“萧望之字长倩,东海兰陵人也”原文及译文赏析原文及翻译

“萧望之字长倩,东海兰陵人也”原文及译文赏析原文及翻译
“萧望之字长倩,东海兰陵人也”原文及译文赏析原文及翻译

“萧望之字长倩,东海兰陵人也”原文及

译文赏析原文及翻译

原文:

萧望之字长倩,东海兰陵人也,好学,治《齐诗》,京师诸儒称述焉。是时,大将军霍光秉政,长史丙吉荐儒生王仲翁与望之等数人,皆召见。先是,左将军上官桀谋杀光,光既诛桀等,后出入自备。吏民当见者,露索去刀兵,两吏挟持。望之独不肯听,自引出阁曰:“不愿见。”吏牵持匈匈。光闻之,告吏勿持。望之既至前,说光曰:“将军以功德辅幼主,将以流大化,致于洽平,是以天下之士延颈企踵,争愿自效,以辅高明。今士见者皆先露索挟持,恐非周公相成王躬吐握①之礼,致白屋②之意。”于是光独不除用望之,而仲翁等皆补大将军史。三岁间,仲翁至光禄大夫给事中,望之以射策甲科为郎,署小苑东门侯。仲翁出入从仓头庐儿③,下车趋门,传呼甚宠,顾谓望之曰:“不肯碌碌,反抱关为?”望之曰:“各从其志。”

时大将军光薨,子禹复为大司马,兄子山领尚书,亲属皆宿卫内侍。地节三年夏,京师雨雹,望之因是上疏,愿赐清闲之宴,口陈灾异之意。宣帝自在民间闻望之名,曰:“此东海萧生邪?下少府宋畸问状,无有所讳。”望之对,以为:“《春秋》昭公三年大雨雹,是时季氏专权,卒逐昭公。向使鲁君察于天变,宜无此害。今陛下以圣德居位,思政求贤,尧、舜之用心也。然而附枝大者贼本心,私家盛者

公室危。唯明主躬万机,举贤材,以为腹心,与参政谋,令公卿大臣朝见奏事,明陈其职,以考功能。如是则庶事理,公道立,奸邪塞,私权废矣。”对奏,天子拜望之为谒者。时上初即位,思进贤良,多上书言便宜,辄下望之问状,高者请丞相御史,次者中二千石试事。累迁谏大夫,丞相司直,岁中三迁,官至二千石。(取材于班固《汉书·萧望之传》)

注释:

①吐握:吐哺握发的简称。比喻求贤之心切。②白屋:茅屋。表示贱人所居。③仓头庐儿:奴仆。

①吐握:吐哺握发的简称。比喻求贤之心切。②白屋:茅屋。表示贱人所居。③仓头庐儿:奴仆。

6.下列语句中,加点的词解释不正确的一项是

A.自引出阁曰引:推荐

B.延颈企踵延:伸长

C.卒逐昭公逐:放逐

D.如是则庶事理,庶:众多

7.下列各组语句中,加点的词意义和用法都相同的一组是

A.①光闻之,告吏勿持②师道之不传也久矣

B.①将军以功德辅幼主②去以六月息者也

C.①望之因是上疏②因人之力而蔽之

D.①明陈其职,以考功能②其孰能讥之乎

8.下列对文中语句的理解,不符合文意的一项是

A.吏民当见者,露索去刀兵

(如果有应当)接见的官吏百姓,(都要让他们)裸体瘦身除去兵器

B.恐非周公相成王躬吐握之礼,致白屋之意

(这)恐怕不合乎周公辅佐成王时亲自求贤的礼节,表达对平民的敬意。

C.下少府宋畸问状,无有所讳

下达(命令)让少府宋畸问明情况,(让他)不要有什么隐讳

D.然而附枝大者贼本心,私家盛者公室危

然而过分靠近大树就会伤害树干,家臣的权势过大就会危及朝廷。

9.下列的理解和分析,不符合文意的一项是

A.萧望之反对霍光接见士民搜身去除兵器的作法,赞赏周公吐哺握发之礼。

B.萧望之因为不服从霍光不被任用,而顺从的王仲翁等人都补任大将军史。

C.大将军霍光去世之后,他的儿子霍禹、兄弟子山都在朝廷里担任了要职。

D.萧望之举用贤才、利国利民的谏言得到宣帝的认同,因此官位一年三升。

答案:

6. A(引:退)

7.B.介词,凭借(A.代词,代这个情况/用于主谓语之间,取消句子独立性;

C.介词,因为/动词,依靠;D.代词,代公卿大臣/ 表反诘,难道)

