浅论太阳能应用与建筑节能 毕业论文外文翻译

浅论太阳能应用与建筑节能  毕业论文外文翻译
浅论太阳能应用与建筑节能  毕业论文外文翻译

译文

浅论太阳能应用与建筑节能:

随着我国建筑经济的快速发展,建筑能源消耗随之加大。目前传统化石能源供应紧张且不可再生,而能源的不合理利用也带来了一系列的环境污染,给世界环境带来了极大的危害,所以寻求可再生能源的高效清洁利用,成了目前人类面临的共同问题。 1 国内外太阳能研究现状太阳能利用的研究,美国、德国、澳大利亚、两班牙、日本等国家开展的比较早,目前在光热、光电转换技术等方面的研究较为成熟。太阳电池自1954年在美国贝尔实验室诞生以来,一直是太阳能利用的重要形式之一。太阳电池的光电转换,也是太阳能利用最成功的技术之一。按材料不同,太阳电池可以分为:晶体/非晶硅电池、硫化镉电池、硫化锑电池、砷化镓电池等多种类型。在1974到1997年问,美国、13本等国家使硅太阳电池发电成本降低了一个数量级,但是光电池成本仍比传统能源发电高很多倍,目前,世界太阳电池的销售量逐年增加,而且太阳电池的最高光电转换效率已经提高到40%以上。随着空间太阳能技术在地面的应用,像多节太阳能电池以及聚光太阳电池等技术,都能进一步提升光电转化的效率,推动太阳光电利用技术的发展。相对于光电转换的太阳能利用技术,太阳能热利用的历史更长。利用的的方式更多,成本也较为便宜。热利用的方式包括了太阳能热水器、太阳集热器、太阳干燥、太阳能海水淡化、太阳热发电以及太阳房太阳空调等。目前,美国、德国、西班牙、澳大利亚等国都在深入开展太阳热发电的研究与开发,太阳能光热转换的研究技术日趋成熟,应用规模越来越大,应用领域也越来越广,而包含太阳房等在内的绿色太阳能节能建筑的研究,也成为了一个研究热点。国内的光热转换研究始于20世纪70年代,90年代真空管集热器的出现真正推动了国内太阳能光热转换的应用。目前,中国已成为世界上最大的太阳能热利用产品的生产国、应用国和出121国。至2007年为止,集热器总保有量约为10800万平方米,中国也是世界上最大的太阳能热水器制造中心,由我国生产的集热器推广面积约占世界的76%。另外,我国的太阳能光电利用技术于20世纪80年代起,经历了较长时间的发展,在晶硅电池的生产等方面取得了很大的进步。

2 .太阳能利用的主流技术

截至目前,世界太阳能利用的主要途径为光电转换和光热转换两种方式,而通过光热或者光电转换实现高效的发电技术,是国际太阳能利用研究的一个主流。2.1 光电转换通过太阳电池直接将太阳辐射的光能转换为电能,即光伏效应。太阳电池即根据光伏效应而设计,用半导体材料制成。有硅、化合物半导体、有机半导体等多种材料,按材料结晶形态有单晶、多晶和非晶态。在硅电池中,单品硅太阳电池转换效率较高,实验室报道的光电效率最高可达24.7%以上,在聚光情况下可达27.8%左右。相对单晶硅材料更为廉价方便的薄膜硅电池虽然效率较低,在9%-16%左右,但是制造简洁、能耗低、使用的原料更节省,也有很大的发展潜力。另外,多节电池、聚光电池技术由于其突出的转换效率,也已经成为现阶段国际研究的重点关注领域。当然,太阳能光电利用技术的发展还存在一些问题,像太阳电池造价高,常用电池的发电效率不高(在15%左右),发电成本约为火电的10倍,电池制造的能耗高等,都需要在未来的研究中重点关注解决。

