全国职称英语考试必过秘籍

全国职称英语考试必过秘籍（免背单词

40 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety

In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.

"If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.

Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn -- and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.

Researchers use the word "anxiety" to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.

The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.

The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.

Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxious

teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math -- and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.

"This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample6," said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.

词汇：

snowball /'sn?ub?:l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事replication/repli'kei??n/ n ．重复，复现

superstar/'sju:p?sta:/ n．超级明星

练习：

1. University of Chicago：芝加哥大学。位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891 年。

2. keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。

3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应。其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心。

4. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。End up doing something：最终会做某事

5. sales receipt：销售清单

6. in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。replication

在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复（实验）”。

7. the University of Missouri：密苏里大学。位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于1839年。

练习：

1. What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph?

A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.

B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.

C Female teachers' math skills have influence over girl students' math skills.

D Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.

2. What is implied in the third paragraph?

A Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty.

B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.

C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.

D Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.

3. According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt

A nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt.

B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt.

C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.

D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report.

4. The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings

A prove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female students' math achievements.

B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students.

C provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females.

D discover a strong link between teachers' math anxiety and their students' math achievements.

5. David Geary thinks that

A the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.

B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.

C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.

D the study is well based and produces significant results.

答案与题解：

1.D 该段告诉我们女教师的想法（what female teachers think）和女学生的学习（what female

students learn）之间有很大的关联度，也就是说，女教师如果对自己的数学技能没有自信，她的女学生很可能相信男孩子会在数学方面超过女孩子。

2.B 第三段的大意是，数学对任何人来说都可能有难度（The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone)，如同学生，教师也会觉得数学难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑。所以，可以推断，作者是要告诉我们，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程不自信。其他选项都不是该段所要表达的内容。

3.C 第五段第三句“To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked

the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales

receipt”指出了答案。memorizing the numbers；意为“记住数字”；saving the numbers意为“保存数字”；filling in the numbers意为“陆续编入数字”，而且文中没有提到a sales report；它们均不是答案。

4.A 短文的第六段是对前一段所述调查数据结果的讨论，即，男学生较少受对数学有焦虑感的教师影响，而那些数学成绩较低的女生都有对数学有焦虑感的教师（girls with math-anxious

teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests)，而且，所有认为男生数学肯定比女生强的女生，其数学教师都是有数学焦虑感的女教师（all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety. )。D所以不是正确的选择，因为只提到teachers 和students,而不是female teachers 和female students。

5.B 根据David Geary的说法，实验结果还是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的样本对其进行重复验证（in need of replication with a larger sample)。他没有认为该实验的过程不可靠，所以A不是正确选项；他认为实验样本不够大，所以D也不是正确选项。

第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses

What do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It's no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds.

Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3. In Cambridge, Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries.

Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology', technology and production techniques.

Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond, who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet- Ming Chiang, an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery. "We're working on things we traditionally don't associate with nature," says Hammond.

Many batteries are already pretty small. You can hold A, C and D batteries6 in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. However, every year, new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. As these devices shrink, ordinary batteries won't be small enough to fit inside.

The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now, Belcher's model battery, a metallic disk completely built by viruses, looks like a regular watch battery. But inside, its components are very small — so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope.

How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size, pluck one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is — pretty thin, right? Although the width of each person's hair is a bit different, you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts, side to side, across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses'.

练习：

1. According to the first paragraph, people try to

A. kill microorganisms related to chicken pox, the flu, etc.

B. keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible.

C. stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.

D. cure themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines.

2. What is Belcher's team doing at present?

A. It is finding ways to get rid of viruses.

B. It is mass-producing microbatteries.

C. It is making batteries with viruses.

D. It is analyzing virus genes.

3. What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word "shrink" appearing in paragraph 5?

A. Broaden.

B. Spread.

C. Extend.

D. Expand.

4. Which of the following is true of Belcher's battery mentioned in paragraph 6?

A. It is made of metal.

B. It is a kind of watch battery.

C. It can only be seen with a microscope.

D. It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.

5. How tiny is one battery part?

A. Its width is one tenth of a hair.

B. It equals the width of a hair.

C. It is as thin as a piece of paper.

D. Its width is too tiny to measure.

第三十四篇病毒电池

水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢?这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。

然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。

病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。安吉拉·贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。

贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉·哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。哈蒙德说，“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。”

许多电池已经很小了。A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。然而，个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。这些设备变小了，普通电池就无法安装进去了。

理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池。但里面的部件却非常小——小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。

这些电池部件到底有多小呢?从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度——是不是很细呢?尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。这些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法。

1. according to the first paragraph, people try to

a. kill microorganisms related to chicken pox, the flu, etc.

b. keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible.

c.stay away from viruses because they are cause s of various diseases.

d. cure themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines.

2. what is belcher’s team doing at present?

a. it is finding ways to get rid of viruses.

b. it is mass-producing micro batteries.

c.it is making batteries with viruses.

d. it is analyzing virus genes.

3. what expression below is opposite in meaning to the word “shrink” appearing in paragraph 5?

a. broaden.

b. spread.

c. exten

d.

d. expand.