8.D.(树枝过大会伤害树干)

9.C.(他的儿子霍禹、侄子霍山都在朝廷里担任了要职)

译文:

萧望之字长倩,东海郡兰陵县人,爱好学问,研究《齐诗》,国都的儒生们都称赞他。当时,大将军霍光执政,长史丙吉推荐儒生王仲翁和萧望之等几人,都被召见。这之前,左将军上官桀阴谋刺杀霍光,霍光就诛杀了上官桀等人,(自那)以后出入自己(加强了)防备。(如果有应当)接见的官吏百姓,(都要让他们)裸体瘦身出去兵器,(由)两个官吏挟持着(见大将军霍光)。(但)惟独萧望之不肯听从,自己(从)小门退出说:“不愿谒见。”官吏吵嚷着拉(他)。霍光听说这个情况,就告诉官吏不要挟持(他)。萧望之来到(霍光)面前,规劝他说:“将军凭借功勋和德行辅佐年幼的皇帝,将要推行宏大的教化政策,以达到协调和平的统治,因此天下的士人都伸长脖颈踮起脚跟,争相要亲身效力,来辅佐高明的您。(可是)现在要拜见您的士人都要先脱衣搜身被挟持,(这)恐怕不合乎周公辅佐成王时亲自求贤的礼节,表达对平民的敬意。”当时霍光唯独不任用萧望之,而王仲翁等人都补任大将军史。三年之中,王仲翁升至光禄大夫给事中,萧望之因为射策考中甲科(才)作了郎官,代理小苑东门侯。

仲翁出入有奴仆跟从,下车进门,前传后呼很得宠,(仲翁)回头对萧望之说:“(你)不肯碌碌无为,反而(只作了个)守门官?”萧望之说:“每个人依照自己的意志行事。”

这时大将军霍光去世,他的儿子霍禹又担任大司马,他的侄子霍山任尚书,亲属都在皇宫里当警卫侍从。地节三年夏天,国都下冰雹,萧望之为此向皇帝上疏,希望(皇帝)给他一个机会,让他讲述天灾异象的意旨。宣帝在民间听说过萧望之的名声,说:“这是东海的萧生吗?下达(命令)让少府宋畸问明情况,让他不要有什么隐讳。”萧望之回答了询问,他认为:“《春秋》记载鲁昭公三年大降冰雹,当时季氏专权,最终流放了鲁昭公。假如过去鲁昭公察觉了天灾的征兆,应该没有这场灾祸。现在陛下凭借圣明之德居于皇帝的位置,思考政事寻求贤能,(这)是尧舜(治理天下)的用心。然而树枝过大会伤害树干,家臣的权势过大就会危及朝廷。只有圣明的君主亲自治理国家万事,举用贤才,把他们当做心腹之人,与(他们)谋划政事,命令公卿大臣上朝向皇帝汇报情况,明白地陈述自己的职责,来考察他们的功劳才能。像这样各种事情才能得到处理,公正之道(得以)树立,奸邪之途被堵塞,私家的权力(就)废除了。”这番对答上报(给皇帝),宣帝(就)任命萧望之作了谒者。当时宣帝刚刚登上皇位,希望提拔贤良(之士),很多人都上书陈述利国利民的(策略),(宣帝)总是(把这些奏折)交给萧望之(并)询问利弊,高明的策略就请丞相、御史选用,次等的策略交给九卿试用。(萧望之)连续升迁到谏大夫,丞相司直,一年之内三次升官,作到二千石级的官员。

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Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

英语翻译作业

AC500kV Substation Design In China Transmission and Substation Department,CPECC Abstract:Some brief informations about AC500kV substations in China,historical data of their design and essential design principles are presented in this paper.Some technical and engineering problems of AC500kV substation design and construction are discussed.It is emphasized to introduce the500kV substation scales,main electrical connections,selection of equipment and apparatus,insulation coordination,distribution switchyard,control and protection etc.Here we also discuss the policy of project cost control at present time and a prospective view of China AC substations in future. 1.Introduction The research and design of500kV substations in China were started in1977,and the first substation was put into operation in1981.From that time,because of the rapid development of electricity demand in China,design and construction of500kV substations have a great development.Especially in recent years,due to the increase of capital investment for power system construction from the State Government,500kV power system has developed even faster.Till1998about55substations(500kV)were already put into operation,in which217transformers were installed,and the total capacity reached60410 MVA.At present,there are30substations(total capacity26500MVA)under construction.In addition,it has been planned to construction/extends30substations(33transformers,24750 MVA)in accordance with the power delivery from Three Gorges Power Plant. A complete design system of AC500kV substation in China has been gradually established based on the past design and construction experiences and the use of new technologies.This system includes design procedures,design standards,rules and regulations, design management and so on. The essential design principles are safe and reliable,technically advanced,economical and reasonable,and good quality. 2.Size of Substations China is a developing country with broad territory.The economic development is very different from one region to another.In accordance with this fact,the500kV substation size is different at different time and for different region.