2.2 光热转换及太阳能热发电技术光热转换是将太阳辐射能转换为热能的过程。由于其成本较低、技术上更容易实现,适用面广,所以世界上很多国家都把它作为太阳能利用的首选。其中太阳能热力发电是当今世界太阳能利用研究的主题之一,该类系统通过太阳集热设备代替常规锅炉,用太阳能热力系统带动发电机发电。由于太阳能的分散性和间断性,太阳能热发电技术一般需要配有辅助系统来确保其工作的连续性和稳定性,而大功率的太阳能热力发电系统,需要极大的占地面积。

3 .太阳能利用与建筑节能

现代建筑已经进入绿色建筑阶段,是环境科学与生态艺术的完美结合。太阳能在建筑学上的应用,为建筑节能提供了无比广阔的前景。作为迄今人类所认识的最清洁的可再生能源,太阳能与建筑一体化设计将在建筑节能中扮演着越来越重要的作用,是未来太阳能技术发展的方向。我国建筑不仅耗能高,而且能源利用效率很低,单位建筑能耗比同等气候条件下国家高出2~3倍。仅以建筑供暖为例,我国北方地区一个采暖期的乎均能耗约为30W/m2 ,而相近气候条件的瑞典、丹麦、芬兰等国家一个采暖期的平均能耗仅为11W/m2 :。相比而言,仅北方采暖地区每年就多耗标准煤2000万t,所以大力推进建筑节能已迫在眉睫。

3.1 太阳能与建筑一体化技术特点

(1)太阳能与建筑一体化是将太阳能利用设施与建筑有机结合,使太阳能设施成为建筑的一部分,如利用太阳能集热器替代屋顶覆盖层或替代屋顶保温层,取代了传统太阳能的结构所造成的对建筑的外观形象的影响。

(2)对屋顶造型无特殊要求。平屋顶或斜屋顶均适用,仅安装方法不同,取代了原来屋面的隔热保温,既美观,又实用。

(3)适用范嗣广,适用于各种形式的建筑,例如:住宅小区、高层楼群、别墅等等。

(4)属于一项综合性技术,涉及太阳能利用、建筑设计、流体分布等多种技术领域。

3.2 太阳能与建筑一体化技术现状

(1)分布式综合利用技术将各种太阳能利用技术结合建筑一体化设计,建立具有分布式能源供应能力的绿色节能建筑的思路,也已经成为国内外研究的热点。其中光伏发电由于其便捷性与灵活性,很早就有了与建筑物集成化的利用,并且很快成为热门课题。在建筑物屋顶上安装的太阳能系统,通常采用与公共电网并网的形式。并网光伏系统不需配备蓄电池,这样可节省投资。同时由于不受蓄电池荷电状态的限制能充分利用光伏系统所发出的电力,而且在夏季用电高峰时太阳辐射量最大,光伏系统发电量最多,这对电网还可起到调峰作用。建筑物上有大量空置的屋顶及外墙空间,可以安装太阳能利用装置,这种分布式的利用技术不需要长途输送,节省了输配电设备,减少了电力损耗,其广阔的应用前景已引起人们的高度关注。

(2)我国在建筑节能方面的应用一直以来,太阳能等可再生能源在建筑技术上的应用都是政府和企业的梦寐追求,太阳能利用与建筑节能的完美结合,创造的低能耗、高舒适度的健康居住环境,不仅让企业(家庭)工作(生活)得更自然更环保,而且能节能减排,对实现社会可持续

发展具有重大意义。在人类面临生存环境破坏日益严重和能源危机的今天,如何开发利用环保节能的绿色住宅以及配套节能产品。就成了一个焦点话题。太阳能——作为一种免费、清洁的能源,在建筑节能中的利用,将关系到可持续发展的战略,可渭意义深远。经过数年的研究和开发,太阳能的利用已取得显著成果并转化为生产力。在我国,太阳能热水器在全行业中现已拥有企业超过干家,推广