4. which of the following is true of belcher’s battery mentioned in paragraph 6?

a. it is made of metal.

b. it is a kind of watch batter.

c. it can only be seen with a microscope.

d. it is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.

5. how tiny is one battery part?

a. its width is one tenth of a hair.

b. it equals the width of a hair.

c. it is as thin as a piece of paper.

d. its width is too tiny to measur

e.

答案与解析：

1.c短文第一段的大致意思是：许多疾病都由病毒引起，诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人

们想尽办法躲避病毒。这是c所表达的意思。a不是正确答案，因为文章并没有说人们想方设法去杀死病毒。b的后半句的内容和d的内容文章没有提到。

2.c短文的第二段明确提供了答案。

3.d根据上下文，shrink的意思是收缩即缩小。所以她的反义词是expand增大、扩张。

4.d第六段所表达的内容正是选项d的意思。

5.a短文最后一段的第四句you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts,

side to side, across one hair提供了本题的答案。

12 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk

Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 in a new study．

Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy "LDL" cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person's heart attack 4 .

In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．

Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:"Statins don't cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It's better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we've worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it." "It's ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar." Dr Francis said．

When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they're encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal．

词汇：

statin n．降胆固醇药物

outlet n．销售点

cholesterol n．胆固醇

offset V. 抵消，补偿

cheeseburger n．芝士汉堡包

milkshake n．奶昔

condiment n ．调味品

sachet n．小袋，小包

rational adj．合理的

注释：

1. Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一种委婉表达建议的用词，意为"可以"。

2. Imperial College London: 帝国理工学院。该学院于1907 年由城市和行会学校、皇家矿业学校以及皇家科学学院合并组成。学院于2007 年7月正式脱离伦敦大学成为一所独立大学。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四个学院，工程学院、医学院、自然科学院和生命科学院

3. LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的缩写形式。

4. a wealth of trial data: 大量的试验数据。a wealth of意为"大量的，许多"。

5. American Journal of Cardiology: 美国心脏病学杂志

6. French fries:炸薯条

7.It makes sense...: make sense 意为"说得通，合情合理"。

8. a sachet of sugar: 一小袋糖。快餐店一般备有袋糖，供饮咖啡或热奶的顾客免费取用。

练习：

1．A change B charge C chain D chance

2．A trust B decide C suggest D calculate

3．A number B amount C volume D product

4．A frequency B treatment C diagnosis D risk

5．A severe B enough C weak D active

6．A buying B preparing C eating D cooking

7．A unhealthy B strong C different D doubtful

8．A examination B suffering C determination D possibility

9．A degree B dimension C angle D range

10．A use B hate C reject D like

11．A transported B provided C preserved D convened

12．A cook B patient C customer D visitor

1 3．A measures B care C advantages D turns

14．A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing

1 5．A increasing B finding C lowering D taking

答案与题解：

1. B本文介绍说，吃汉堡包等快餐食品容易引发心脏病，而服用statin能降低心脏病发作的风险，一正一负正好抵消。statin 价格便宜，文章建议快餐店像免费供应调味品那样免费供应statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意为"免费"。选择charge 是对的。

2. C 本题要选suggest ，因为其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。此外，本句主句的谓语动词用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有"建议"的意思。所以suggest 是个不二的选择。

3.B 与降低unhealthy "LDL" cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number （数字）、volume（体积）或product （乘积）。

4.D从上下文判断，要降低（lower）的当然是risk。lower frequency（降低频率）、lower treatment（降低治疗）或lower diagnosis （降低诊断）与上下文的意思都不匹配。

5. B 本句表达的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的论文中说，经过计算，一粒statin 降

低心脏病发作的风险足以抵消吃一个奶酪汉堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心脏病的风险。所以本题的答案是enough。

6. C 顾客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buying cheeseburger不会增加心脏病风险。所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下文的意思。

7.A从上下文判断，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy 是本题的答案。

8.D本句中的in terms of 意为"就……而言"，要与后半句"一正一负相互抵消"的意思相匹配，所以只能是"就患心脏病的可能性而言"。possibility 是答案。

9. A本句的意思与第五题的意思相同，即statin降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的心脏病的风险在程度（degree）上大致相当。如果选择其他三个选项，意思变成了，"尺寸(dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范围（range）上大致相当"，就说不通了。

1O.D 填词所在的句子的意思告诉我们，具有讽刺意味的一点是：顾客可以随心所欲地免费享用不健康的调味品。as one likes 是固定用法，意为"随某人所愿，随某人所喜欢"。所以，like 是答案。其余三个选项用在本句中都不合适。

11.B transported （运输）、preserved （保存）或converted （转换）填人句子中，意思都不顺。只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。provided 是答案。

12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人当然是customer。

13.A 为了降低开车和吸烟的风险，人们被鼓励要采取一些安全措施。作者借此说明为了降低食用快餐的风险，我们也要采取措施。根据这层意思，选择measures是正确的。take measure的意思是"采取措施"。其他三个选项都不合适：take care是"注意，小心"，take advantage 是"利用"，take turns 是"轮流，依次"。

14.B 本题很明显要选wearing，因为上下文的意思是"系上安全带"。buying a seatbelt, cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都与上下文的意思相去太远。

15. C通篇文章都在阐述statin能降低患心脏病的风险。所以，lowering（降低）是答案