土木外文翻译原文和译文

A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated,the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds,which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design,construction and

中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文

外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much

英语翻译作业

近年来基于2010中国国家血压参考文献的中国儿童和青少年高血压患病率研究 儿童高血压是一种严重的公共卫生问题在世界范围内,尤其是在中国。流行病学研究表明,儿童高血压可以追踪到成年。此外,儿童高血压与成年发病率和死亡率的增加是密切相关的。2010年以前,在中国没有共识定义儿童高血压,这阻碍了中国不同的地区高血压患病率的比较。2010年,Mi 等人通过研究112227名3-18岁儿童和青少年的血压,获得了血压(BP)参考年龄和性别使用的参考文献。根据这个国家的定义,童年高血压定义为收缩压(SBP)和/或舒张压(菲律宾) 年龄和性别的百分比95以上。在本研究中,我们目的是执行使用系统回顾描述2010年中国的不同地区儿童和青少年高血压的患病率的应用。 PubMed和Wanfang数据库寻找合格的文献。搜索条件是(“高血压”或“高血压”)和(“孩子”或“青少年”或“学生”)和(“中国”或“中国人”)。从2010年1月(2010年后出版的, Mi 等人研究的中国国家血压引用文献.[5]),到2014年4月出版的刊物,语言仅限于英语和汉语。入选标准是:(1) 3-18岁的中国儿童和青少年;(2)使用2010中国血压参考标准;(3)测量收缩压和舒张压值至少在同一情况下三次;(3)自2008年以来进行的调查;(4)如果出版包括在不同年份的调查,只包括最近的调查。文献检索后,共有11项研究,(参与者总数是444214)(1、2、6-14)都包含在本研究中。纳入研究的特点总结在表1。高血压患病率在中国不同的区域有显著的不同, (图1)。中国北方城市包括北京(18.2%)或山东高血压患病率(23.3%)高于南部城市包括上海、湖南长沙、和海南(从3.1%升至11.2%)和农村地区。高血压患病率的升高可能很大程度上归因于中国北方饮食盐摄入量。例如,在山东农村成年人的每日摄取食盐约13 g,高于世界卫生组织(少于5克/天)推荐的两倍。 此外,在中国北方高血压高发病率中,肥胖是另一个重要的危险因素。在山东,大约16%的男生和8%的女生肥胖[16],而在湖南省长沙市相应的数据分别是7%和3%。我们还发现,基于中国健康和营养调查的数据和中国全国学生体质与健康调查,整体的高血压患病率14%。我们的研究有两个优点,首先,所有研究包括之后研究都采用相同的标准,即中国国家高血压参考文献。第二,所有调查研究在相似的时期,即从2008年到2010年,因此,流行是最新的,具有可比性。然而,应该注意研究中几个限制。首先,所有高血压患病率的研究仅为同一情况,除了孟等人[6] 在三个不同的时期提供的变化患病率。因此, 我们现在报告中的发病会高估了中国儿童和青少年的高血压真正的发病率。孟等人[6]表明, 在中国北京,3-18岁儿童和青少年高血压的患病率分别是三次分别是18.2%,5.1%,和3.1%。第二, 虽然我们列举了中国几个有限地区对肥胖患病率和消费的盐摄入量,但是中国不同地区高血压发病率不同,我们没有数据表明流行的原因是什么。第三,我们只研究几个儿童高血压高发地区, 需要进一步全面研究中国其他地区高血压患病率。第四,我们只报道汉族中国儿童高血压的患病率,而他少数民族没有类似报告。中国是一个多民族的国家有56个民族,但汉族占中国人口总数的92%左右。目前的研究表明,调查儿童和青少年高血压患病率和区域分布是很重要的,应该建立特定的干预策略来对抗高血压流行。主要措施应该建议控制体重,减少盐的摄入量,特别是在中国北方,以降低中国不同地区儿童高血压患病率。

【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文

文献出处:Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献:INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL (对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告) 文献作者:Peter Dransfield, 出处:Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数:p139—144 英文译文: 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究,从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统,分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论,如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下: s1-流源,即调速阀出口流量; S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数: I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容; C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度; R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻, R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力; I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容: R5, R7-管路的等效液阻; V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积; P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载, V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型,滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/328534696.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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