防治艾滋病基本知识
防治艾滋病基本知识
（1）艾滋病的医学全名是“获得性免疫缺陷综合症”（英文缩写AIDS），是由艾滋病病毒（人类免疫缺陷病毒，HIV）引起的一种严重传染病。艾滋病尽管不能治愈，但它是一种可治可防的疾病。
（2）艾滋病毒离开人体后，常温下只可生存数小时至数天。高温、干燥及常用消毒药品都可杀灭。
（3）已感染艾滋病病毒的人（HIV感染者）平均经过大约8-10年的时间（潜伏期）才发病成为艾滋病病人（AIDS病人）。在发病成艾滋病病人以前外表看上去正常，他们可以没有任何症状地生活和工作很多年，但能够将病毒传染给其他人。
（4）艾滋病病毒侵入人体后破坏人的免疫功能，当免疫功能不能维持最低的抗病能力时，感染者就会发病为艾滋病病人，出现原因不明的长期低热、体重下降、慢性腹泻、盗汗咳嗽以及全身淋巴结肿大等，使人体发生多种难以治愈的感染和肿瘤，最终导致死亡。
预防
艾滋病主要通过性接触、血液和母婴三种途径传播
一、 性接触传播
（1）艾滋病可通过性交的方式在男女之间、男性之间（同性恋）传播。性伴侣越多，感染艾滋病的危险越大。
（2）不要有性自由的生活方式，如性滥交、同性恋等，不要有多个性伴侣。不搞婚前和婚外性行为。
（3）青年人要了解性知识，学会克制性冲动。过早的性关系对身心健康会产生不良影响，也损害友情。
（4）不做卖淫、嫖娼等艾滋病、性病传播的高度危险行为。
（5）性病要及早治疗和治愈可减少感染艾滋病的危险。
（6）每次性交都全程使用质量合格的安全套，是预防艾滋病经性行为传播最重要的安全措施。质量稳定合格的优质安全套包括有广州市第十一橡胶厂生产的“双一牌”安全套等。
二、 血液传播
（1）艾滋病毒感染者和病人的血液、精液、阴道分泌液、乳汁中有很强的传染性。
（2）不吸毒，特别是不要与他人共用注射器和针头。
（3）不要注射未经国家批准的血制品。应尽量避免不必要的输血和注射，使用血浆代用品和自身血液是安全措施之一。
（4）最好使用一次性注射器。不到医疗器械消毒不彻底的医疗机构，特别是无证经营的个体诊所打针、针灸、手术、拔牙等。
（5）不用未经消毒的器具穿耳、纹身、美容。不要与他人共用剃须刀、牙刷。
（6）酒店、旅馆、理发店、美容院、洗脚房等服务行业所用的刀、针和其他容易划伤皮肤的器具须严格消毒，如没有条件，则必须做到一人一针一管一用一消毒。
三、母婴传播
（1） 感染了艾滋病病毒的妇女会通过妊娠、分娩和哺乳把艾滋病病毒传染给婴幼儿。
（2）怀疑
感染了艾滋病毒的妇女一定要在孕前到有HIV抗体检测资格的医院接受检测和咨询。
（3）感染了艾滋病病毒的女性最好避免怀孕，不慎受孕，终止妊娠是明智的选择。
Here's what everyone should know to protect themselves and others from infection with the AIDS virus (human immuno-deficiency virus, or HIV):
HIV is contagious, but not in the same way that measles or chicken pox or the common cold are contagious. It is a sexually transmitted, blood-borne disease that spreads from one person to another in the following ways:
By sexual intercourse between a man and a woman or between two men. The virus can be spread through vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
By sharing contaminated needles or "works" used to inject drugs.
By an infected woman to her baby during pregnancy or delivery, and possibly through breast feeding.
By transfusion of contaminated blood or blood components, although this risk has been sharply reduced by screening blood and blood donors and by new ways to process blood used to treat disorders such as hemophilia.
Many people infected with the AIDS virus have no symptoms and may look and feel completely well for many years. But these people can transmit the virus to others. And a person can become infected after just a single exposure to the virus.