应用范围也在不断扩大。而太阳能与建筑的结合,也在住宅建设中越发呈现出其不可替代的地位,并成为住宅建设中的一个最新亮点。

早在1999年召开的世界太阳能大会上就有专家认为,当代世界太阳能科技发展有两大基本趋势,一是光电与光热结合;二是太阳能与建筑的结合。太阳能源建筑系统是绿色能源和新建筑理念的两大革命的交汇点。专家们公认,太阳能是未来人类最适合、最安全、最理想的替代能源。目前太阳能利用转化率约为10%-12%,太阳能的开发利用潜力十分巨大,据报载,目前。世界各国都在设施自己的“阳光计划”,如去年德国政府就宣布推行“十万屋顶”计划,即在建筑顶部大规模地铺设太阳能发电装置,既节省电力又利于环保。在欧洲的能源消费中,约有l/2用于建筑的建设和运行,而交通运输耗能只占能源消费的l/4,凶此建筑物利用太阳能成为各发达国家政府极力倡导的事业。

3.3太阳能与建筑一体化的发展方向。

(1)建筑物室温调节目前,建筑物空气温度调节消耗着大量的能量。在我国,它要占到建筑物总能耗的约70%。用空调机和燃煤来控制室温不仅消耗能量,带来外界的环境污染,而且并不能给室内人员带来健康的环境。在太阳能用于采暧方面,除造价较高的被动式太阳房有一些示范建筑外,还没有大规模的采用。主动式太阳能供能由于成本更高,与我国的经济发展也是远不相适应。因此,建筑供能的主动与被动相结合的思想及太阳能与常规能源相结合的思想,按照房间的功能。采用不同方案的配合及交叉,这样可以大大降低太阳能用于建筑功能的一次投资和运行成本,使得整个方案在商业化的意义下具有可操作性,(2)建筑物应用考虑方向太阳能供能设备对气象条件和辐照条件的依赖性等特点,要求我们必须对建筑用能负荷进行准确的预测,才能够在设备与建筑的匹配上做出设备投资和节能效益最佳的选择。建筑室内温度及气流的预测方法和预测软件CFD/NHT是太阳能与建筑的结合的理论和应用基础,也是世界目前建筑空气调节的叉一大方面。但是我国目前在该方面的水平和从事人数还远落后于世界先进国家。在当代,太阳能在建筑节能上的应用发展必须有一定的策略与之相适应。主要有:①成熟的被动太阳能技术与现代的太阳能光伏光热技术的综合利用;②2.保温隔热的维护结构技术与自然通风采光遮阳技术的有机结合;③传统建筑构造与现代技术和理念的融合;④建筑的初投资与生命周期内投资的平衡;⑤生态

驱动设计理念向常规建筑设计的渗透;⑥综合考虑区域气候特征、经济发达程度、建筑特征和人们的生活习惯等相关因素。这6个方面的综合应用是我困开发环保节能建筑产品应该有的考虑方向。

附录二

外文原文

With the rapid economic development of China building, building energy consumption become larger. The current supply of traditional fossil fuels and non-renewable, and energy of the irrational use also brings a series of environmental pollution, the world has brought great harm to the environment, so the search for efficient and clean use of renewable energy has become the current common problems facing humanity.

1 .Solar Energy Research and abroad

Solar Energy Utilization in the United States, Germany, Australia, two Spain, Japan and other countries of the earlier, now light and heat, photovoltaic technology is more mature areas of research. Solar cell from Bell Labs in 1954, was born in the United States, has been an important form of solar energy utilization. Solar cell, solar energy utilization is one of the most successful techniques. According to different materials, solar cells can be divided into: crystal / amorphous silicon cells, CdS cells,

antimony sulfide battery, battery and other types of gallium arsenide. Asked in 1974 to 1997, the United States, 13 other countries to reduce the cost of silicon solar power an order of magnitude, but the cost of photovoltaic cells are still much higher than traditional energy generation times, present, world solar cell sales increased year by year, and solar cells the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency has been increased to 40%. With the space application of solar technology on the ground, as many solar cells and concentrator solar cells and other technologies, can further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency, and promote use of solar photovoltaic technology.

