (e)None of the above. Answer: B 2.Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unit (a)rises as the industry grows larger. (b)falls as the industry grows larger. (c)rises as the average firm grows larger. (d)falls as the average firm grows larger. (e)None of the above. Answer: D 3.External economies of scale (a)may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (b)cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (c)tends to result in one huge monopoly. (d)tends to result in large profits for each firm. (e)None of the above. Answer: A 4.Internal economies of scale (a)may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (b)cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (c)are associated only with sophisticated products such as aircraft. (d)cannot form the basis for international trade. (e)None of the above. Answer: B
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch08
Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter Organization Basic Tariff Analysis Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry Effects of a Tariff Measuring the Amount of Protection Costs and Benefits of a Tariff Consumer and Producer Surplus Measuring the Costs and Benefits Other Instruments of Trade Policy Export Subsidies: Theory Case Study: Europe’s Common Agricultural Policy Import Quotas: Theory Case Study: An Import Quota in Practice: U.S. Sugar Voluntary Export Restraints Case Study: A Voluntary Export Restraint in Practice: Japanese Autos Local Content Requirements Box: American Buses, Made in Hungary Other Trade Policy Instruments The Effects of Trade Policy: A Summary Summary Appendix I: Tariff Analysis in General Equilibrium A Tariff in a Small Country A Tariff in a Large Country Appendix II: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of Monopoly The Model with Free Trade The Model with a Tariff The Model with an Import Quota Comparing a Tariff with a Quota
国际经济学 第6章 学习重点
第六章学习重点 本章内容较多，重点如下： 1、重点理解固定汇率制度与浮动汇率制度的优劣之争。（按照笔记内容答题） 2、识记汇率制度的种类、各自定义。 3、识记政府对外汇市场干预的分类及各自含义，理解冲销式干预与非冲销式干 预。 4、外汇管制的含义及其种类。 5、了解资本外逃和货币替代的含义。 6、理解货币自由兑换的含义、层次、条件，当前人民币自由兑换的状况。 7、理解国际储备与国际清偿力的含义及区别、国际储备的构成、作用与管理（理 解影响国际储备适度规模决定的因素）。 8、能对当前人民币汇率制度有所了解，并能谈出自己对人民币汇率制度改革的 观点。 复习题 一、名词解释 1、汇率制度 2、固定汇率制度 3、浮动汇率制度 4、清洁浮动与肮脏浮动 5、爬行钉住汇率制度 6、汇率目标区制 7、货币局制度 8、蜜月效应 9、离婚效应10、直接干预与间接干预11、冲销式干预与非冲销式干预 12、单边干预与联合干预13、熨平每日波动型干预14、逆向型干预 15、非官方钉住型干预16、货币自由兑换17、复汇率制度 18、国际储备19、国际清偿力20、特别提款权21、资本外逃 22、货币替代 二、问答题 1、试比较固定汇率制度与浮动汇率制度的优劣。 2、简述蒙代尔——弗莱明模型的假设、推理与结论。（图示） 3、一国选择汇率制度应考虑哪些因素？ 4、试述一国货币自由兑换应具备的条件，并结合中国的情况，说明人民币能否 在近期内实现完全可自由兑换。 5、试述当前现行的人民币汇率制度的内容、改革方向（对与改革方向应能阐明 自己的理由） 6、试述一国应如何管理本国的国际储备。结合中国的情况，谈一下你对我国巨 额外汇储备的看法及解决途径。 7、简述政府干预外汇市场的目的。 8、简述国际储备的作用。 三、不定项选择、填空题和判断题 1、国际储备的内容要广于国际清偿能力。（） 2、国际储备由、、、四部分组成。 3、特别提款权是由IMF创立的用以清算企业间国际贸易收支的帐面资产。（） 4、第二次世界大战后，西方国家实行的浮动汇率制都是（） A．联合浮动B．自由浮动
克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版上册课后答案
