如何做高考英语阅读理解推断题

如何做高考英语阅读理解推断题

高考英语阅读理解中的推断题，要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词句，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。根据近几年高考英语推断题的考查情况，本文拟就对隐含意义的推断、作者观点的推断、写作目的推断以及材料出处的推断等四种典型的推断题类型进行分析，以帮助同学们熟练应对。

一、如何推断隐含意义

1．推断隐含意义的提问方式

It can be inferred from the text that______.

According to…, we can infer that______.

From the text we know that …is most likely_______.

When the writer talks about …, what the writer really means is_______ .

The writer suggests that______.

The story implies that___________.

We can infer [conclude] from the passage that______________.

这类题干中通常常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude, intend, purpose, be likely to…等标志性词语。2. 干扰项的设置特点在通常情况下，这类试题的干扰项具有以下特点：或是文章中直接用于表达细节的信息，或是文章中无关紧要或片面推出的结论，或是与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理或不合逻辑的结论等。3. 答题误区同学们在做类题目时，很容易误选文段中直接用于表达信息的选项或表示片面结论的选项。4. 技巧点拨一是要全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。二是要忠实原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断。三是注意不要选择表层信息答案，应该立足由已知推断未知。

实例分析（江西卷）

A stronger argument comes from research into school results. Girls grow up

earlier than boys, tend to be more orderly and are likely to be better at languages. In a mixed class, boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker. Certainly in the UK this situation has greatly alarmed(惊动) the government for it to be encouraging co-educational schools to have some single-sex classes. In the UK the best schools are all single-sex, strongly suggesting that co-education is not the best answer. This may, however, not be as simple as it looks. It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex makes them better schools.

●At the end of the passage the writer suggests that ________.

A. single-sex schools are the best schools in the UK

B. being single-sex does not necessarily make a school better

C. co-educational schools are better for both sexes in personal development

D. because boys cannot compete with girls in study, they go to single-sex schools

【解题思路分析】答案选B。作者在罗列In a mixed class, boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker和In the UK the best schools are all single-sex等事实后，得出了It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex makes them better schools这个结论。要做对上面这道题，正确理解文章末尾这句结论性的句子至关重要。这里尤其要注意句中的rather than这个关键性词语，它的意思是“而不是”，用于否定或排除其后引出的内容。故只有选项B最合适。

二、如何推断作者观点

1. 提问方式The writer’s attitude toward… is______.The writer thought

that______.The writer According to the author ______.

2. 干扰选项此类试题的干扰项通常具有以下特点：或是自己的某种看法或观点，或是社会的一种普遍种倾向，或是与本文无关或与作者相反的观点或看法等。

3. 答题误区容易误选与自己的看法相吻合的选项。

4. 技巧点拨注意作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，才能推断出作者的弦外之音。

实例分析（江西卷）

Just as crying can be healthy, not crying—holding back tears of anger, pain or suffering—can be bad for physical(身体的) health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, don’t fight it. It’s a natural—and healthy—emotional response(反应).

●According to the author, which of the following statements is true?

A. Crying is the best way to get help from others.

B. Fighting back tears may cause some health problems.

C. We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry.

D. We must cry if we want to reduce pressure.

【解题思路分析】答案选B。作者在文章中说Studies show that too much control can lead to high blood press, heart problems and other illnesses，即过多地忍住情感（如忍住不哭等ch control can lead to high blood press, ）有可能会导致健康问题。这里虽然用了Studies show… (研究表明……)这样的字眼，但作者在此显然是为增加说服力而特意采用的一种表现手法，也就是说，研究所表明的结果就是作者的观点，故最佳答案为B。

三、如何推断写作目的

1. 提问方式

(1) 考查整篇文章

The writer writes this passage in or der to _____.The writer’s purpose of writing this passage is to _____.What is the purpose of writing this article?In writing the passage, the author intends to _____.

(2) 考查某处细节的写作意图

The writer uses the example of…to show that _____.The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _____.…are mentioned in the first paragraph to _____.