Relative to the photoelectric conversion of solar energy technology, solar thermal longer history. Use way more cheaper cost. The form of thermal solar water heater, solar collector, solar drying, solar desalination, solar thermal power generation, and solar house solar air conditioning. Currently, the U.S., Germany, Spain, Australia and other States to carry out in-depth research and development of solar thermal power generation, conversion of solar thermal technology matures, more and more large-scale applications, applications are more and more widely, but include the Sun Housing and other buildings, including green solar energy research, has become a hot research topic.

China's solar thermal research began in the 20th century 70's, 90's a real vacuum tube collector to promote the domestic application of solar thermal conversion. At present, China has become the world's largest solar thermal products producer, application state and the country out of 121. 2007 date, the total collector to maintain approximately 108 million square meters, China is the world's largest solar water heater manufacturing center, China to promote the production of solar collector area of about 76% of the world. In addition, our use of solar photovoltaic technology in the 20th century, 80's, experienced a longer period of development, in crystalline silicon cell production has made great progress.

2. the mainstream use of solar energy technology

Up to now, the main way the world uses solar energy to electricity conversion and solar thermal conversion in two ways, through thermal or photoelectric conversion of light for efficient power generation Jishu, yes International Solar Energy Utilization of a mainstream.

2.1 photoelectric conversion

Direct solar radiation by the sun's light energy into electrical energy, that the photovoltaic effect. Solar photovoltaic effect that is designed in accordance with the semiconductor material. With silicon, compound semiconductors, organic semiconductors and other materials, according to a crystalline form single crystal, polycrystalline and amorphous. In the silicon cell, silicon solar cell conversion efficiency of single-product high optical efficiency of laboratory reports of up to 24.7% more than in the condenser case up to about 27.8%. Relatively cheaper silicon material to facilitate the efficiency of thin-film silicon cells although low, 9% - 16%, but the manufacture of compact, low energy consumption, more saving of raw materials used, also have great potential for development. In addition, the multi-cell, concentrator cell technology due to its outstanding efficiency, has become the focus of current international research areas of concern. Of course, the use of solar photovoltaic technology are still some problems, such as the high cost of solar cells, commonly used battery in the power generation efficiency is not high (about 15%), thermal power generation cost is about 10 times higher energy consumption battery manufacturing, are Future research needs to focus on settlement.

2.2 solar thermal and solar thermal power technology

Photothermal conversion is to convert solar radiation to heat the process. Because of its low cost, technically easier to achieve wide application, so many countries in the world regarded it as the first choice for solar energy utilization. One solar thermal power generation is the utilization of solar energy in today's world one of the themes, the class system through the solar collector device to replace conventional boilers, solar thermal systems driven generators. As the solar energy dispersion and discontinuity, solar thermal power technology with a support system generally

required to ensure the continuity and stability of their work, while solar thermal power generation system requires a tremendous area.

3. Solar Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation

Modern Architecture has entered the stage of green building, environmental science and ecology artistic combination. The application of solar energy in architecture for building energy efficiency provides a tremendous prospects. As human beings know so far the most clean, renewable energy, solar energy and building integrated energy saving building design will play an increasingly important role in the future solar energy technology development. Building not only our high energy consumption and energy efficiency is very low, the unit energy consumption of building the same climatic conditions than the 2 to 3 times higher than the State. Only on heating, for example, a heating period in northern China's average energy consumption of about 30W / m 2, while similar weather conditions in Sweden, Denmark and Finland and other countries of a heating period, the average energy consumption is only 11W / m 2, In contrast, only a heating region in northern consumption of standard coal each year more than 20 million t, so vigorously promote building energy efficiency is imminent.