Overview of Section II: International Trade Policy Section II of the text is comprised of four chapters: Chapter 8The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter 9The Political Economy of Trade Policy Chapter 10Trade Policy in Developing Countries Chapter 11Controversies in Trade Policy n Section II Overview Trade policy issues figure prominently in current political debates and public policy discussions. The first two chapters of this section of the text are concerned with the instruments of trade policy and the arguments for free trade and managed trade. The second two chapters consider these concepts in the context of specific sets of countries that face common problems. Throughout, the use of case studies provides the student with real world examples that clearly illustrate the theoretical arguments. Chapter 8 discusses various instruments of trade policy including tariffs, quotas, voluntary export restraints, and local content requirements. The effects of these policies on prices and trade volumes are determined in the context of a partial equilibrium framework. The chapter reviews the analytical tools of consumer and producer surplus, and uses these tools to consider the welfare effects of various protectionist measures. The specific incidents of trade restrictions presented as case studies include import quotas on sugar entering United States markets, voluntary export restraints on Japanese autos, and oil import quotas. Chapter 9 presents the set of ideas known as the political economy of trade theory. These ideas enable you to understand why certain trade restrictions exist, despite the force of general economic arguments which suggest that they reduce aggregate welfare. Possible motivations for trade restrictions are identified as those which increase national welfare, such as the optimum tariff, and those which foster either income
国际经济学第十版课后答案(萨尔瓦多、杨冰译)
国际经济学（第十版）多米尼克.萨尔瓦多(著) P16页练习题 6.（1）根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高（如由于税率的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高，则该商品的需求量将会下降。 （2）根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高（如由于进口关税的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高，则该商品的出口量将会下降。 7．（1）一国政府如何能消除或减少预算赤字？ 答：一国政府可以通过减少政府支出、增加税收，来消除或者减少预算赤字。（2）一个国家如何能消除或减少贸易逆差？ 答：一个国家要消除或减少其贸易逆差的方式有：对进口商品增税、补贴出口，借如更多的国外债券、减少借出外国债券，降低该国的国民收入水平。 8．（1）国际经济关系与地区经济关系有何区别？ 答：在国际经济关系下，国家通常限制在国际间的自由流动的货物、服务和因素，不同的语言、消费习惯和法律规定同样也阻碍了它们在国际间的流动，此外，国际收支会在各种货币收据和付款中流通。 而在地区经济关系下，就关税和进行相同的货币而言,区际流动的货物、服务和因素没有面临这样的限制因素，它们经常是在同样的语言环境下，在类似的消费习惯和法律规定下进行的，这就与国际经济关系形成了鲜明对比。 （2）它们在哪方面相似？ 答：国际经济关系和地区经济关系的相似点：两者都跨越了空间距离，事实上，它们都是在远距离贸易下的产物，把经济看待成在一个进行着生产、交换和消费的空间中的单一点，这也是从经济学的复位空间将它们区分。 1
国际经济学复习课后答案
第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说生产和消费只取决于相对价格？ 答：经济主体的经济行为考虑的是所有商品的价格，而不是单一价格因素。 3.在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答案：是 4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：不一定一致，x商品的价格是Px/Py，而y商品的价格是Py/Px. 7.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8.根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。 表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入
A B X Y 6 2 15 12 表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 10 4 5 5 答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。（表2-2（a）和表2-2（b）部分的内容） 2．假设A、B两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗？解释原因。 表3 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 4 2 8 4 答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比较优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。所以，两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。 3．如果一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么也必具有比较优势吗？ 答案提示：不一定，比较优势的确定原则是两优取最优，两劣取最劣。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版 课后习题答案