常见的写作目的归纳不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的, 但写作目的通常有以下三种：

(1)娱乐读者，让人发笑

(2) 说服读者接受某种观点

(3)告知读者某些信息

技巧点拨：

根据文体类别推断写作目的这就要求我们了解在历年高考阅读题中，不同文体与三种目的的大致对应关系，这有助于做好此类试题。

第一种写作目的（to entertain readers）常见于故事类的文章。如全国卷曾有一篇阅读文章，作者虚构了两个宇航员在太空工作的情形，一个宇航员Joe做完了修理工作后要回到飞船上，用力敲了多次飞船的门，但门都没开，最后才传来这样一句话“Who’s there ?” “It’s me ! Who else could it be ?”Joe生气地大喊。在这一问一答中作者的写作目的就跃然纸上：因为太空处于真空状态，不能传播声音，因此本文纯属虚构，写作目的是想令人发笑（to make people laugh）。而全国卷的另一篇阅读文章，则更多地选择那些可以显示两个主人公的笨拙的细节，目的是为了表现事情的有趣（to tell an interesting experience），从而达到娱乐读者的目的。

第二种写作目的（to persuade readersto persuade readersto sell a product or a service），或是要通过对旅游景点﹑报刊杂志﹑影片﹑电视节目等的介绍来达到他的写作目的：吸引更多的游客﹑读者或订户﹑观众等（to attract more visitors / readers / audience）。如广东卷曾有篇阅读理解文章介绍了四种杂志的内容和价格，其目的是to get more readers to subscribe。另一篇全国卷的阅读理解文章则介绍了一种被称为“篮子里

的聚会”的家庭服务计划，文章内容包括服务的创意﹑服务的内容以及服务的价格和联系方式，由此我们可以推断出作者的写作目的是：to sell a service。

第三种写作目的（to inform readers）多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章，了解这类文章的写作目的有赖于对文章主题的正确把握，阅读时有必要找准文章的主题句，或较好地对主题加以归纳．如全国卷有篇阅读文章，一开始我们就读到了这样的一个问题：“Excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute?” 这是介绍新产品或新思路的一种常见手法，可由此初步推断写作意图，作者在接下来的两个段落对这种废物回收装置作了具体的描述，并在最后一段告诉了我们这种装置的最大优点，把握了这些关键信息，我们也就明白了作者的意图：to introduce a recycling system for high rises．上海卷的一篇阅读文章，一开始给出了文章的主题句In toy stores, what is old is new again之后从generational effect , economic factors 和marketing techniques三个方面分析了20世纪80年代的玩具又再重新热销的原因，这就是作者写本文的目的：to analyze the reappearance of toys popular in the 1980’

从写用手法来推断写作目的请看一个实例（广东卷）

“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh.“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said.

●The writer ont-family: 'Times Nuses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to ______.

A. test the readers’ knowledge about waves

B. draw the readers’ attention to the topic

C. show Jamie T aylor’s importance

D. invite the readers to answer them

【分析】作者在文章开头提出问题让读者思考，或是简单介绍与主题有关的其他事物，目的往往是为了引出主题（to draw the readers’ attention to the topic / to serve as an introduction to the discussion），故选B），故选。四、如何推断文章出处1. 提问方式10.5pt; COLOR: bla推断文章出处的设题形式有：The passage is most likely to be taken from______.Where would this passage most probably appear?The

passage is most likely a part of______.2. 解题技巧这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：(1)报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。(2)广告：因其格式特殊，容易辨认。(3)产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。

实例分析（全国卷）实例分析（全国卷）Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.To reduce pain, take two tablets(药片) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief (缓解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask your doctor’s advice.Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.

●This text is most probably taken from a ______.

A. textbook

B. newsreel

C. doctor’s notebook

D. bottle of medicine

【解题思路分析】此题极易误选D。的确，人们常在药瓶上的说明中看到文章直接引语部分的文字内容，但是像第一段这样的内容不可能出现在药瓶上。由此可见，这一段文章应选自教科书中有关如何读服药说明的课文，故选A。五、一点特别说明阅读理解中的推断题通常涉及的是作者的看法、意图与态度，即作者本人在文章字里行间所表达的观点或看法，此时千万不要误认为是在问“你”(考生)的想法。