The AIDS virus does NOT spread through casual social contact. In more than seven years of tracking and studying AIDS, scientists have found no evidence that HIV is spread casually through contact at school or on the job, by sharing meals or office equipment, or by handshakes or hugs with an infected person. There is no reason to avoid ordinary social contact with a person infected by HIV.
There is no risk of getting AIDS by giving blood; new equipment is used for each donor.
The AIDS virus is not spread by sexual intercourse between two people who maintain a sexual relationship exclusively with each other and who have not been previously infected.
The U.S. Public Health Service recommends that people take these precautions to reduce the risk of exposing themselves or others to the AIDS virus:
.The best protection against sexually transmitted infection by the virus is, of course, to abstain from sex or to have a mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected person. Avoiding sex with people who have AIDS, people who have tested positive for the AIDS virus antibody, or people at risk of infection would also eliminate the risk of sexually transmitted infection.
.Unless you're absolutely sure that your sex partner is not infected, avoid contact with his or her blood, semen, urine, feces, saliva, and vaginal secretions:
Use condoms, which will reduce (but not eliminate) the possibility of transmitting the virus.
Avoid sexual practices that may cause tears in the vagina, rectum or penis.
Avoid oral-genital contact without a condom.
Avoid open-mouthed, intimate kissing.
.Do not have sex with
multiple partners. The more partners you have, the greater your risk of infection.
.Do not use illegal intravenous drugs. If you do, never share needles or syringes.
If you think you may be infected, or if you have engaged in risky sexual or drug-related behavior:
.Seek counseling and a medical evaluation. Consider taking the AIDS antibody test, which would enable you to know your status and protect yourself or - if you are infected - your sex partner.
.Do not use illegal intravenous drugs. If you do, never share needles or syringes.
.Don't donate blood, plasma, body organs, other body tissues, or sperm.
.If you area woman at increased risk, seriously consider delaying plans for pregnancy until more is known about AIDS and transmission of the AIDS virus. A pregnant woman infected with the AIDS virus has a 30 percent to 50 percent chance of passing the virus on to her unborn child. Women at increased risk of AIDS should take the antibody test before deciding to become pregnant.
For people who have received a positive result on the AIDS antibody test:
.See a doctor. There are medical steps you can take to protect your health. Either avoid sex or tell your prospective sex partner of your AIDS test result and take the precautions listed above to protect him or her from infection.
.Inform anyone whom you may have exposed to the AIDS virus - through sex or drug use - of their potential exposure, and encourage them to seek counseling and antibody testing.
.Don't share toothbrushes, razors, or other items that could become contaminated with blood.
.If you use drugs, enroll in a treatment program. Never share needles or other drug equipment.
.Do not donate blood, plasma, sperm, or other body tissues or organs.
.Tell your doctor, dentist, and eye doctor that you are infected with the AIDS virus so that proper precautions can be taken to protect you, them, and others.
.Women with a positive antibody test should avoid pregnancy.