3.1 Solar Energy and Building Integrated Technical Features.

(1) solar energy and building integrated solar energy use is the combination of facilities and buildings to make solar energy facilities as part of the building, such as the use of solar collector roof cover replacement or alternative roof insulation, replacing the traditional structure of the resulting solar The appearance of the image on the impact of construction.

(2) no special requirements on the roof shape. Flat roofs or sloping roofs are applicable only installation methods, to replace the original roof insulation, both beautiful and practical

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

概率论毕业论文外文翻译

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英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式

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Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish

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Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles Peter John Rodrigo, Vincent Ricardo Daria and Jesper Glückstad Optics and Plasma Research Department, Ris? National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dk http://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm Abstract: We demonstrate real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a colloidal mixture consisting of particles with both lower (n L < n0) and higher (n H > n0) refractive indices than that of the suspending medium (n0). Spherical high- and low-index particles are trapped in the transverse plane by an array of confining optical potentials created by trapping beams with top-hat and annular cross-sectional intensity profiles, respectively. The applied method offers extensive reconfigurability in the spatial distribution and individual geometry of the optical traps. We experimentally demonstrate this unique feature by simultaneously trapping and independently manipulating various sizes of spherical soda lime micro- shells (n L≈ 1.2) and polystyrene micro-beads (n H = 1.57) suspended in water (n0 = 1.33). ?2004 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (140.7010) Trapping, (170.4520) Optical confinement and manipulation and (230.6120) Spatial Light Modulators. References and links 1. A. Ashkin, “Optical trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using lasers,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4853-4860 (1997). 2. K. Svoboda and S. M. Block, “Biological applications of optical forces,” Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23, 247-285 (1994). 3. D. G. Grier, “A revolution in optical manipulation,” Nature 424, 810-816 (2003). 4. M. P. MacDonald, G. C. Spalding and K. Dholakia, “Microfluidic sorting in an optical lattice,” Nature 426, 421-424 (2003). 5. J. Glückstad, “Microfluidics: Sorting particles with light,” Nature Materials 3, 9-10 (2004). 6. A. Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation-pressure,”Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 156-159 (1970). 7. A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, J. E. Bjorkholm and S. Chu, “Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles,” Opt. Lett. 11, 288-290 (1986). 8. K. Sasaki, M. Koshioka, H. Misawa, N. Kitamura, and H. Masuhara, “Optical trapping of a metal particle and a water droplet by a scanning laser beam,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 807-809 (1992). 9. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Trapping of low-index microparticles in an optical vortex,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 524-533 (1998). 10. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Simultaneous trapping of low-index and high-index microparticles observed with an optical-vortex trap,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 533 (1999). 11. M. P. MacDonald, L. Paterson, W. Sibbett, K. Dholakia, P. Bryant, “Trapping and manipulation of low-index particles in a two-dimensional interferometric optical trap,” Opt. Lett. 26, 863-865 (2001). 12. R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Fully dynamic multiple-beam optical tweezers,” Opt. Express 10, 597-602 (2002), https://www.360docs.net/doc/3616348582.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-14-597. 13. P. J. Rodrigo, R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Interactive light-driven and parallel manipulation of inhomogeneous particles,” Opt. Express 10, 1550-1556 (2002), https://www.360docs.net/doc/3616348582.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-26-1550. 14. V. Daria, P. J. Rodrigo and J. Glückstad, “Dynamic array of dark optical traps,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 323-325 (2004). 15. J. Glückstad and P. C. Mogensen, “Optimal phase contrast in common-path interferometry,” Appl. Opt. 40, 268-282 (2001). 16. S. Maruo, K. Ikuta and H. Korogi, “Submicron manipulation tools driven by light in a liquid,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 133-135 (2003). #3781 - $15.00 US Received 4 February 2004; revised 29 March 2004; accepted 29 March 2004 (C) 2004 OSA 5 April 2004 / Vol. 12, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 1417

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