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版课后习题答案 第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答案提示： 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？ 试解释原因。 答案提示： 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？ 答案提示： 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch09
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Policy Chapter Organization The Case for Free Trade Free Trade and Efficiency Additional Gains from Free Trade Rent Seeking Political Arguments for Free Trade Case Study: The Gain from ―1992‖ National Welfare Arguments against Free Trade The Terms of Trade Argument for a Tariff The Domestic Market Failure Argument against Free Trade How Convincing is the Market Failure Argument? Income Distribution and Trade Policy Electoral Competition Collective Action Modeling the Political Process Who Gets Protected? Box: Politicians for Sale: Evidence from the 1990s International Negotiations and Trade Policy The Advantages of Negotiation International Trading Agreements: A Brief History The Uruguay Round Trade Liberalization From the GATT to the WTO Box: Settling a Dispute, and Creating One Benefits and Costs The Doha Disappointment Box: Do Agricultural Subsidies Hurt the Third World? Preferential Trading Agreements Case Study: Tes ting the WTO’s Metal
国际经济学第六章
Chapter 6 The Standard Trade Model 一、选择题 1、“在一个贸易快速增长的国家中，新资本的迅速积累会使该国进口更多的自然资源。”隐含于这一论断的定理是： A．赫克歇尔—俄林定理。 B．斯托伯—萨缪尔森定理。 C．罗伯津斯基定理。 D．要素价格均等化定理。 2、如果一国在资本密集型产品的生产方面具有比较优势，而且，资本增长的速度快于其他投入品（如劳动力）的增长速度，那么，根据贸易理论，由此而导致的增长模式为：A．进口替代。 B．资本密集型商品和其他贸易商品均衡增长。 C．出口扩张。 D．以上三者都不对。 3、贫困化增长的一个必要条件为： A．国家的增长偏向于出口产业。 B．外国对该国的出口需求具有价格弹性。 C．国家的消费偏好高度偏向于出口商品。 D．贸易在国民经济中比重不大。 4、赫克歇尔—俄林理论成功地解释了： A．发生于美国之外的产品创新过程和产业的布局与发展。 B．出口和进口同类产品的国家变得更为重要。 C．由于在要素禀赋方面的类似性，美国和加拿大之间的贸易在日益增加。 D．具有不同要素禀赋的工业化国家和发展中国家之间的贸易模式。 二、问答题 1、在某些情况下，相对供给和价格的变动之间可能没有联系。例如，如果生产要素在部门之间完全不可流动，生产可能性边界就成了直角形状，两种产品的产出不取决于它们的相对价格。在这种情况下，贸易条件的改善是否会提高一国的福利水平？画图分析。 2、和供给方面要素不可流动性相当的就是需求方面的产品不可替代性。试想一个国家的消费者购买的产品的比例是固定的。例如，不论两种产品的相对价格是多少，每买1磅粮食就买1码布。画图分析贸易条件的改善是否会提高这个国家的福利水平。 3、日本原本出口制造品进口原材料如石油、粮食。分析以下情况下日本贸易条件的变化：（1）中东战争使石油供应紧缺。 （2）韩国扩展了汽车的生产能力，并在美国和加拿大进行销售。 （3）美国的工程师建立了核反应堆以代替石油燃料发电厂。 （4）俄罗斯农业歉收。 （5）日本降低牛肉和柑橘的进口关税。
第一章国际经济学教案导论(可编辑修改word版)
一、国际经济学的含义 第一章绪论 第一节国际经济学的产生与发展 研究开放条件下的生产、交换行为以及价格、货币和宏观政策。由国际贸易经济学和国际货币经济学组成。（研究世界范围内商品、服务和资本的生产、分配和消费活动的学科） 二、国际经济学的产生 1、家政学：家庭是经济行为的基本单位，追求在收入既定情况下的福利最大化。 家政学――家庭―――收入既定福利最大 2、微观经济学：微观经济学以企业为经济活动中心，研究企业在资源既定的条件下获得最大的利润，消费者在收入既定的条件下获得最大的效用。 微观经济学着重探讨生产什么、为谁生产、如何生产。 3、宏观经济学：研究国民经济，对一个国家的经济总量（如经济增长、就业等）进行分析。宏观经济的目标包括经济增长、充分就业、稳定物价和国际收支平衡。 4、国际经济学 随着历史的发展，国家间的经济往来日益频繁，彼此经济关系日益紧密，国家于是成为国际经济往来和活动的主体，出现了各种国际经济往来的形式，国际经济因而产生。为了探讨国际经济关系的内在联系，就有必要产生独立的经济学分支学科，即国际经济学。 国际经济学是西方经济学的一般理论在国际经济中的延伸和应用，是西方经济学的分支 学科。 国际经济学的两大特征 （1）国际交易不同于国内交易。国际交易中普遍存在对贸易和要素流动的自然的和人为的阻碍。如，劳动力和资本在国家间的流动性远远低于其在一国之内自由流动的程度；关税和非关税壁垒在一国之内一般是不存在的；各国使用不同的货币，使得国际交易远比国内交易复杂得多。 （2）国际经济关系发生在各个独立的经济实体之间。各国政府制定政策考虑的往往是本国的福利和稳定，而非全世界的福利和稳定，因此往往导致在一国看来是最佳的选择，而在世界范围内看并非最佳；此外，经济间的连锁机制使得一国的经济政策，如财政政策和货币政策，不仅会影响着本国的资源配置，同时还会影响他国的资源配置。 三、国际经济学的发展 1、国际贸易理论的发展 （1）古典贸易理论：斯密的绝对优势理论、李嘉图的比较优势理论 （2）新古典贸易理论：国际贸易理论的标准模型、H-O 模型 （3）当代贸易理论：打破了已往的“规模收益不变和完全竞争”的基本假设，研究重点由国家间的差异转向市场结构和厂商行为方面，着重研究不完全竞争市场下国际贸易的新特点以及贸易政策。 2、国际金融理论的发展 （1）金本位制下的“价格－铸币流动机制” （2）布雷顿森林体系下的国际收支收入调节机制 （3）浮动汇率下的国际收支货币分析方法 （4）开放经济动态变化的跨时分析方法