诊断
（1）一个人是否感染艾滋病毒从外表看不出来的，只有抽血检测艾滋病病毒抗体才能确定。如果在检测前3个月内无发生过吸毒、性乱等行为，检测结果为阴性，则表明未受感染。如果检测结果为阳性，则表明感染了艾滋病病毒。
（2）感染了艾滋病病毒2-4周后（少数为3-6个月），才能从血液中检测出艾滋病毒抗体，但在能检测出抗体前感染者已具有传染性。
治疗
（1）医治艾滋病已经有了有效控制病情的药物。如应用高效抗逆转录病毒疗法（鸡尾酒疗法）进行治疗，明显抑制感染者体内病毒的复制，使感染者不发病或延迟发病。就像糖尿病那样，虽然不能治愈，但可以有效维持健康。
（2）艾滋病毒感染者是否需要药物治疗，应由专业医生监测评估后决定并指导用药。
（3）根据国家规定，对艾滋病检测者个人资料及检测结果保密。对艾滋病
毒感染者和病人的个人所有资料保密。
（4）艾滋病病毒感染者和病人有义务和责任动员配偶、家人以及有过性接触、共同注射器等密切接触的朋友尽快进行艾滋病病毒抗体检测。
（5）艾滋病病毒感染者和病人不要与家人共用牙刷、剃须刀等物品。应尽量避免让他人直接接触自己的血液和分泌物。并在家里准备酒精、含氯消毒剂等，万一污染可及时消毒。生育子女问题应慎重考虑并咨询专业医生。
（6）和艾滋病病毒感染者和病人一起交谈、上课、握手、拥抱、乘车、进餐、共用洗手间和办公学习用具等一般生活接触都不会感染艾滋病。
（7）艾滋病病毒不会经马桶圈、电话机、餐饮具、卧具、游泳池或公共浴池等公共设施传播。
（8）咳嗽、打喷嚏、蚊虫叮咬不传播艾滋病病毒。
关怀
（1）艾滋病毒感染者和病人的治疗、居住、就业、生活的权益应受到尊重和法律的维护。不得歧视和不公平对待。
（2）根据“中国预防与控制艾滋病中长期规划（2001-2010年）”、“遏制与防治艾滋病行动计划（2001-2005年）”确定的目标和要求，建立以社区为基础的艾滋病预防、医疗和护理体系，建立社区专业队伍和志愿者队伍，实施医疗照顾和关怀。
（3）根据国家治疗艾滋病“四免一关怀”政策，只要符合条件，都可在指定专业医院免费定期体检和治疗。
（4）家庭和社区要为艾滋病毒感染者和病人营造一个友善、理解、健康的生活和工作环境。鼓励他们采取积极的生活态度，改变高危行为，配合治疗，提高生活质量。有利于艾滋病的预防控制和维护社会安定。
（5）艾滋病毒感染者和病人的家庭及其亲人、同事朋友的全力支持和爱护照顾是激励他们保持健康、正常生活的信心保证。
（6）目前，广州市已有60多间已获得HIV抗体初筛资格的实验室和医疗机构，他们都可以提供HIV抗体检测服务。
（7）广州市指定的三家艾滋病收治医院：
A、 广州市第八人民医院，地址：广州市东风东路627号，电话：83842767。
B、 南方医院，地址：广州市白云区同和路1813号，电话：61641888
C、 中山大学附属第三医院，地址：广州市天河区天河路600号，电话：85516867
Do you think you could get AIDS by...
sharing a bathroom?
eating food that was cooked by someone that has AIDS?
giving blood at a blood drive?
coughing or sneezing?
shaking hands?
being bitten by a mosquito or a tick?
touching someone who is sweating that has AIDS?
swimming in a pool?
You can't get AIDS by doing any of these things, although many people think you can. You can't get AIDS by being near or touching someone who has AIDS. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is
spread through the blood. HIV does not travel as tears, air, or sweat. If you find a used needle on the ground, don't touch it. Especially if you have an open cut. The blood from the needle might have HIV in or on it. You can kiss a person infected with HIV on the cheek, but you shouldn't do any big, deep kissing since small amounts of HIV have been found in saliva.
You can get AIDS by:
blood transfusions ( not very common anymore).
being born with it.
having unprotected sex with someone who has AIDS.
finding a used needle on the ground, picking it up, and getting the infected blood into an open wound.
getting blood from someone else's cut who has AIDS, into yours.
As you can see, AIDS is hard to get. One boy, whose story I read, got very lucky! He almost got cured from his AIDS! The doctors gave him several drugs to slow down the spread of the HIV virus, but sadly they didn't work.Over the years the amount of the HIV virus in his body increased, and the number of fighting cells dropped! After that scientists invented a new group of drugs, called protease ( PROH-tee-ayss) inhibitors. The drugs help prevent HIV from spreading in the body. The boy took the drugs, and they are working very well. The number of HIV viruses in his body has dropped to almost zero!!!!!!!
Right now there isn't a cure for HIV and AIDS, but a lot of scientists and doctors are working very hard to find one!